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Albert Einstein - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 27
Albert Einstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 27 Albert Einstein From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Albert Einstein ( /ælbərt a nsta n/; Albert Einstein German: [albt a nʃta n] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[2] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". [3] The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He Albert Einstein in 1921 realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his Born 14 March 1879 subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, a paper on the general theory of relativity. He German Empire continued to deal with problems of statistical Died mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his 18 April 1955 (aged 76) explanations of particle theory and the motion of Princeton, New Jersey, United States molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory States of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a Ethnicity Jewish [4] whole. -
Einstein, Mileva Maric
ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page i Einstein A to Z Karen C. Fox Aries Keck John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page ii For Mykl and Noah Copyright © 2004 by Karen C. Fox and Aries Keck. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. -
Albert Einstein's Close Friends and Colleagues from the Patent Office
1 Albert Einstein's close friends and colleagues from the Patent Office Galina Weinstein In the Patent Office Einstein hatched his most beautiful ideas, and there he spent his "Happy Bern Years". These wonderful ideas led to his miraculous year works of 1905. Einstein was not an expert in academic matters, and he was out of academic world. Neither did he meet influential professors, or attend academic meetings. He discussed his ideas with his close friends and colleagues from the Patent Office. In 1907 he finally got his foot into the academic doorway; Einstein became a privatdozent and gave lectures at the University of Bern. However, his first students consisted again of his two close friends and another colleague from the Patent Office. 1 Physics Group 1.1 The Patent Office On June 23rd, 1902 Einstein started his new job as a technical expert (provisional) third-class in the Swiss Patent Office, with a salary of 3500 francs per year. The Patent Office was on the upper third-floor of the new building of the Postal and Telegraph Administration, near the railroad station and the medieval Clock Tower in Bern.1 Einstein's first home in Bern was a small room in Gerechtigkeitsgasse 32 (from Feb 11, 1902 until May 31, 1902).2 From this one-bedroom flat he walked every morning to the building of the Postal and Telegraph building. One day Max Talmud (Talmey) visited Einstein in Bern and saw his flat: "In April 1902, […] I found my friend there and spent a day with him. His environment betrayed a good deal of poverty. -
Einstein's Pathway to the Special Theory of Relativity (2Nd Edition) Ix
Einstein’s Pathway to the Special Theory of Relativity (2nd Edition) Einstein’s Pathway to the Special Theory of Relativity (2nd Edition) By Galina Weinstein Einstein’s Pathway to the Special Theory of Relativity (2nd Edition) By Galina Weinstein This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Galina Weinstein All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-9512-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-9512-5 “Great spirits have always encountered opposition from mediocre minds. The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly”. Albert Einstein, March 19, 1940. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................. xiv Introduction ............................................................................. 1 The First Chapter (A): A Critical Biography of Albert Einstein ........ 1 The Second Chapter (B): Fin de Siècle Physics ............................. 4 The Third Chapter (C): Einstein's Path to Special Relativity ............ 8 The Fourth Chapter (D): Einstein's Odyssey to General Relativity ... 18 The Fifth Chapter (E): Methodology and Creativity ...................... 30 The Final Chapter (F): The Sources ........................................... 33 Chapter A. .............................................................................. 34 From Einstein's Childhood to Patent Office 1 Einstein's Parents and Sister Maja .......................................... -
Introduction
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82834-5 - The Cambridge Companion to Einstein Edited by Michel Janssen and Christoph Lehner Excerpt More information Michel Janssen and Christoph Lehner Introduction This volume brings together fourteen essays by historians and philoso- phers of science on various aspects of the writings of Albert Einstein. Together they are meant to provide a guide to Einstein’s work and the extensive literature about it. The essays can be read independently of one another, though most of them gain from being read in conjunction with others. All of them should be accessible to a broad audience. The use of equations, for instance, has been kept to a minimum throughout this volume. The fi rst ten essays deal with Einstein’s contributions to physics and with various philosophical implications of these contribu- tions. The next three essays directly address some of Einstein’s more philosophical writings and the impact of his work on the twentieth- century philosophy of science. The fi nal essay is on Einstein’s politi- cal writings. In this introduction we give a brief overview of Einstein’s life and career to provide some context for this collection of essays and highlight some themes addressed more fully in the individual contribu- tions to this volume. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was born in the Swabian city of Ulm, the fi rst child of upwardly mobile Jewish parents, Hermann and Pauline (n é e Koch). 1 In 1880, Hermann ’s featherbed business failed and he moved his family to Munich, where with one of his brothers he started a gas and water installation business.