Biological Activities of Solanaceous Plants Against Vector Mosquitoes: a Review
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International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.com September 2016, Volume 4, Issue 9, ISSN 2349-4476 Biological Activities of Solanaceous Plants Against Vector Mosquitoes: A Review Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad.India Abstract Malaria, dengue, chickungunya, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis which are transmitted by mosquitoes cause thousands of deaths in India. Hence, effective mosquito control is required to enhance the health and quality of human life through the reduction of mosquito population. Therefore there is a growing need to use clean non-toxic, eco-friendly biopesticides. In this review we summarize, the current knowledge of the mosquito larvicidal activity by using different plant part extracts of Solanaceae family. Various aspects such as, instar specificity, solvents used during extraction, nature of active ingredient and promising advances made in biological control of mosquito larvae from Solanaceae plant derived secondary metabolites are also discussed . The results of the review reveal that the use of Solanaceous plant extracts have the potential to be utilized as a good, easily available, biodegradable, non-toxic and in having eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito population. Keywords: insecticides, biological control, Solanaceae family, larvicides-LC50, plant extracts 1.Introduction: The Solanaceae family comprises about 90 genera and 3,000 species which are widely distributed in the World. They are rich source of active secondary metabolites (Silva et al 2004).Within this family, the genus Solanum is the largest and most complex with more than 1,500 species which yield a great variety of steroidal saponins and glycoalkaloids of interest from ecological and human health view points (Roddick et al 2001) (Chowdhary et al 2007),. Numerous species of Solanum are known to possess a variety of biological activities including antimycotic (Singh et al 2007), antiviral (Arthan et al 2002) , molluscicidal (Silva et al 2006), teratogenic and cytotoxic properties (Nakamura et al 1996;Lu et al 2009)(Palanisamy et al 2012) The botanical insecticides are more effective, environment friendly, easily biodegradable and inexpensive.( Dharmapadda et al 2005).Botanical insecticides also have potential uses such as larvicidal , ovicidal, oviposition deterrence, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, male sterility.( Mohanraj et al 2013). Botanical insecticides have certain advantages; as they do not persist in the environment, there is present a relatively low risk to non-target organisms and they are relatively non toxic to mammals. They usually break down rapidly in the environment and are easily metabolized by animals receiving sub-lethal doses.(Martina GRDISA et al 2013). Among the thirteen genera of the family Culicidae, Anopheles, Culex and individuals of genus Aedes are considered dangerous because they cause significant public health threat all over the world..( Mohanraj et al 2013). The management of larvae through the use of larvicides is an ideal method. Since “adulticides” may only reduce the adult population temporarily, most mosquito control programs target the larval stage in their breeding sites with larvicides. It is easier to control delicate mosquito larvae that have not yet left their aquatic habitat than to control adult mosquitoes.( Mohan et al 2010).As during the immature stage ,mosquitoes are relatively immobile, remaining more concentrated than they are in the adult stage.( Mohanraj et al 2013). Due to environmental concern on use of existing synthetic insecticides for vector control and further risk of development of widespread insecticides resistance in disease vector, interest on possible use of environment friendly natural products such as extracts of plants or plant parts can be used for vector control. 28 Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.com September 2016, Volume 4, Issue 9, ISSN 2349-4476 Sukumar et al (1991) listed 346 species for 276 genera and 99 families which have been tested against mosquitoes for various effects such as toxicity, growth inhibition , ovipositional determinacy and repellent. This list includes many species from Solanaceae family also.(Jawale et al 2010). 2. Larvicidal phytochemicals: Larvae from the three important vector mosquito genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are all susceptible to a greater or lesser extent to some phytochemicals.( Shaalan et al 2005) The bioactivity of phytochemicals against mosquito larvae can vary significantly depending on the plant species, plant part, age of plant part, solvent used in extraction and mosquito species. Most studies on phytochemicals focus on herbs and other medicinal plants. This is because historical experimental knowledge and some scientific studies have shown them to be particularly active against certain organisms.( Shaalan et al 2005) Mosquito larvae of different species display different susceptibilities to the same phytochemicals. In general, Aedes larvae are more robust and less susceptible to insecticides and botanical extracts than Culex larvae.The generalization made with Aedes and Culex larvae does not always hold with Anopheles species .The susceptibility of Anopheles larvae can vary since they can be more or less susceptible botanical derivatives and insecticides.Aedes aegypti is commonly used in insecticide screening trials because it is usually less susceptible and because it is easy to colonize in the laboratory.(E.A.S Shaalan et al 2005) Table –I to 8 summarizes the mosquitocidal activities of various parts of Solanaceae family, according to the extraction procedure developed in eight different solvent systems and the nature of mosquitocidal activities against the larval stages of different vector species.Thus giving us ready references for further studies. Table no.9 summarizes the various plants of Solanaceae family and reported their toxicity against different mosquito species , which mainly belong to Culicidae family. 3. Action of phytochemicals in mosquito body: The phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that protect the plants from herbivores. The larvae when feed on these secondary metabolites have non-specific effects on a wide-range of molecular targets.These targets range from proteins (enzymes, receptors, signaling molecules,ion-channels and structural proteins),nucleic acids, biomembranes and other cellular components. This in turn,affects the mosquito physiology in many different ways and at various receptor sites primarily the midgut epithelium and secondarily they affect the gastic caeca and the malphigian tubules in mosquito larvae.(Ghosh et al 2012)(E.A.S-Shaalan et al 2005) Rey et al (1999b) observed that the overall destructive effects of tannins on the midgut epithelium of larvae. Prashant Tiwari et al (2011) observed that quinines and polyphenols inactivates the enzymes,binds to adhesions,forms complex with cell wall. Flavinoids inhibits gastro intestinal tract,as the antioxidant activity given in Table no.IV for the release of actylcholine. Terepenoids and essential oil have membrane disruption .Alkaloids possess anti-oxidating effects. Saponins inhibits histamine release in vitro possess membrane permabilizing properties. 4. Larvicidal activity of Solanum species: Various chemical constituents are reported to be isolated from Solanum species, which includes alkaloids, phenolics, flavanoides, sterols saponins and their glycosides. Alkaloides such as soladunalinidine and tomatidine were isolated from leaf and stem of Solanum species.(Prema et al 2013) 4.1 Activity of Solanum nigrum Solanum nigrum L which is (Black night shade) a member of the Solanaceae, has larvicidal, antibacterial, ovipositional and deterrent activities and a wide range of medicinal values like antiseptic, antidysenteric and antidiuretic used in the treatment of cardiac, skin disease, psoriasis, herpsvirus. The root bark is laxative, 29 Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.com September 2016, Volume 4, Issue 9, ISSN 2349-4476 useful in the treatment of ulcers on the neck, burning of throat, inflammation of liver and chronic fever. Berries are bitter and pungent useful in the heart disease, piles, dysentery .(Kritikar et al 1935) .The leaves, stem, berries and roots have effective larvicidal activity against the larvae of various vector mosquito species. An ethanolic extract, made by soaking leave powder from S. nigrum overnight has the highest activity, LC 50 3.37 mg/L within 24 h. This extract also showed larvicidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito species Aedes caspius and Culex pipiens (LC 50 51.29 and 125.89 mg/L within 24 h and 21.38 and 38.11 mg/L within 48 h). (Ahmed et al 2001). The combination activities of temephos, fenthion and petroleum ether extract of Solanum xanthocarpum were observed for their larvicidal activities against Culex quinquefasciatus. The combination of temephos and S. xanthocarpum was studied at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 which showed the best results of: LC500.0144 and 0.0056 ppm and LC90 0.0958 and 0.0209 ppm at 24 and 48 hours, respectively.(Mohan et al 2010) The level of larvicidal activity of ethanol, hexane and chloroform