Sponsing I Profesjonell Sykkelsport

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Sponsing I Profesjonell Sykkelsport Håkon Rønes og Morten Drivdal ________________________________ Sponsing i profesjonell sykkelsport En event-studie om hvorvidt sponsing av profesjonelle sykkellag påvirker sponsorenes verdi Masteroppgave i Økonomi og Administrasjon Handelshøyskolen ved HiOA Sammendrag Denne avhandlingen har undersøkt effekten hendelser i profesjonell sykkelsport har på hovedsponsorers markedsverdi. Det er gjennomført en event-studie på offentliggjøring av sponsoravtaler, dopingskandaler og seiere i endagsritt. Hendelsene er hentet fra lag i de to øverste divisjonene til UCI innen landeveissykkel i perioden 2004 til 2016. Studien har benyttet markedsmodellen, utledet av MacKinley (1997), og beregnet unormal avkastning for børsnoterte sponsorer i dagene rundt hendelsene. Den finner resultater som strider mot tidligere forskning, ved å påvise at enkelte hendelser har en innflytelse på markedsverdien til hovedsponsorene. Studien argumenterer for at sponsorer innen profesjonell sykkelsport bør frykte dopingskandaler, og at slike hendelser kan påvirke sponsorenes verdi på kort sikt. Sammenhengen er ikke like tydelig for sponsoravtaler og seiere, men dybdeanalyser antyder at offentliggjøring av sponsoravtaler i perioder har hatt en positiv effekt på markedet. Abstract This paper has conducted an event study on sponsor announcements, doping scandals and victories in one-day races in professional road cycling. The purpose is to determine whether these events affect primary team sponsor’s stock return. The sample consists of events from the top two divisions of UCI Road Cycling during the period 2004 to 2016. The study has utilized the market model from MacKinley’s (1997) paper, and calculated the abnormal returns for listed sponsors in the days surrounding the events. The results contradict previous research, by demonstrating that certain events affect sponsor’s stock return. The study proves that sponsors in professional cycling should fear the negative impact of doping scandals, and that such incidents could affect the sponsor’s short-term market value. For sponsor announcements and victories, the effect is not as clear. Nevertheless, the depth analysis suggests that sponsor announcements periodically have had a positive impact on the market. Handelshøyskolen ved HiOA Oslo 2016 ii Forord Denne avhandlingen inngår som en avsluttende del av masterstudiet i økonomi og administrasjon ved Handelshøyskolen ved HiOA. Studien er skrevet på tvers av fordypningene finansiell økonomi, og strategi, organisasjon og ledelse. Bakgrunnen for valg av tema ligger i vår lidenskapelige interesse for idrett, samt en fascinasjon for den enorme pengebruken som er viet sponsing. Ved å gjennomføre en tverrfaglig studie har vi tatt for oss flere aspekter ved sponsingens fenomen. Prosessen har vært lærerik og utfordrende, og gitt oss erfaring og kunnskap om gjennomføring av en event-studie. Spesielt utfordrende har arbeidet med innsamling, utforming og presentasjon av dataene vært. Likevel har dette nitide arbeidet gjort at vi med stolthet og troverdighet kan presentere vår avhandling. Vi ønsker å rette en stor takk til våre veiledere. Til Helge Nordahl som har vist en enorm interesse, og som under hele prosessen har bidratt med konstruktive og faglige tilbakemeldinger. Og til Line Christoffersen for verdifulle tilbakemeldinger på oppgavens teoridel. Oslo, 25. mai 2016 ____________________________ ____________________________ Håkon Rønes Morten Drivdal iii Innholdsfortegnelse SAMMENDRAG ............................................................................................................................ II FORORD ....................................................................................................................................... III 1 INNLEDNING ...............................................................................................................................1 1.1 AKTUALISERING OG PROBLEMSTILLING .....................................................................................1 1.2 OPPGAVENS STRUKTUR .............................................................................................................1 DEL I – TEORI 2 SYKKELSPORTEN ......................................................................................................................4 2.1 HISTORIE...................................................................................................................................4 2.2 UCI ...........................................................................................................................................4 2.3 DOPING I SYKKELSPORTEN ........................................................................................................6 3 SPONSING.....................................................................................................................................8 3.1 MARKEDSFØRING ......................................................................................................................8 3.2 SPONSING................................................................................................................................ 10 3.3 SPONSING VS. REKLAME .......................................................................................................... 11 3.4 SPONSINGENS MÅL OG OBJEKTIVER ......................................................................................... 13 3.5 SPONSING SOM KONKURRANSEFORTRINN ................................................................................ 15 3.6 SPONSING I SYKKELSPORTEN ................................................................................................... 15 4 EFFEKTEN AV SPONSING....................................................................................................... 19 4.1 HVORDAN SPONSING SKAPER VERDI FOR SPONSOREN .............................................................. 19 4.1.1 Merkevareverdi ................................................................................................................ 19 4.1.2 Merkevareverdiens finansielle påvirkning ........................................................................ 21 4.2 FAKTORER SOM PÅVIRKER UTFALLET AV SPONSORATET .......................................................... 23 4.2.1 Markedsforhold ............................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Sponsoransvarliges kontrollerbare handlinger ................................................................. 29 4.2.3 Individuelle faktorer......................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Oversikt over faktorer ...................................................................................................... 32 DEL II – METODE & DATAUTVALG 5 METODE ..................................................................................................................................... 37 5.1 EVENT-STUDIE ........................................................................................................................ 37 5.1.1 Markedsmodellen ............................................................................................................. 37 5.1.2 Event-vindu ...................................................................................................................... 38 5.1.3 Estimering av markedsmodellen ....................................................................................... 38 5.1.4 Beregning av unormal avkastning .................................................................................... 39 5.1.5 Aggregering av unormal avkastning ................................................................................. 40 5.2 TESTING AV DATA ................................................................................................................... 41 6 DATAUTVALG ........................................................................................................................... 43 6.1 FASTSETTELSE AV UTVALG ..................................................................................................... 43 6.2 BESKRIVELSE AV UTVALG ....................................................................................................... 44 6.3 VALG TIL EMPIRISK ANALYSE .................................................................................................. 45 6.3.1 Event-vindu ...................................................................................................................... 45 6.3.2 Estimeringsvindu ............................................................................................................. 46 6.3.3 Markedsindekser .............................................................................................................. 46 6.3.4 Signifikansnivå ................................................................................................................ 46 6.4 DATARENSING......................................................................................................................... 46 iv DEL III – EMPIRISK ANALYSE 7 RESULTATER OG ANALYSE .................................................................................................. 49 7.1 HOVEDRESULTATER ................................................................................................................ 49 7.1.1 Sponsoravtaler ................................................................................................................. 50
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