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Tissue Culture of Ornamental Cacti Review

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Tissue Culture of Ornamental Cacti Review 540 Scientia Agricola http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0012 Review Tissue culture of ornamental cacti Eugenio Pérez-Molphe-Balch1, María del Socorro Santos-Díaz2, Rafael Ramírez-Malagón3, Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo4* 1Autonomous University of Aguascalientes – Center of Basic ABSTRACT: Cacti species are plants that are well adapted to growing in arid and semiarid re- Sciences – Dept. of Chemistry, Av. Universidad, 940, C.P. gions where the main problem is water availability. Cacti have developed a series of adapta- 20131 − Aguascalientes, Ags − México. tions to cope with water scarcity, such as reduced leaf surface via morphological modifications 2Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí/Faculty of including spines, cereous cuticles, extended root systems and stem tissue modifications to Chemical Sciences, Av. Manuel Nava, 6, C.P. 78210 − San increase water storage, and crassulacean acid metabolism to reduce transpiration and water Luis Potosí, S.L.P − México. loss. Furthermore, seeds of these plants very often exhibit dormancy, a phenomenon that helps 3University of Guanajuato – Division of Life Sciences, Irapuato- to prevent germination when the availability of water is reduced. In general, cactus species Salamanca Campus, Ex Hacienda El Copal, km 9, C.P. 36500 exhibit a low growth rate that makes their rapid propagation difficult. Cacti are much appreciated − Irapuato, Gto − México. as ornamental plants due to their great variety and diversity of forms and their beautiful short-life 4Cinvestav-Irapuato Unit – Plant Genetic Engineering flowers; however, due to difficulties in propagating them rapidly to meet market demand, they Dept., and Biotechnology and Biochemistry Dept., km 9.6 are very often over-collected in their natural habitats, which leads to numerous species being libramiento norte carretera Irapuato-León, C.P. 36821 − threatened, endangered or becoming extinct. Therefore, plant tissue culture techniques may Irapuato, Gto – México. facilitate their propagation over a shorter time period than conventional techniques used for *Corresponding author <[email protected]> commercial purposes; or may help to recover populations of endangered or threatened species for their re-introduction in the wild; or may also be of value to the preservation and conservation Edited by: Daniel Scherer de Moura of the genetic resources of this important family. Herein we present the state-of-the-art of tissue culture techniques used for ornamental cacti and selected suggestions for solving a number of Received January 14, 2015 the problems faced by members of the Cactaceae family. Accepted March 27, 2015 Keywords: Cactaceae, areole activation, conservation, micropropagation, ornamental cactus Introduction been observed between species richness and endemism and species richness and number of endangered species The Cactaceae family is native to the American (Godínez-Álvarez and Ortega-Baes, 2007). continent and comprises more than 2,000 species that Brazil is the third cactus diversity center in impor- are primarily distributed over four diversity centers tance in the American continent with a high degree of in arid and semiarid regions. The most important cen- endemism (Zappi et al., 2011). Cactus species distribu- ters of cactus diversity are the north-central region of tion and the number of endemic species (in brackets) México through to the southwest of the United States, in Brazilian regions is as follows: northeastern region known as the Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion (CDE), and 90 (34), southeastern 120 (100), center-western 33 (6) the arid and semiarid zone of the southwestern Andean southern 70 (41) and northern 17 (1) (Zappi et al., 2011). region. The latter includes parts of Peru, Chile and Ar- Native cactus genus and species-subspecies include Ar- gentina. Other areas with high diversities of cacti are rojadoa (8), Arthrocereus (7), Bragaia (1), Brasilicereus (2), eastern Brazil, the region of Central America and part Brasiliopuntia (1), Cereus (20), Cipocereus (8), Coleocepha- of southeastern México, where a significant group of locereus (11), Discocactus (14), Echinopsis (4), Epiphyllum humid-zone epiphytic species is distributed (Hernández (1), Espostoopsis (1), Estevesia (1), Facheiroa (5), Frailea and Bárcenas, 1995, 1996; Ortega-Baes and Godínez- (17), Gymnocalycium (8), Harrisia (2), Hatiora (3), Hylo- Álvarez, 2006). cereus (1), Leocereus (1), Lepismium (4), Melocactus (31), México, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Costa Micranthocereus (12), Opuntia (6), Parodia (36), Pereskia Rica have the highest proportion of endemic species. (9), Pilosocereus (45), Praecereus (1), Pseudorhipsalis (1), México, with more than 600 species, of which approxi- Quiabentia (1), Rhipsalis (42), Schlumbergera (11), Stepha- mately 80 % are endemic, is the most important center of nocereus (2), Strophocactus (1), Tacinga (10) and Uebel- concentrated cactus genera and species (Ortega-Baes et mannia (8) (Zappi et al., 2011). Uses and knowledge of al., 2010). In México, two regions are particularly rich in cacti species in northeastern Brazil have been summa- species with high degrees of endemism: the southeastern rized by Lucena et al. (2013). and eastern regions of the CDE and the Querétaro-Hidal- Cacti are perennial plants, succulent and slow- go Arid Zone (QHAZ) (Hernández and Bárcenas, 1995, growing, which are particularly known for their drought- 1996). Other important centers of high cacti diversity in tolerant characteristics (xerophytic). They are highly México are the Sonoran Desert (Turner et al., 1995), the prized by horticulturists as botanical oddities and orna- Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley and the Balsas River Basin at mental plants. They may be cultivated for their beautiful the Tehuantepec Isthmus. Significant relationships have flowers, the aesthetics of their stems and spines, or mere- Sci. Agric. v.72, n.6, p.540-561, November/December 2015 541 Pérez-Molphe-Balch et al. Cactus tissue culture ly because the plants have an original-look/unique mor- (= H. × graeseri Barthlott ex D.R. Hunt) are commonly phology. Individual cactus species may be arborescent, known as Easter or holiday cacti. shrubby or creeping with woody or succulent stems. The Based on an international review of cactus mar- latter may be globular, cylindrical, candelabrum, colum- kets, the United States is the leading market for CDE nar, oblong or cladode in shape, with spines distributed cactus species, with 318 species advertised by U.S. ven- uniformly around the stem or forming longitudinal ribs dors and 54 identified for sale exclusively in the United (Nobel, 1988). The tallest cactus is Pachycereus pringlei States. The United Kingdom is the second-largest market (S. Watson) Britton & Rose, with a recorded maximum for CDE species (197) followed by Germany (185), Swe- height of 19.2 m, and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana den (118), México (91), Spain (86), Italy (80) and Canada Werdermann, which is approximately 1 cm in diameter (5). In the USA, west Texas is the largest cactus produc- at maturity (Altesor and Ezcurra, 2003). er for urban markets in Arizona, Nevada and southern Cactus spines are produced by specialized struc- California. Over the past decade, cacti species endemic tures called areoles, a type of meristematic tissue. Areoles to México that were new to science have appeared for are an identifying feature of cacti. In addition to spines, sale in foreign advertisements suggesting that specimens areoles produce new branches and flowers, which are (most likely seeds) had been illegally exported from typically tubular and multipetal. Cactus flowers are very México (Robbins, 2002, 2003). attractive and, depending on the species, are diverse in Recently, Korea has emerged as an important pro- size, number, form and color. The nocturnal flowers are ducer of grafted cacti. Production had reached 48 mil- always white, with some light-yellow or red tones, where- lion plants in 2002 with an estimated value of US$ 2.26 as diurnal flowers are white, purple, yellow-orange, red or million and reached almost US$ 4 million in 2011. The green (Barthlott and Hunt, 1993; Anderson, 2001). Cacti cactus Gymnocalycium mihanovichii (Fric & Guerke) Brit- are particularly attractive to homeowners in arid regions ton & Rose represents 70 % of exports, Chamaecereus sil- where conserving water by substituting drought-tolerant vestrii (Speg.) Britton & Rose 20 % and Notocactus scopa plants for water-intensive vegetation (such as grass lawns) (Spreng.) A. Berger, Eriocactus leninghausii (K. Sch.) Bckbg. is increasingly encouraged. and Gymnocalycium baldianum (Speg.) Speg. 10 %. The Cacti have been cultivated as ornamental plants Netherlands, the USA, China and Canada are the major for centuries. Since the XVI century, several herbariums importing countries for grafted cacti (Myeong et al., 2004). (General Historie of Plants, 1597; Pinax Theatri Botani- In the global market of CDE cactus species, 64 % ci, 1623; Historia Plantarum, 1688; History of Succulent of trade relates to Mammillaria (93 species), Opuntia (47 Plants, 1718, among others) and botanic gardens in Eu- species), Coryphanta (37 species) and Echinocereus (35 rope have established collections of cacti and succulents species) genera. In contrast, seven genera, each with (Pizzeti, 1992). Cacti are very often grown in greenhous- a single species, Geohintonia mexicana Glass & W.A. es, particularly in regions unsuited to outdoor cultivation Fitz Maurice, Hamatocactus crassihamatus (F.A.C. We- such as
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