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The Health Status of Early 20Th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee

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The Health Status of Early 20Th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2005 The Health Status of Early 20th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee Rebecca J. Wilson University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Rebecca J., "The Health Status of Early 20th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2540 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Rebecca J. Wilson entitled "The Health Status of Early 20th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard L. Jantz, Lyle W. Konigsberg Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Rebecca J. Wilson entitled “The Health Status of Early 20th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40Sy619) in Shelby County, Tennessee.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz ______________________________ Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard L. Jantz ______________________________ Lyle W. Konigsberg ______________________________ Acceptance for the Council: Anne Mayhew ______________________________ Vice Chancellor and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) The Health Status of Early 20th Century Blacks from the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery (40SY619) in Shelby County, Tennessee. A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Rebecca J. Wilson May 2005 Dedication To the lost, but not forgotten. May you one day hold your proper place in history. ii Acknowledgements I wish to thank everyone who has helped me in completing my Master of Arts degree in Anthropology. Thank you to my committee, Dr. Lee Meadows Jantz, Dr. Richard Jantz, and Dr. Lyle Konigsberg, for putting up with my stubbornness and incessant questions. I would especially like to thank Dr. Lee Meadows Jantz with providing me the opportunity to work on this project and becoming a great friend and mentor in the process. I would like to thank Dr. Paula Wagoner for introducing me to the field of anthropology, continually encouraging my advancement in the field, and making sure I always look at the entire picture. Mostly importantly, I would like to thank my family, who has allowed me to be where I am today. Also, I would like to thank Donna McCarthy, Dr. Nicholas Herrmann, and Kate Spradley for providing valuable comments and advice. My family and friends have constantly pushed me towards finishing my Master’s, listened to my complaints, and read numerous drafts of this thesis. It is to all of you I am grateful and will always be in your debt. iii Abstract Paleopathological investigations of health are an important component in the construction of a population’s history. Such studies make possible analyses regarding Black health in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a time period where the availability of relevant and objective literature is limited. Also, these investigations permit a comparison between similar populations to determine the extent to which the demographic, social, economic, and political conditions of this time period affect a specific population. This study compares the Providence Baptist Church cemetery in Shelby County, Tennessee to two contemporary historic Black cemeteries in order to address an urban versus rural dichotomy suggested by Davidson et al. (2002). The Cedar Grove cemetery, located in rural Arkansas, and the late-period Freedman’s cemetery, located in Dallas, Texas, were used for the comparison. Comparisons of the skeletal and dental indicators of stress across these samples, using data from the Western Hemisphere Database (Steckel et al. 2002), help place the Providence Baptist Church skeletal series in relation to the other sites. A series of pair-wise chi-tests was employed to determine significant differences at the 95 percent confidence level, between the populations for the frequency and severity of each skeletal indicator of stress. The Providence Baptist Church cemetery demonstrates a high incidence of degenerative joint disease, moderate infectious lesions, few dietary or metabolic disorders, and little trauma. When compared to the other populations, the pathology frequencies indicate a population that is not clearly associated with either the rural or iv urban condition as defined by Davidson et al. (2002). Significant variation among the three sites was observed with each stress indicator examined. The Providence population demonstrated a relationship with the Cedar Grove Cemetery for osteoarthritis, and with Freedman’s Cemetery for indicators of metabolic stress. The results for trauma and infection were inconclusive, but a possible relationship between Cedar Grove and Providence for trauma and between Freedman’s and Providence for infection was noted. These pathological conditions indicate a rural community that is augmenting its health status by taking advantage of the resources at its disposal. This suggests that other factors, such as a direct church affiliation, an association with Masonic organizations, or the proximity to the Memphis metropolitan area affected the population’s health. v Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction……………………….……………………………………….. 1 The Providence Baptist Church………………………………………... 4 The Archaeology of the Providence Baptist Church Cemetery………... 10 Preservation of the Skeletal Material………………………………. 13 2. The Providence Baptist Church Community………………………………. 15 Life in the Memphis Area ………………………………………………15 The Role of the Church in the Black Community………………………17 3. Defining the Health of a Population…………………………………….… 20 Late 19th Century Black Health…………………………………………20 The Urban Versus Rural Environment and Health…………………….. 24 Paleopathological Assessment of Health………………………………. 27 Introduction………………………………………………………… 27 Infection……………………………………………………………. 30 Metabolic Stress……………………………………………………. 37 Degenerative Disorders…………………………………………….. 41 Trauma…………………………………………………………….. 46 Stature……………………………………………………………… 47 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..49 Afro-American Biohistory Comparative Sites………………………..... 50 38Ch778…………………………………………………………… 51 Albert J. Phillips Memorial Cemetery…………………………….. 52 Catoctin Furnance………………………………………………….. 53 Cedar Grove Cemetery…………………………………………….. 53 Cypress Grove Cemetery………………………………………..… 54 Elko Switch Cemetery………………………………………………55 First African Baptist Church 10th Street Cemetery……………….... 55 First African Baptist Church 8th Street Cemetery………………….. 56 Freedman’s Cemetery……………………………………………… 57 Mother United African Methodist Episcopal (UAME) Church Cemetery…………………………………………………………... 58 Newton Cemetery, Barbados………………………………………. 59 Oakland Cemetery……………………………………………….… 60 St. Peters Street Cemetery (New Orleans First Cemetery)..………. 61 Biohistory Conclusion……………….…………………………….. 62 4. Materials and Methods……………………………………………………. 63 5. Results………………………………………………………………….. 69 vi Paleopathological Comparison for Sex and Age groups within Providence Cemetery……………………………………………………………….. 69 Degenerative Disease………………………………………….…… 69 Other Degenerative Disorders……………………………………… 76 Metabolic Stress……………………………………………………. 78 Infection……………………………………………………………. 84 Other Conditions…………………………………………………… 90 Trauma……………………………………………………………... 92 Paleopathological Comparison between the Providence Baptist Church, Freedman’s Church, and Cedar Grove…... 98 Degenerative Joint Disease………………………………………… 98 Metabolic Stress……………………………………………………. 105 Infection……………………………………………………………. 109 Trauma……………………………………………………………... 114 Stature of the Providence Baptist Cemetery in Relation to other Black Populations, including Cedar Grove and Freedman’s Cemeteries…….. 119 6. Discussion………………………………………………………………….. 125 7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 134 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………….. 136 Appendices…………………………………………………………………. 149 Appendix A: Archaeology of the Providence Baptist Church……….… 150 Identification of Interred Individuals………………………………. 150 Faternal Organization Membership………………………………... 156 Appendix B: Skeletal Analysis of the Providence Baptist Church ……. 158 Inventory…………………………………………………………… 158 Sex Estimation……………………………………………………... 163 Age Estimation……………………………………………………...164
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