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Biological Activities of Solanaceous Against Vector Mosquitoes: A Review

Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad.India

Abstract Malaria, dengue, chickungunya, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis which are transmitted by mosquitoes cause thousands of deaths in India. Hence, effective mosquito control is required to enhance the health and quality of human life through the reduction of mosquito population. Therefore there is a growing need to use clean non-toxic, eco-friendly biopesticides. In this review we summarize, the current knowledge of the mosquito larvicidal activity by using different part extracts of family. Various aspects such as, instar specificity, solvents used during extraction, nature of active ingredient and promising advances made in biological control of mosquito larvae from Solanaceae plant derived secondary metabolites are also discussed . The results of the review reveal that the use of Solanaceous plant extracts have the potential to be utilized as a good, easily available, biodegradable, non-toxic and in having eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito population.

Keywords: insecticides, biological control, Solanaceae family, larvicides-LC50, plant extracts

1.Introduction: The Solanaceae family comprises about 90 genera and 3,000 species which are widely distributed in the World. They are rich source of active secondary metabolites (Silva et al 2004).Within this family, the genus is the largest and most complex with more than 1,500 species which yield a great variety of steroidal saponins and glycoalkaloids of interest from ecological and human health view points (Roddick et al 2001) (Chowdhary et al 2007),. Numerous species of Solanum are known to possess a variety of biological activities including antimycotic (Singh et al 2007), antiviral (Arthan et al 2002) , molluscicidal (Silva et al 2006), teratogenic and cytotoxic properties (Nakamura et al 1996;Lu et al 2009)(Palanisamy et al 2012) The botanical insecticides are more effective, environment friendly, easily biodegradable and inexpensive.( Dharmapadda et al 2005).Botanical insecticides also have potential uses such as larvicidal , ovicidal, oviposition deterrence, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, male sterility.( Mohanraj et al 2013). Botanical insecticides have certain advantages; as they do not persist in the environment, there is present a relatively low risk to non-target organisms and they are relatively non toxic to mammals. They usually break down rapidly in the environment and are easily metabolized by animals receiving sub-lethal doses.(Martina GRDISA et al 2013). Among the thirteen genera of the family Culicidae, Anopheles, Culex and individuals of genus Aedes are considered dangerous because they cause significant public health threat all over the world..( Mohanraj et al 2013). The management of larvae through the use of larvicides is an ideal method. Since “adulticides” may only reduce the adult population temporarily, most mosquito control programs target the larval stage in their breeding sites with larvicides. It is easier to control delicate mosquito larvae that have not yet left their aquatic habitat than to control adult mosquitoes.( Mohan et al 2010).As during the immature stage ,mosquitoes are relatively immobile, remaining more concentrated than they are in the adult stage.( Mohanraj et al 2013). Due to environmental concern on use of existing synthetic insecticides for vector control and further risk of development of widespread insecticides resistance in disease vector, interest on possible use of environment friendly natural products such as extracts of plants or plant parts can be used for vector control. 28 Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross

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Sukumar et al (1991) listed 346 species for 276 genera and 99 families which have been tested against mosquitoes for various effects such as toxicity, growth inhibition , ovipositional determinacy and repellent. This list includes many species from Solanaceae family also.(Jawale et al 2010).

2. Larvicidal phytochemicals: Larvae from the three important vector mosquito genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are all susceptible to a greater or lesser extent to some phytochemicals.( Shaalan et al 2005) The bioactivity of phytochemicals against mosquito larvae can vary significantly depending on the plant species, plant part, age of plant part, solvent used in extraction and mosquito species. Most studies on phytochemicals focus on herbs and other medicinal plants. This is because historical experimental knowledge and some scientific studies have shown them to be particularly active against certain organisms.( Shaalan et al 2005) Mosquito larvae of different species display different susceptibilities to the same phytochemicals. In general, Aedes larvae are more robust and less susceptible to insecticides and botanical extracts than Culex larvae.The generalization made with Aedes and Culex larvae does not always hold with Anopheles species .The susceptibility of Anopheles larvae can vary since they can be more or less susceptible botanical derivatives and insecticides.Aedes aegypti is commonly used in insecticide screening trials because it is usually less susceptible and because it is easy to colonize in the laboratory.(E.A.S Shaalan et al 2005) Table –I to 8 summarizes the mosquitocidal activities of various parts of Solanaceae family, according to the extraction procedure developed in eight different solvent systems and the nature of mosquitocidal activities against the larval stages of different vector species.Thus giving us ready references for further studies. Table no.9 summarizes the various plants of Solanaceae family and reported their toxicity against different mosquito species , which mainly belong to Culicidae family.

3. Action of phytochemicals in mosquito body: The phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that protect the plants from herbivores. The larvae when feed on these secondary metabolites have non-specific effects on a wide-range of molecular targets.These targets range from proteins (enzymes, receptors, signaling molecules,ion-channels and structural proteins),nucleic acids, biomembranes and other cellular components. This in turn,affects the mosquito physiology in many different ways and at various receptor sites primarily the midgut epithelium and secondarily they affect the gastic caeca and the malphigian tubules in mosquito larvae.(Ghosh et al 2012)(E.A.S-Shaalan et al 2005) Rey et al (1999b) observed that the overall destructive effects of tannins on the midgut epithelium of larvae. Prashant Tiwari et al (2011) observed that quinines and polyphenols inactivates the enzymes,binds to adhesions,forms complex with cell wall. Flavinoids inhibits gastro intestinal tract,as the antioxidant activity given in Table no.IV for the release of actylcholine. Terepenoids and essential oil have membrane disruption .Alkaloids possess anti-oxidating effects. Saponins inhibits histamine release in vitro possess membrane permabilizing properties.

4. Larvicidal activity of Solanum species: Various chemical constituents are reported to be isolated from Solanum species, which includes alkaloids, phenolics, flavanoides, sterols saponins and their glycosides. Alkaloides such as soladunalinidine and tomatidine were isolated from leaf and stem of Solanum species.(Prema et al 2013) 4.1 Activity of Solanum nigrum L which is (Black night shade) a member of the Solanaceae, has larvicidal, antibacterial, ovipositional and deterrent activities and a wide range of medicinal values like antiseptic, antidysenteric and antidiuretic used in the treatment of cardiac, skin disease, psoriasis, herpsvirus. The root bark is laxative,

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useful in the treatment of ulcers on the neck, burning of throat, inflammation of liver and chronic fever. Berries are bitter and pungent useful in the heart disease, piles, dysentery .(Kritikar et al 1935) .The leaves, stem, berries and roots have effective larvicidal activity against the larvae of various vector mosquito species. An ethanolic extract, made by soaking leave powder from S. nigrum overnight has the highest activity, LC 50 3.37 mg/L within 24 h. This extract also showed larvicidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito species Aedes caspius and Culex pipiens (LC 50 51.29 and 125.89 mg/L within 24 h and 21.38 and 38.11 mg/L within 48 h). (Ahmed et al 2001). The combination activities of temephos, fenthion and petroleum ether extract of Solanum xanthocarpum were observed for their larvicidal activities against Culex quinquefasciatus. The combination of temephos and S. xanthocarpum was studied at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 which showed the best results of: LC500.0144 and 0.0056 ppm and LC90 0.0958 and 0.0209 ppm at 24 and 48 hours, respectively.(Mohan et al 2010) The level of larvicidal activity of ethanol, hexane and chloroform extracts of stem and leaf of Solanum nigrum at different concentrations viz.,500, 1000 and 1500 ppm exhibited significant activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent. The antibacterial activities of ethanol, hexane and chloroform extracts of stem and leaf, Solanum nigrum were screened against various pathogenic bacteria by „agar well diffusion‟ method. The plant extracts showed various levels of activity on different test organisms among that ethanol extract of Solanum nigrum stem was found to be the most potent extract.(Yoganath et al 2012). Comparative efficacy of the aqueous and hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum was tested against five laboratory colonized strains of mosquito species, namely Anopheles culicifacies species A, An. culicifacies species C, An. stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti to assess the possibility for use of these extracts for their control .All the five species registered 100 per cent mortality in larval bioassays at 1000 ppm with aqueous extract and at 100 ppm with hexane extract of dried fruit.(Raghuvendra et al 2009). Recently larvicidal properties of the aqueous extract of the leaf of Solanum nigrum against Anopheles culicifacies species A, Culex quinquifasciatus and Aedes aegypti and larvicidal properties of fruit and root extract of Solanum xanthocarpum against An.stephensi, Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus were reported.(Singh et al 2001) 4.11. Repellent and oviposition deterrent activity of Solanum nigrum: Hexane extract of the seeds of Solanum nigrum were used for repellent and oviposition deterrent activity against mosquito vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory bio-assays. Percent protection obtained against An. stephensi was 100% in 0 hours and 81% after 6 hours at the 10% concentration of the extract as compared to 100% after 6 hours at 2.5% DEET solution.(Singh et al 2013). 4.2.Activity of Solanum trilobatum The leaf extracts of S. trilobatum posseses ovicidal activity against Culex quinquesfasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) and Culex tritaeniorhnchux (Cx. tritaeniorhnchux) and oviposition deterent and skin repellent activity against Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi). The leaf extracts of S. trilobatum possess larvicidal and pupicidal activities against vector mosquitoes. Thus this specie can control the immature stages of the vector mosquitoes effectively.(Prema et al 2013). 4.3.Activity of solanum xanthocarpum Solanum xanthocarpum (Family: Solanaceae) is an important medicinal herb in Ayurvedic medicine.Various studies indicated that S. xanthocarpum possesses antiasthmatic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and insect repellent properties. The fruits are reported to contain several steroidal alkaloids like solanacarpine (Gupta and Dutt 1938), and solamargine. Larval and pupal mortality of C. quinquefasicatus after the treatment of ethanol S. xanthocarpum was found to be very effective.(Kumar et al 2012) 4.4. Activity of Capsicum annum The natural crude extracts of Capsicum annum fruits (capsaicinoids) against IV instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) showed insecticidal activity by screening botanicals on mosquito vectors. The ethanol extract of C. annum proved to be sufficiently effective on both the species. Cx. quinquefasciatus was found to be more susceptible than An. Stephensi. Microscopic examination of dead

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larvae revealed that the extract has penetrated into larval digestive system. The treated larvae showed curling up, agitation, vigorous body movements which are the characteristic of neurotoxicity. (Madhumathy et al 2007). Species from the Capsicum genus have been used for many pest control by farmers dedicated to traditional agriculture in various countries. The fruits of the Capsicum genus are the mainly used parts because they have insecticidal, repellent and anti-feeding activity against other insects also. The effects are owned to the presence of capsaicinoids. .(Castillo-Sanchez et al 2010) 4.5. Activity of Datura stramonium The ethanolic extracts of leaves of Datura stramonium showed larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In Traditional Siddha medicine, Datura stramonium was used as mosquito repellent.

5. Scope for future research using Solanaceous derivates against vector mosquitoe larvae- Based on the revision made, the following aspects were observed from the Solanaceae family, as the extracts of the Solanaceae family have been tested on the human health related diseases caused by mosquitoes. The extraction of the solanaceous derivates have been obtained by various methods such as: water, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, hexane and acetone. This family contains active toxic ingredients responsible for larvicidal activity and can be commercially and extensively used in vector control programmes.

6. Steps recommended for research with phytochemicals: (i)The crude plant extracts being screened having mosquito larvicidal activity. (ii) Preparing the plant solvent extract starting from the polar to non-polar chemicals.(iii) The most effective solvent being determined after the preparation; (iv) On evaporating the liquid solvent as to obtain the residue for the determination of the lethal values. (LC50/LC100values where LC stands for Lethal Concentration); (v) Analysis of the phytochemicals present in the solid residue;(vi) Application of thin layer and column chromatography for the purification and isolation of toxic phytochemical having larvicidal potential;(vii) By the use of infra red (IR) spectroscopy, nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis determination of the structure (IR); (viii) Studying the effect of active ingrediant on non-target organisms;and (ix) Finally field evaluations being done of the active principle along with the commercial use..(Ghosh et al 2012).

Conclusion: The Solanaceae family possess a natural resource of great potential to be used against vector mosquito larvae .The potential of the biological activity of this family is been less studied and thus more tests are required to verify the potential of the active compounds in real scenario. The derivatives of Solanaceae family (like alkaloids and steroidal glycosides) show a wide range of action modes and larvicidal activity regulating effects. Thus it is likely that these plant extracts can be used in various vector mosquito species according to their mode of action. From the present review, it could be observed that the phytochemicals found in the Solanaceae family range from highly polar to non-polar and their bioactivity belong to the highly polar, since they are mainly extracted with solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and acetone etc. They have an effective larvicidal potential against vector mosquito larvae. Thus the botanical insecticides show high degree of biodegradation and that‟s what makes them eco-friendly and have attractive replacement over the negative impact of synthetic insecticide on the environment and human health. This ensures growing interest in searching promising agents with alternative mode of action and promoting the usage of those that are already well established.

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References: 1) Karthika, D.K., Mohanraj, R.S., and Dhanakkodi, B.,(2013). Mosquitocidal activities of Spathodea companulata methanolic leaf extract against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti.Asian J. of Plant Sci. and Res., 3(4):138-149. 2) Mangalat, S., Narayanan, V., and Janardhanan, M., (2004). Herbal larvicides to control mosquito larvae.A preliminary study. Natu .Prod. Radi., 3(1);24-26. 3) Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N., and Chandra, G., (2012). Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides.Indian JMed Res 135;581-598. 4) Mohan, L., Sharma, P., and Srivastava. C.N., (2010). Combination Larvicidal Action of Solanum xanthocarpum extract and certain synthetic insecticides against Filarial vector , Culex quinquefasciatus.South East Asian J Trop Med Public Health.41(2);311-319. 5) Prajapati, V., Tripathi, A. K., Aggarwal, K.K,. Khanuja, S.P.S., (2005). Insecticidal, repellent and ovi-position- deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioreso. Tech.,96;1749-1757. 6) Dharmagadda, V.S., Naik, S.N., Mittal, P.K., Vasudevan, P., (2013) . Larvicidal activity of Tagetes patula essential oil against three mosquito species. Bioreso. Tech. .96;1235-1240 7) Grdisa, M., Grsic, K. (2013). Botanical Insecticides in Plant Protection.Agic,conspec.sci.78(2);85-93. 8) Shaalan, E. A-S., Canyon, D., Younes, M.W.F., Mansour, A.H., (2010). A review of botanical phytochemicals with Castillo-Sanchez, L.E., Jimenez-Osomio, J.J., America, M., Hevera, D., Secondary metabolites of the Annonaceae ,Solanaceae and Maliaceae families used as Biological Control of Insects,Trop. And Subtrop. Agrosy., 12;445-462. 9) Raghavendra, R., Singh, S.P., Sarala, K., Subbarao and Dash, A.P., (July 2009). Laboratory studies on mosquito larvicidal efficacy of aqueous and hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn.Indian J Med Res 130;74- 77. 10) Madhumathy, A.P., Aivazi, A.A., and Vijayan, V.A., (September 2007). Larvicidal efficacy of Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus.J.Vect Borne Dis 44, pp.223-226. 11) Jawale, C., Kirdak, R.,and Dama, L.,( 2010). Larvicidal activity of Cestrum nocturnum on Aedes aegypti. Bangladesh J Pharmacol;5:39-40. 12) Swathi. S., Murugananthan. G., Ghosh. S.K., Pradeep, A.S., (2012). Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes.Internaational Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research;4(1);25-27.ISSN:0975-4873. 13) Premalatha, S., Elumalai, K., Jeyasankar, A., (2013). Mosquitocidal properties of Solanum trilobatum L.(Solanaceae) leaf extracts against three important human vector mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae).A. Paci. J. Trop. Medi. 854-858. 14) Rawani, A., Ghosh, A., Chandra, G., (2010) .Mosquito larvicidal activities of Solanum nigrum L.leaf extract against Culex quinquefasciatus Say.Parasitol Res 107:1235-1240. 15) Kumar, P. M., Murugan, K., Kovendan, K., Subramaniam, J. and Amaresan, D., (2012). Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum (Family:Solanaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis,against Culex quinquefasciatus say(Diptera:Culicidae).Parasitol Res 110:2541-2550. 16) Hameed, I., Hussain ,F., Sher, Z., Bacha, N., and Khan, A.A., (2013). Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity of some selected medicinal plants of family Solanaceae.Pak.J.Bot., 45(5):1749-1754. 17) Ibrahim, T., Esther, A.B., ,Sadiq, A. and Garba, Y. (2012).Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Methanol Extract of Solanum nodiflorum Jacq(Solanaceae).J.of Pharma. and Phytochem. ISSN 2278-4136.ZDB- Number:2668735-5. IC Journal No:8192.Volume 1 Issue 4 18) Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Ahvazi, M. and Kashi, Y. (2012). Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Five Plant species of Solanaceae Family from Iran. J. of Medic. Plants,11(43);41-53. 19) Yogananth, N., Buvaneswari, S. and Muthezhilan, R.., (2012). Larvicidal and Antibacterial Activities of different Solvent Extracts of Solanum nigrum LINN. Global J.Biotech and Biochem, 7(3):86-89. 20) Ghosh, C., Chandra, G., (April 2006). Biocontrol efficacy of Cestrum diurnum L.(Solanaceae:) against the larval forms of Anopheles stephensi.Natural Product Research,Vol.20,No.4, , 371-379. 21) Lalit, M., Sharma, P., Srivastava C.N., (2010) .Combination Larvicidal Action of Solanum xanthocarpum extract and certain synthetic insecticides against Filarial vector ,Culex quinquefasciatus (say);South East Asian J.Trop Med Public Health , 41.(2);311-319. 22) Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., Kaur, H., (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review; International Pharmaceutica Siencia; 1( 1);98-106 23) Chowdhury, N., Laskar, S. and Chandra, G.(2008). Mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of protein of Solanum villosum leaves.BMC complementary and Alternative Medicine.,8:62;1-6

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24) Soetaino, S., Sukrasno, E., Yuluiah and Sylvia. (1997).Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanol Extracts of Capsicum Fruits with different levels of pungency.JMS. 2(2) 57 – 63. 25) Jawale, C., Kirdak, R.,and Dama, L., (2010). Larvicidal activity of Cestrum nocturnum on Aedes aegypti. Bangladesh J Pharmacol;5:39-40. 26) Chowdhury, N., Bhattacharjee, I., Laskar, S., Chandra ,G; .(2007). Efficacy of Solanum Villosum Mill.(Solanaceae: Solanales) as a biocontrol agent against fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Say Turkish Journal Zoology,31,365-370. 27) Rajkumar, S., Jebanesan, A., (2005). Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Solanum trilobatum leaf extract against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi;3pp,Journal of Insect Science,5:15;1-3. 28) Yogananth, N., Buvaneswari, S.,and Muthezhilan, R., (2012.). Larvicidal and Antibacterial Activities of different Solvent Extracts of Solanum nigrum LINN.Global J.Biotech and Biochem 7(3):86-89. 29) Singh ,S.P., Raghavendra, K., Singh, R .K., Subbarao ,S.K., (2001).Studies on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of Solanum nigrum Linn. (Family: Solanaceae). Curr Sci; 81: 1529-30. 30) Singh, K.V., Bansal, S.K.,(2003). Larvicidal potential of a perennial herb Solanum xanthocarpum against vectors of malaria and dengue/DHF. Current Sci. 84(6);749-751. 31) Madhumathy., Ali-Ashraf Aivazi & V.A. Vijayan., (September 2007). Larvicidal efficacy of Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus . A.P J Vect Borne Dis 44, , pp. 223–226 32) Raghavendra, K.,Singh S.P., Sarala K., Subbarao* & A.P. (July 2009). Laboratory studies on mosquito larvicidal efficacy of aqueous & hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. Dash Indian J Med Res 130, , pp 74- 77 33) Yogananth, N.., Buvaneswari S. and. Muthezhilan, R., (2012). Larvicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Solanum nigrum LINN. Global J. Biotech. & Biochem., 7 (3): 86-89, 34) Kritikar, K.R. and Basu B.D., (1935). Indian medicinal plants. M/S Bishen Singh Mahendrapal, New Delhi, India, pp: 267-268. 35) Ahmed, A.H., Kamal, I.H., Ramzy, R.M., (2001). Studies on the molluscicidal and larvicidal properties of S. nigrum leaves ethanol extract J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31,3: 843-52 36) Singh, S. P., Mitta ,P.K., (2013). Mosquito Repellent and Oviposition deterrent activities of Solanum nigrum seed extract against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi . Online Internati. Interdisci. Res. Jour, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598,3(6); 326-333. 37) Gupta, M.P., Dutt, S., (1938) .Chemical examination of the seeds of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard & Wendel. Part II. The constituents. J Indian Chem Soc 15:95–100 38) Palanisamy, K.M., Murugan, K., Kovendan, K .,Subramaniam, J and Amaresan, D., (2012) . Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum (Family: Solanaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. 110(6); 2541–2550 .

Efficacy of Solanaceae extracts in controlling /reducing the population of vector mosquitoes: Table –I Solvent extract (Petroleum ether): Plant species Plant Target mosquito Lethal Lethal parts species concentrations( concentrations(LC90)in References used LC50) in ppm ppm Withania leaf Anopheles 65.08 266.39 Anupam somnifera stephensi Ghosh et al 2012 Solanum Root Culex pipiens 4138. 111.1 Mohan et xanthocarpum pallens 48.28 al 2006 Cestrium Leaves Anopheles 3.33 A.Ghosh et diurnum stephensi al 2006 Solanum Leaves Culex 54.11 A.Rawani nigrum quinquifasciatus et al 2010

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TABLE-2 Hexane solvent extract: Plant Plant Target mosquito Lethal Lethal References species parts species concentrations(LC50) in concentrations(LC90)in used ppm ppm Solanum Dried An.culicifacies 9.04 Raghuvendra et nigrum fruit An. Stephensi 6.25 al 2009 Cx.quinquifasciatus 12.25 Ae.aegypti 17.63 Solanum Stem Cx.quinquifasciatus 90.20 N.Yoganath et al nigrum 2012

TABLE-3 Carbon tetrachloride solvent extract: Plant species Plant Target Lethal Lethal parts mosquito concentrations(LC50)in concentrations(LC90)in References used species ppm ppm Solanum Roots Cx.pipiens 64.99 252.43 Mohan et al xanthocarpum pallens 59.20 2006

TABLE-4 Methanol solvent extract: Plant species Plant Target mosquito Lethal Lethal References parts species concentrations concentrations( used (LC50) in ppm LC90) in ppm S.xanthocarpum Root Cx.pipiens pallens 248.55 578.25 Mohan et al 2006 215.52 Cestrum nocturnum Leaves Ae.aegypti 14(+0.3113) C.Jawale et al 2010 and 6(+0.1532) S.trilobatum Leaves Ae.aegypti 125.43 Selvaraj Cx.qinquifasciatus 127.77 Premalatha et al 2013 An.stephensi 116.64

TABLE-5 Chloroform methanol extract (1:1)

Plant species Plant parts Target mosquito Lethal concentrations(LC50) in References used species ppm Solanum Leaf An.subpictus 24.20 - 33.73 Chowdhury et al villosum 2009 Cestrum Leaf An.stephensi 0.70,0.89,0.90,and1.03 Ghosh and Chandra diurum 2006 Solanum Berry Ae.aegypti 5.97 Chowdhury et al villosum 2008 Solanum Leaves Cx.quinquifasciatus 32.69 Rawani et al 2010 nigrum Solanum Leaf An.stephensi 96.67 A.Ghosh et al 2006 suratense

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TABLE-6 Ethyl acetate extract:

Plant Plant Target mosquito Lethal concentrations(LC50) References species parts species in ppm used Solanum Leaf Cx.quinquifasciatus 17.04 Rawani et al 2010 nigrum Aqueous Leaf An.stephensi 644.75 Chowdhury et al 2008 extract Cx.quinquifasciatus 645.75 ofSolanum Ae.aegypti 747.22 villosum Solanum Dried An.culicifacies species, 208.5,242.5 Raghavendra et al 2009 nigrum Fruit An.stephensi, 251.7 Cx.quinquifasciatus 337.2 and Ae.aegypti 359 Withania Leaf Cx.quinquifasciatus 16.67 E.A.S.Shaalan et al 2005 somnifera

Solanum Leaf An.stephensi EC50/2 was 55% decrease in suratense egg hatching

TABLE-7 Ethanol extract: Plant species Plant Target mosquito Lethal Lethal References parts species concentrations(LC50) concentrations(LC90) in used in ppm ppm Datura Leaves Ae.aegypti 86.2518 196.389 Swathi et al 2012 stramonium An.stephensi 16.0783 41.9599 Cx.quinquifasciat 6.25 11.25 us Annona Leaves Ae.albopictus 20.70 76.73 Swathi et al 2012 squamosa Culex 6.96 31.80 quinquifasciatus

Capsicum annum Fruits An.stephensi 0.011 0.027 Swathi et al 2012 Madhumathy et al Fruits Cx.quinquifasciat 0.0097 0.022% 2007 us S.xanthocarpum Leaf Cx.quinquifasciat 198.32 448.41 P M Kumar et al us 2012 Solanum Leaf An.stephensi Oviposition deterrent S.Rajkumar et al trilobatum concentration 2005 0.01,0.025,0.05,0.075and 0.1%(ethanol control skin repellent activity dose dependent on ethanol control 2.2 min protection Solanum nigrum Stem Cx.quiquifasciatu 90.20 N.Yoganath et al s 2012 leaf Cx.quinquifasciat 95.66% us

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TABLE-8 Miscellaneous solvent extracts:

Plant species Plant Mosquito species Solvent extract LC50 LC90 of Reference part value in mosquito ppm larvae Withania Leaf An.stephensi Benzene 3.33 A.Ghosh et al somnifera 2006 Leaf Cx.quiquifasciatus Benzene 368 E.A.S.Shaalan et al 2005

A.Rawani et al Solanum nigrum Leaf Cx.quinquifasciatus Benzene 27.95 2010 Solanum Leaf An.stephensi Acetone 6.67 E.A.S.Shaalan suratense et al 2005

Solanum nigrum Leaf Cx.quinquifasciatus Acetone 72.91 A.Rawani et al 2010

Solanum suratense

E.A.S.Shaalan Leaf An.stephensi Absolute 33.33 et al 2005 alcohol Solanum nigrum

A.Rawani et al Absolute Leaves Cx.quinquifasciatus 59.81pp 2010 alcohol m

Solanum Roots Cx.quinquifasciatus Fenthion 0.0144 0.0958 Lalit Mohan et xanthocarpum extract with al 2010 S.xanthocarpu

m

In 1:1 ratio

Solanum nigrum Leaf Cx.quinquifasciatus Chloroform 94.88% N.Yoganath et al 2012 Solanum Leaves An.stephensi Bioassay of Nandita villosum protein extract 644.745 1882.42 Chowdhury et of mature al 2008

leaves

Cx.quinquifasciatus 645.75 1890.67

St.aegypti 747.22 2220.01

36 Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

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TABLE-9 Identification of various Solanaceae family plant extract and their relative mosquitocidal efficacy

Plants Mosquito LC50 value in LC90 values in ppm References ppm Withania An.stephensi 65.08 266.39 somnifera Solanum Culex pipens 41.28 111.16 Mohan et al(2009) xanthicarpum S.nigrum An.culicifaries 9.04 Raghuvendra et al (2009) An.stephensi 6.25 Cx.quinquefasciatus 12.25 Ae.aegypti 17.63 Cestrum Ae.aegypti 14(+_0.3113) C.Jawale et al nocturnum (2010) 6(+_0.1532)

S.trilobatum Ae.aegypti 125.43 Selvaraj Cx.quinquefasciatus 127.77 Premalatha et al(2013) An.stephensi 116.64 S.villosum Ae.aegypti 5.97 Chowdhury et al (2009) An.subpictus 24.20 and 33.73 Datura Ae.aegypti 86.2518 196.389 Swathi et al (2012) strmonium An.stephensi 16.0783 41.9599

Cx.quinquefasciatus 6.25 11.25

Amona Ae.albopictus 20.70 76.73 Swathi et al (2012) squamosa Cx.quinquefasciatus 6.96 31.80 Capsicum An.stephensi 0.011 0.027 annum

37 Priyanka Spring, Sasya Nagar, Pramod W. Ramteke and E. Mahiban Ross