Guide to Sustainable Building Certifications

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Funded by Realdania and The Dreyer Foundation

Foreword

With this book – Guide to Sustainable Building Certifications – we hope to Collaboration Guide to Sustainable increase knowledge levels and transparency in the construction industry by Building Certifications is a providing an accessible and comparative overview of the most important collaboration between the building certifications. Danish Building Research Institute – SBi, and the innovation company of As with all the work of GXN innovation, this publication is about knowledge 3XN Architects – GXN. sharing and open source. References Today, sustainability has become the basis of the construction industry in References are marked with the C, P and W comparison with about ten years ago, when only a few first movers consisting of prefixes for Certification visionary building owners and their consultants pushed sus-tainable buildings schemes, Publications and Websites. forward.

However, it has been our experience that clients and practitioners involved in the design process often lack overview of what different certification systems really certificate. All the systems we have examined vary in focus and content, and they are all being used as tools for quantifying and confirming the sustainability of buildings.

Our focus has been on markets where Danish advisors experience export growth and potential. However, it is our conviction that this book can be used by actors in the construction sector as an easy-to-understand stra-tegic overview with both regional and global perspectives.

A thorough analysis was conducted to support the findings and published in the supporting SBi report P1.

We hope this book will give its readers insights into how we can understand the sustainability of buildings and which certification systems can be used as tools and inspiration to achieve measurable quality.

Kasper Guldager Jensen and Harpa Birgisdottir Editors and Lead Auditors corp social responsibility

Transport Architecture

Social Responsibility 3%

Enviromental im

Transport 2%

Architecture 5%

Environmental impact 9%

Resourses

Health

% 3 2 Resources 27%

l 5

a l i

c a

Health 30%

e ective use area v

E E c on omic 5%

Biodiversity 5%

Biodiversity

Recycling 6% Toxicity 5% Safety 3%

Recycle Safety Toxicity corp social responsibility

Area Use <1%

Life Cycle Costing 1%

Stability of Value 2%

LCC life cycle cost Average Focus Active House, BREEAM,

DGNB, Green Star, HQE, stability of value LBC, LEED, Miljöbyggnad, Nordic Swan and WELL

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1 Executive summary

There are currently hundreds of Environmental, economic and A decision-making guide This guide is a resource sustainability certifications for the social dimensions for strategic decision P2 built environment and the number The comparative analysis gives making in relation to the is set to rise as the focus on certifying an overview of the ten building use of sustainable building certifications. It can be buildings continues to increase. This certification systems based on used as a tool to show, book provides a global overview of their environmental, economic describe, and explain sustainable building certifications and social dimensions, which are certification systems, thus providing the basis for a and an in-depth description, analysis further sub-divided into 13 aspects. better dialogue between and comparison of ten certification The certifications generally rely parties in the construction schemes based on their focus and most heavily on the environmental industry such as clients and consultants. strategic relevance to stakeholders in dimension, largely represented by the built environment. the resources aspect. The social The contents have been dimension follows closely after third-party verified by an expert panel consisting of: Strategic comparison environmental, with a focus on the The ten certifications selected for health aspect, where indoor climate Gitte Gylling analysis and comparison are Active and comfort plays a large part. The Chief Specialist, Rambøll House, BREEAM, DGNB, Green Star, economic dimension is generally Paul Stoller Director, Atelier Ten HQE, LEED, Living Building Challenge, less represented in all certifications Stefan Holst Miljöbyggnad, Nordic Swan and WELL. except for DGNB, although it could be Managing Partner, They have been chosen due to argued that economic aspects follow Transsolar their relevance for the Danish as consequences of many of the Tiffany Broyles Yost construction industry. other aspects within the social and Associate, Arup environmental dimensions. Each of these ten certifications are presented with a description that The comparison of the certifications provides insight into the history and shows variation in focus. A primary scope of the certification as well as focus on the environmental dimension a guide to the certification process. can be seen in Active House, BREEAM, Case studies illustrate the practical Green Star, LEED, Miljöbyggnad and value of the certifications. Nordic Swan, while a primary focus on the social dimension is seen in Collectively, the case studies show HQE, Living Building Challenge and that the focus on sustainable building WELL, indeed WELL is almost entirely certification is only increasing, that focused on social aspects. DGNB the market is diversifying, and that is distinguished by focusing almost some projects therefore can benefit equally on the three sustainability from using multiple certifications dimensions: social, environmental in conjunction to strengthen their and economic. specific sustainability agenda.

Table of contents

Part one Context 13 Why certifications matter 15 Which certifications exist 23 What is our methodology

Part two Certifications 33 Active House 43 BREEAM 53 DGNB 65 Green Star 75 HQE 85 LBC 97 LEED 107 Miljöbyggnad 117 Nordic Swan 127 WELL

Part three Comparison 141 How do the certifications compare 142 How do the dimensions compare 144 How do the aspects compare 146 Applications

150 References

Part one Context

| 11 12 | Context Why certifications matter

Certified sustainable buildings systems are launched around the Sustainability The most frequent use outperform conventional building world, the markets in which Danish of the term sustainability on environmental, economic and construction stakeholders operate originates in the social parameters P5. The economic is subject to a growing complexity. publication “Our Common Future”, written in 1987 and societal benefits of certified In Denmark, DGNB is currently the by the UN-established sustainable buildings are thus clear most popular certification system. Brundtland Commission. and, increasingly, certifications Certifications such as Nordic Swan, This report put forth the definition that sustainable are also used actively to ensure a BREEAM and LEED are also present development meets the high level of quality during design in Denmark and are increasingly needs of the present and construction phases while becoming central for Danish actors without compromising the ability of future strengthening sustainable agendas. working on international projects. generations to meet their In a world of accelerated growth and own needs P3. Today, the development, building designers, To achieve a strategic overview, United Nations maintains this definition, currently consultants and investors are this guide adopts a new approach outlined in the 17 UN constantly challenged to meet for better analysis and comparison Sustainable Development Goals for the 2030 sustainability demands by making of the ten certification systems P4 Agenda . informed decisions that have great deemed most relevant to the Danish impact on both the project’s economy construction sector. Together, these and the environment. Furthermore, certifications encompass Danish, the term sustainability is becoming Scandinavian, and global markets. increasingly broad in its meaning. As This approach will enable Danish and a result, sustainability certifications international actors to make informed now differ vastly in scopes and decisions on potential opportunities applications, but, if used correctly, when approaching new projects and this field of possibilities can provide building certification systems both comprehensive design tools for inside and outside Denmark. creators as well as valuable verification tools for investors and buyers. A new approach to comparing sustainability A Danish perspective with Certification systems offer the global reach possibility to measure and compare Sustainability has become an the sustainable performance integrated part of the Danish of buildings by applying a set construction industry; the rising of quantifiable criteria. Before demand for proven sustainability certification systems were developed means that key certification systems it was near impossible to compare are quickly becoming integral sustainable performance from one components in Danish architecture. building to another. Today, the overall certification scores make it possible As the need to certify buildings to compare buildings certified increases and additional certification under the same system, but, so far,

Why certifications matter | 13 Gitte Gylling Chief Specialist Rambøll ‘Sustainable building certifications are tools we can use to measure and document sustainability as well as support integrated design and interdisciplinary collaboration’

14 | Context not buildings certified by different building certifications. This publication certification systems, let alone the exclusively deals with multiple attribute systems themselves. building certifications.

With an increase in certification systems there follows a growing Single attribute product certifications difficulty in making comparisons; Labels that focus on a single different systems advance a vast sustainability aspect or quality of variety of principles that are not a product’s performance, such as always common or relatable. This lack energy efficiency rating, reduced of unity raises the question: how do water usage, or sustainable we compare certification types to best procurement of natural resources, qualify their applicability and strategic such as timber. Such specificity relevance for the specific sustainability improves possibilities for comparison goals of any given building? but can mislead buyers into thinking the product is sustainable in its A strategic understanding of entirety. certification requires the ability to investigate each using a common language and structure. The methodology developed for this book Multiple attribute product certifications provides the means for comparing Labels that examine a range of and assessing different certifications sustainable aspects; the range of that buildings can achieve based on these may vary, but these systems a shared definition of sustainability look at several characteristics of a in the built environment. The method product e.g. life cycle costs, quality recognises sustainability to be control and energy usage. based on the balance between environmental, economic and social dimensions P3. These three dimensions are further divided Multiple attribute building certifications into 13 aspects, which are used to Ratings and systems that look beyond understand each system and its individual products and address corresponding advantages. the building or project assembly as a whole; these systems variously Certification Types consider factors like surroundings, Sustainability certifications can be emissions, toxicity, performance categorised into three types: single efficiency, water and energy use, and attribute product certifications, more, to establish a holistic rating that multiple attribute product goes beyond aggregating individual certifications and multiple attribute components of the project.

Why certifications matter | 15 Which certifications exist

A Growing Industry There are over 600 sustainability In 2008, Brazil launched Processo New building certifications continually emerge on certifications for products and AQUA, the first, and now dominant, the global stage. At the buildings being used in the world sustainable building certification same time, established today P2. No complete global list system in South America. This certification systems dating from the 1990s award more exists, making a full overview certification was later merged into and more certifications. very difficult to achieve. For this the HQE certification (AQUA-HQE) in BREEAM, HQE and LEED publication, we have investigated 2014 W4. The same period also saw have currently awarded more than 1,000,000 45 multiple attribute building the launch of multiple new national certifications combined and certifications; while this is not a certifications in the region including continue to be amongst comprehensive investigation of all Casa Columbia and GBC Brazil Casa. the dominant actors in the industry W1 W2 W3. building certification systems, it does outline the most widely used systems Africa has yet to commit to a cohesive today. Based on this investigation we implementation of sustainable have selected ten certifications for a building certification systems. LEED, comparative analysis and description. BREEAM and HQE are present in some countries but are not typically The development of sustainable advanced through a national green building certifications building council as they are in other Dating back to 1990, BREEAM was the regions. An exception is Green first sustainable building certification Building Council South Africa, system. Other certification systems which launched the Green Star SA from western European and North certification in 2008. Since 2014, this American countries, such as LEED, council has been certifying buildings HQE, Minergie and Green Star, outside its own borders in countries were launched in its wake during such as Ghana, Rwanda, Namibia the 1990s P6. and Kenya W5.

Asia followed. Throughout the 2000s Selection for analysis an array of Asian national standard and comparison certification systems was established. Ten systems have been chosen as However, these certifications, the most significant for the Danish although still active, remain slow to construction sector, however progress in terms of implementation collectively they represent Danish, and development. Launched just Scandinavian, and global markets. The before the change of the millennium, selected certification systems are: the nationally used Taiwan EEWH Active House, BREEAM, DGNB, Green certification has awarded just Star, HQE, LBC, LEED, Miljöbyggnad, 1,600 certifications. Even more Nordic Swan and WELL. internationally known systems, such as CASBEE and BEAM Plus, have only awarded 850 certifications combined.

16 | Context Tiffany Broyles Yost Associate ‘Sustainable building Arup certifications help shift the industry and drive innovation by formalising design and performance criteria so that what was once innovative becomes the norm’

Which certifications exist | 17 World Map Building certifications and their origin location.

The certification landscape is constantly evolving.

18 | Context THE WAY TO PROGRESS

Which certifications exist | 19 Certification Index 01 02 03 04 This index is a result of ongoing research on sustainable building certifications. There are certifications not represented. Active House ARZ BRS BCA Green Mark BEAM Plus Denmark 2017 Lebanon 2012 Singapore 2005 Hong Kong 2010

05 06 07 08

Berde BREEAM Built Green Casa Clima Phillipines 2009 United Kingdom 1990 Canada 2012 Italy 2002

09 10 11 12

Casa Columbia CASBEE ÇEDBIK-Konut DGNB Columbia 2017 Japan 2004 Turkey 2013 Germany 2007

13 14 15 16

EDGE EEWH GBC Brazil Casa GBI United States 201 Taiwan 1999 Brazil 2014 Malaysia 2011

17 18 19 20

Green Globes Green Key Green Point Green Star United States 2004 Canada 1998 United States 2003 Australia 2003

20 | Context 21 22 23 24 25

Greenship GreenSL GRESB GRIHA GSAS Indonesia 2011 Sri Lanka 2009 Canada 2012 India 2007 Quatar 2009

26 27 28 29 30

THE WAY TO PROGRESS

Home Star HPI HQE IGBC KGBC New Zealand 2010 Ireland 2016 France 1995 India 2009 South Korea 2000

31 32 33 34 35

LBC LEED LOTUS Milojöbyggnad Minergie United States 2006 United States 1993 Vietnam 2008 Sweden 2005 Switzerlan 1994

36 37 38 39 40

NABERS NGBS Pearl Protocol ITACA SBTool Australia 1998 United States 2008 Abu Dhabi 2009 Italy 2004 Canada 2007

41 42 43 44 45

SEED Nordic Swan Three Star Verde WELL Pakistan 2016 The Nordics 2009 China 2012 Spain 2002 United States 2014

Which certifications exist | 21 Paul Stoller Director Atelier Ten ‘The process of evolving certification tools forces stakeholders to raise green building standards in response to new factors such as the Paris Agreement’

22 | Context What is our methodology

There are many different sustainable down into specific aspects, we can building certifications in use globally achieve a comparative analysis of and it is far from easy to understand the focus and themes of the different their similarities and differences. certification systems. The various systems have not been developed with a uniform focus: Dimensions some focus on a single subject such Sustainable development is threefold as health and well-being, others on in responsibility and demands environmental factors and others attention to three dimensions: again on sustainability from a environmental sustainability, broader perspective. The systems social sustainability and economic have been developed using differing sustainability. Environmental structures and evaluation methods, sustainability deals with a building’s and each scheme can have a long impact on nature, the environment, list of unique criteria beneath the climate and resources. Economic overall structure. Without knowing sustainability handles the balance all the criteria within a certification between total costs and quality of the scheme, as well as understanding building. Finally, social sustainability how they are evaluated, it remains deals with the health and well-being of difficult to understand the value of residents and users. the certification for specific building projects. In addition, it is difficult to Aspects understand how the qualities of a A total of 13 aspects are defined given certification system differ from across the three dimensions. This other systems. enables each certification system to be evaluated and compared Our comparative methodology, within each sustainability dimension. specifically developed for this These aspects follow the European analysis, is to evaluate and group standards for sustainable buildings P7 certification systems according to as well as Danish national how they weigh overall guidelines P8. The inclusion of sustainability values. aspects allows us to establish a wider perspective on sustainability, The analysis categorises individual including a long-term focus that criteria from the certification systems recognises a building’s life cycle within three overall dimensions of impact as well as its relationships to sustainability – an environmental, an surrounding environments. economic and a social dimension – and further subdivides these dimensions into 13 aspects P1. By illustrating how a dimension breaks

What is our methodology | 23 Categorisation To evaluate the certification systems, their criteria are weighted and placed into the 13 aspects. The weighted aspects show how the individual certifications systems focus on the different dimensions of sustainability. The weighting is carried out through percentages. If certification criteria cannot be placed within a specific aspect, they have not been considered in the analysis. These criteria include process and documentation requirements.

Categorising and weighting the criteria is not an exact science and this method includes elements of subjective interpretation. The weighting of criteria can rely on a matter of judgement, for instance, in a certification where there is a mix of obligatory and point criteria. It should also be noted that categorisation does not represent the sustainable ambition of the certification criteria, but simply the theme that they represent. For instance, a demand for energy use of the building can be low or high and still belong to the same aspect.

24 | Context Stefan Holst Managing Partner, ‘Certification systems Transsolar have been extremely successful in raising awareness of sustainability in the building industry. Our next focus should be on real building behaviour and the impact on global warming’

What is our methodology | 25 Enviromental im Three Dimensions Thirteen Aspects

Definitions Environmental Sustainability Environmental Impact The analysis categorises the certification criteria Environmental sustainability covers Reduce Environmental impact into 13 sustainable impacts on the natural environment throughout the entire lifecycle of aspects within three such as climate and resources. This the building by using Life Cycle sustainable dimensions. dimension leans toward optimisation Resourses Assessment (LCA) to evaluate Environmental aspects of resources through reuse and different design strategies. Economic aspects recycling, as well as lowering of Social aspects environmental impact throughout the Resources building life cycle – in the production Lower use of resources such of building materials, operation of the as energy, materials, fuels and building, and recycling or disposal of water. Use LCA to evaluate materials. Additional focus may be on different design strategies.

reducing the use of toxic substances Biodiversity Avoid the use of limited or non- and mitigating negative impacts on renewable resources land-use and biodiversity. Biodiversity Economic Sustainability Limit the use of undeveloped Economic sustainability deals with or greenfield areas for the balance between total costs construction and optimise the and the quality of the building. This use of developed and brownfield dimension focus on achieving balance areas. Focus on effective use between total building costs, including of the building site. Contribute operational costs, and the quality Recycle to increased biodiversity and and life cycle value of the building, remediate contaminated sites. potentially including preparations for the possibility of changing the use of Recycling the building. Prepare building components for separation and recycling using Social Sustainability design for disassembly. Consider Social sustainability addresses the the use of reused or recycled health and safety implications of both material. Limit construction the building and its surroundings. waste through good planning on This dimension focuses on human the construction site. Dispose well-being both inside and around the of waste at the highest possible building, spaces that encourage good value via reuse or recycling. social interactions, and the promotion of healthy transportation to and from the building as well as inside it.

26 | Context Toxicity Health

Toxicity Health Reduce or avoid the use of toxic Promote the well-being of corp social responsibilitymaterials. Account for the use e ective use areathe daily users of the building

LCC life cycle costof problematic substances, and in respect to physical and where they are in the building. experienced comfort in the indoor climate. Ensure thermal Life Cycle Costing and visual comfort, and high-

Calculate the life cycle costing Architecture quality acoustics, air, water, light of the building, including and daylight and user control. construction cost and operational costs such as those Architecture related to cleaning, maintenance Create design quality in the and replacements. aesthetics and spatial planning. Ensure access to attractive

Area Use Transport outdoor areas. Contribute to Optimise layout for the existing environment.

stability of valueutilisation of areas to the best of their ability. Transport Design opportunities for healthy Stability of Value transport to site as well as inside Use of materials of high quality/ the building e.g. bike parking robustness, which age well and and stairs. Include facilities

will remain valuable over a longercorp social responsibilitythat encourage healthy and time-period. Prepare the building sustainable transport.

Safety for future changes and scenarios. Design flexible spaces. Social Responsibility Ensure traceable and Safety responsible procurement of Ensure human safety and the services and materials for safety of buildings and supplies, construction. Focus on working such as fire safety, climate environment, particularly in change adaptation, load-bearing construction phase. structures, stability etc. Create procedures in cases of emergency. Design for universal accessibility.

What is our methodology | 27

Part two Certifications

| 29 30 | Certifications Selection

Sustainable building certifications 01 06 Three Scopes The Danish Association operate under diverse sets of Architectural Firms of objectives and guidelines. emphasised that actors in Grasping each system’s evolution, the Danish construction industry carry out activities levels, processes and fees plays Active House BREEAM across the globe and an important role in developing Denmark 2017 United Kingdom 1990 particularly in neighbouring P9 transparency and a comprehensive countries . As a result, this selection has a focus understanding. This chapter on three geographic elaborates upon the ten selected 12 20 scopes; the Danish, the certifications in alphabetical order, Scandinavian and the global. both generally and within our methodology framework.

DGNB Green Star Selected Certifications Germany 2007 Australia 2003 Active House, BREEAM, DGNB, HQE, LEED, Miljöbyggnad and Nordic Swan have each been selected due 28 31 to their significant presence within the geographical reach of the Danish building industry. THE WAY TO PROGRESS

HQE LBC Green Star, LBC and WELL do not France 1995 United States 2006 have a strong regional presence, however they are each challenging the current condition of sustainable 32 34 building certifications in the Danish construction industry.

Green star was selected for its presence in the Australian market and LEED Milojöbyggnad United States 1993 Sweden 2005 growing presence in Africa. LBC was chosen for its extremely demanding criteria that encourage the creation 42 45 of net positive buildings. WELL was selected for its devotion to the social dimension.

Nordic Swan WELL The Nordics 2009 United States 2014

Selection | 31 Green Solution House Active House Label DGNB Silver

Photo © Adam Mørk

32 |

Active House 2017

| 33 corp social responsibility

Architecture Transport

Social Responsibility 3%

Enviromental im

Transport <1% Architecture 1%

Environmental impact 9%

Health

Health 34%

e ective use area

% 8 %

3 l 1

ia 6

c l o

i o v m n ic E 1%

Resourses Resources 47%

Safety Safety <1%

Recycling 5% Life Cycle Costing 1%

LCC life cycle cost Recycle

Biodiversity <1%

Biodiversity

Active House Analysis Residential buildings 2nd edition C1

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

34 | Certifications Active House

Applications Principles New buildings Comfort Renovations Energy

Existing buildings Environment Origin Denmark Year 2017 Levels Administrator General Statistics Active House Label Active House Secretariat May 2018 rue d’Arlon 25 Certifications 20 1050 Brussels Certified m2 n/a Fee 2,000 to 5,000€ Belgium www.activehouse.info [email protected]

Active House Worldmap May 2018 Countries 10

Certifications awarded No certifications

Active House | 35 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the Active House criteria Active House mainly focuses on 9% Reduce environmental impact into 13 sustainable the environmental dimension through conducting a Life C1 aspects . The of sustainability, followed by an Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the descriptions provide selected themes within attention to the social dimension. building. Use the LCA to optimise

an aspect but not the Active House defines its three Resourses the design. Limit CO2 emissions complete content. principles as Comfort, Energy and from energy use.

For further reading see the Environment, which results in very SBi report P1 little representation of economic Resources

Environmental aspects aspects. The main aspects of the 47% Reduce the energy demand of Economic aspects certification are resources and health, the building. Reduce primary Social aspects which together make up more than energy use by conducting an 4/5th of the entire certification. LCA on the building. Use the LCA to optimise the design. Minimise Environmental Sustainability freshwater consumption. Use Active House consists of an certified wood. Limit energy environmental principle and an energy demand of appliances. Validate principle, resulting in a heavy focus solutions for reduction of energy

on resources. Biodiversity use. Utilise grey water or rain water. Economic Sustainability Economic sustainability is Biodiversity

represented through consideration <1% Consider the fauna and flora of life cycle costs. and environment via green Recycle vegetation. Regard local ecology Social Sustainability and land use. Active House consists of a comfort principle with three subdivisions Recycling

including daylight, thermal 5% Use building materials made environment and indoor air quality. with recycled content. Design These parameters mainly deal with for disassembly. the well-being of users. Toxicity Active House does not directly address this aspect.

36 | Certifications LCC life cycle cost Architecture

Life Cycle Costing Architecture

1% Choose products and 1% Reflect local building traditions construction solutions with relating to materials and life cost and maintenance craftmanship. Encourage

perspective. Use a cost- Transport outdoor living. Have a positive effective energy supply. Use of impact on the local public space. commissioning. Transportation

Area Use <1% Support healthy, comfortable Active House does not directly and ecological transport.

address this aspect. corp social responsibilityPromote easy and safe use of bicycles. Stability of Value

Safety Active House does not directly Social Responsibility address this aspect. 3% Use timber certified by FSC or PEFC. Use materials certified by Safety EMS. Respect workers at job site.

<1% Ensure safe access for all in the building, including groups with special needs. Consider risks from climate change, such as Health storms and flooding.

Health

34% Allow adequate amounts of e ective use areadaylight and fresh air as well as good thermal environment. Ensure visual comfort. Allow for individual thermal control of rooms. Create low-noise environments. Secure good control and management of operation systems.

Active House | 37 Active House Radar Green Soution House

Berfore transformation After transformation

Introduction Active House is a new certification The certification system is organised system established in 2017 and by three main principles: comfort, managed by a board of members and energy and environment. The comfort a group of 47 partners. Its partner principle deals with the notion of organisations include universities, creating healthier conditions for the architecture studios and companies users of buildings; securing adequate related to the building sector e.g. amounts of daylight and fresh air. The VELUX and Somfy. The Active House energy principle focuses on balancing Label can be applied for buildings up the energy usage of the building; all to approximately 2,000 m² and there energy consumed is to be produced are plans to expand evaluation to by renewable energy sources either include larger offices W6. on the site or by nearby facilities. The

38 | Certifications environment principle ensures the subdivisions. Within each, buildings building has a positive impact on the are scored on a scale starting at one environment; using resources from (One being the best achievable score). a local context and calculating the To be considered for the active house building’s impact over its entire life certification, it is required that the cycle encourages efficiency. building scores a maximum of four in each subdivision. Evolution Discussions on what would later The radar displays all parameters be developed into the comfort dependent of one another. It is principle of Active House started designed as a tool for setting goals in 2007 between different actors within the three principles when in the building sector. The original designing new buildings or renovating ambition was for these discussions existing ones. was to make a framework that assists designers to create buildings that Process are comfortable and sustainable. The Active House certification Following these early discussions, process can begin with or without an initial round table was held in a membership of the Active House Copenhagen. In 2011, The Active Alliance. Firstly, a radar must be House Alliance was founded as a created by inputting required non-profit organisation. The Alliance information into a downloadable was established as an NGO around a program. The application is then sent set of guidelines for creating healthier to the alliance - including the radar and more comfortable lives for itself, architectural drawings and occupants without negative impact descriptions of technical installations to the environment. In 2017 these within the building. If the project guidelines evolved into a verification meets the standards, a certification system, making it possible to quantify is awarded. and measure the sustainability of buildings. It is mostly used for single- Fee family houses but has also been The Active House certification has applied to larger buildings in three pricing categories: Single family Denmark and China. homes up to 350 m2 cost 1,000€ to certify. Renovation projects also cost Levels 1,000€ to certify (projects can be both Active House is a pass/fail pre- and post-evaluated for a total certification with the option to get price of 1,500€). For buildings above a rating by Active House Radar. The 350 m2, the price will vary between Radar is based on the three main 1,000€ and 5,000€. All prices include principles that are split into three the validation and a sample test.

Active House | 39 Green Solution House Active House Label DGNB Silver

Photo © Adam Mørk

40 | Active House case study Green Solution House

Green Solution House is a conference Energy is considered throughout the Typology Conference Location Rønne, DK extension and hotel refurbishment entirety of the building’s lifecycle; Size 4,500 m2 of Hotel Ryttergården located on local materials and labour are sourced Architect 3XN, the Danish Island Bornholm. The where possible, solar balconies Steenbergs Tegnestue Completed 2015 extension fans out from the existing produce approximately 5,000 kWh per building mass into the landscape, year and food waste is recycled using Certification DGNB Silver which was converted into a seasonal pyrolysis. The overall construction is Year 2016 wetland as part of the transformation. made of sustainably-forested timber. Certification Active It utilises 75 green solutions focusing House Label especially on material circularity, Monetary revenue from the hotel and Year 2017 reusability and water cycles. The the conference center’s operations hotel aims to continuously adapt to is channeled to fund the ongoing holistic approaches of sustainability integration of new solutions and by embracing state-of-the-art green the assessment of existing systems technologies and developments W7 W8. and products.

Daylight is the foundation for the The building was one of the first design of each room in the building. to achieve the Active House Materials have been selected for their Label. Additional sustainable ability to balance, capture, neutralise building certifications were also and purify air quality. With the help used: Cradle to Cradle as well as of a green wall, proper insulation and DGNB synergistically promote and building technologies, energy use is document sustainable transparency, optimised and can be tracked with design for disassembly and an interactive energy visualisation. material accountability.

Active House | 41 Fornebu S BREEAM Outstanding

Photo © KLP Eiendom

42 |

BREEAM 1990

| 43 corp social responsibility

Architecture

Transport

Social Responsibility 4%

Enviromental im

Architecture 2% Transport 1%

Health

Environmental impact 16%

e ective use area Health 16%

9% l 2 ia Safety c

Safety 6%

t n

o n

i m c n 5% iro stability of value Ev

Stability of Value 2% Resourses Resources 33%

LCC life cycle cost

Life Cycle Costing 3%

Recycle Recycling 7%

Biodiversity 10%

Biodiversity

BREEAM Analysis BREEAM International New Construction 2016 C2 Office, fully fitted

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

44 | Certifications BuildingBREEAM Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method

Applications Principles New buildings Energy Interiors Health and Well-being

Renovations Innovation Origin United Kingdom Existing commercial buildings Land use Year 1990 Urban areas Materials General Statistics Management May 2018 Levels Pollution Certifications 564,000 Outstanding Transport Certified m2 n/a Fee 1,100 to 4,500€ Excellent Waste Very good Water Good Pass Administrator Acceptable Building Research Establishment Bucknalls Lane Watford WD25 9NH United Kingdom www.breeam.com [email protected]

BREEAM Worldmap May 2018 Countries 77

Certifications awarded No certifications

BREEAM | 45 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the BREEAM criteria into BREEAM is primarily focused on 16% Reduce carbon emission from 13 sustainable aspects C2. the environmental dimension of energy use. Use low and zero The descriptions provide sustainability followed by the social carbon technologies. Encourage selected themes within an aspect but not the dimension. Economic aspects low carbon transportation complete content. are represented at 5%, which is modes. Reduce environmental greater than most of the analysed impact through making a Life For further reading see the SBi report P1 certifications. The main sustainable Cycle Assessment (LCA) of aspects in this certification are building elements. Reduce the Environmental aspects Economic aspects resources, environmental impact level of gas emissions from Social aspects and health. refrigerants used to heat or cool

Resourses the building. Contribute to a Environmental Sustainability reduction in NOx emissions. BREEAM has defined principles of energy, water, materials and waste, Resources

land use and ecology, which are all 33% Use legally harvested timber mainly focused on the environmental and durable materials. Monitor dimension. Resources are the most energy and water use in building represented, but biodiversity and and on construction site. Reduce environmental impact have operational energy demand and significant influence, more than in use energy efficient equipment other certifications. and transport within the building. Use passive design strategies Economic Sustainability to reduce energy consumption. BREEAM includes the economic Reduce resource use through an dimension through life cycle costing LCA of building elements. Use and adaptation strategies for future of commissioning process and

changes integrated in the design Biodiversity aftercare planning to optimise of the building. use of energy.

Social Sustainability Biodiversity

Within the social dimension BREEAM 10% Use previously occupied land. is mainly focused on the indoor Clean site if contaminated. climate and comfort of the user. It is Protect ecological features and also slightly more focused on safety, increase the ecological value accessibility and social responsibility of site. Minimise watercourse than most of the other certifications. pollution on site. The focus on the social dimension is mostly via BREEAM’s health and well-being principle.

46 | Certifications Recycle Safety

Recycling Safety

7% Use measures to optimise 6% Prepare the building for impact material efficiency through the from future extreme weather due design and construction phases. to climate changes. Provide safe Reduce construction waste and access to and from the building. divert it from ending as landfill. Design for all potential users Use recycled aggregate for such as disabled people and all Health construction. Provide facilities age groups. for recycling operational waste. Reduce waste from Health

refurbishment by letting the 16% Have good lighting conditions occupant choose finishes. e ective use areaetc on building site. Minimise air pollution from paints etc. Toxicity Create thermal zones with

LCC life cycle costBREEAM does not directly individual control. Control address this aspect. daylight, glare, views and light. Provide a good acoustic Life Cycle Costing performance. Provide clean

3% Perform life cycle costing at water with no contamination. Use different stages of the project of commissioning process and

and in different scales. Use Architecture aftercare planning for optimal it to influence the design of indoor climate. building and systems. Include commissioning process and Architecture

aftercare planning to reduce 2% Ensure proximity to amenities for costs over time. all users. Reduce light pollution

Transport at night and reduce noise in Area Use the area. stability of valueBREEAM does not directly address this aspect. Transportation

1% Encourage and provide Stability of Value corp social responsibilityalternatives to transportation

2% Consider future changes of by car. function and use of the building in different scales within the Social Responsibility

initial design. Minimise impact 4% Use only legally harvested and from possible extreme weather traded timber for construction from climate change over the process and building material. building’s lifespan. Use durable Use responsibly sourced and resilient materials. construction products.

BREEAM | 47 Introduction post-construction reviews, minimum BREEAM was the first certification standards and innovation credits. system in the world to assess, rate International versions of BREEAM and certify the sustainability of were also launched that year. buildings. It is currently one of the Another significant update, in 2011, most used systems in the world resulted in the launch of BREEAM and is administrated by the Building New Construction now being used Research Establishment located to assess and certify all new United in the UK W2. Kingdom buildings.

BREEAM was the first system of Levels its kind; it has been the template BREEAM uses six levels of adjectives for many subsequent certification to describe points the project systems that have been developed achieves: outstanding (above 85%), throughout the world, including major excellent (70-85%), very good (55- American certification systems 70%), good (45-55%), pass (30-45%) such as LEED. Originally it was solely and acceptable (Under 30%). These intended for the United Kingdom, adjectives are also complimented but it is used to certify sustainable with one to six stars. Less than one buildings on a global scale and is percent of all newly constructed especially present in Europe. non-domestic buildings in the United Kingdom can achieve the Outstanding Evolution rating W2. BREEAM certifications The Environmental Assessment are given all over the world but, as Method was developed in the of March 2018, no “Outstanding” 1980s by the Building Research certifications have been given Establishment and in 1990 was outside Eurasia. launched for office buildings in the United Kingdom. New versions were Process developed for typologies such as BREEAM can be applied to many superstores, industrial units and different types of buildings and existing offices in later years. By communities. The first step is to find 1998, BREEAM's layout was changed the correct certification scheme; extensively; a reorganisation changed Communities, New construction, focus to different sustainability In-Use or Refurbishment. Next, a issues. The development of BREEAM BREEAM assessor is contacted - the then continued with annual updates assessor will guide the certification to typologies and the premises by process, ensure all requirements which they were evaluated. In 2008, a are fulfilled and can predict a likely major update of the system resulted score using a pre-assessment in the introduction of mandatory estimator. The assessor will then

48 | Certifications Fornebu S BREEAM Outstanding

Photo © KLP Eiendom

register the project. The final Fee step is building certification (the The total fee for a BREEAM most time-consuming part of the certification depends on the process). It includes collating the certification scheme used, the necessary project information and country and the gross area. For the documentation and submitting it to BREEAM New Construction scheme the certification body. If the project the price varies from 1,100 to 4,500€ meets the required specification, it will depending on gross area. The area be awarded with one of the possible size categories start at <500 m2 six certification levels. and ends at >10,000 m2 with two payment levels in-between for a total If the project is a new construction, of four. The total fee is the result of a the in-use scheme is recommended registration fee plus the certification during the first three years following fee. If the provided documentation completion to ensure stability of is not in English, translation costs performance requirements. approximately 1,725€.

BREEAM | 49 Fornebu S BREEAM Outstanding

Photo © KLP Eiendom

50 | BREEAM case study Fornebu S

Fornebu S is a shopping centre in aesthetically pleasing views. During Typology Shopping Centre Location Snarøya, NO Fornebu, a new town built on the construction, seeds were collected Size 65,000 m2 site of Oslo’s previous main airport. from local grass- and flowering Architect AMB arkitekter The new town is to house 25,000 plants at the Fornebu peninsula and Completed 2015 inhabitants and provide 30,000 jobs in nearby islands in the fjord. The seeds Certification BREEAM the future. The centre was designed to were then planted on the roof and Outstanding act not only as a shopping centre but now account for a large part of the Year 2015 as a green hub for the entire area W9. different plant species. The diversity of plants furthermore results in a Approximately 60% reduction in diversity of insects and small birds. energy use is achieved through a combination of passive design, Fornebu S has a BREEAM scoring of monitoring and thoughtful building 89.5 which earns it the Outstanding technology. Responsibly sourced and certification level. There are no other manufactured materials are selected shopping centres in the world with for use to limit a carbon footprint this certification. The certification and establish a non-hazardous ensures transparency towards long- environment. All construction waste term quality and furthermore allowed is recycled. Bike, electric car and dog the building to become an icon of parking is provided to enhance the sustainability. It does not have other quantity of sustainable transport. sustainable building certifications but was awarded ‘Building of the The green roof imitates a rare year 2014’ at the annual Norwegian and local natural habitat thus Building gala. promoting biodiversity while curating

BREEAM | 51 EY Headquarters DGNB Gold

Photo © Adam Mørk

52 |

DGNB 2007

| 53 corp social responsibility social corp

Architecture

Transport Social Responsibility 1% 1% Responsibility Social

Enviromental im

Transport 1%

Architecture 8%

Environmental impact 9%

Resourses

Health

Resources 15%

Health 21%

e ective use area Env iro Biodiversity % n 7 m 3 e l n a t i a c l

o 3 3

Recycle

Biodiversity 2%

% Recycling 3% Ec 30 onomic Toxicity

Toxicity 4%

Safety Safety 6% corp social responsibility

Life Cycle Costing 13%

Area Use 1%

LCC life cycle cost

Stability of Value 16%

stability of value DGNB Analysis DGNB System Denmark kontorbygninger 2016 C3

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

54 | Certifications DeutscheDGNB Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen

Applications Principles New buildings Environmental quality Commercial interiors Economic quality

Renovations Sociocultural and functional quality Origin Germany Existing buildings Process quality Year 2007 Urban areas Technical quality General Statistics May 2018 Levels Administrator Certifications 1229 2 Platinum German Sustainable Building Council Certified m 7,500,000 Fee 2,500 to 73,500€ Gold Tübinger Straße 43 Silver 70178 Stuttgart Bronze Germany www.dgnb.de [email protected]

DGNB Worldmap May 2018 Countries 21

Certifications awarded No certifications

DGNB | 55 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the DGNB criteria into 13 DGNB is the certification system that 9% Reduce the environmental sustainable aspects C3. comes closest to an equal focus on impact of the building with The descriptions provide each sustainable dimension. Within Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). selected themes within an aspect but not the the social dimension DGNB has a Use of products where an complete content. high focus on the health aspect, EPD (Environmental Product which accounts for more than 1/5th Declaration) exists. Use the For further reading see the P1 SBi report of the total focus. Stability of value, Resourses LCA as a tool to make solutions resources and life cycle costs are also in the design. Environmental aspects Economic aspects amongst the main aspects of DGNB. Social aspects Resources

Environmental Sustainability 15% Minimise resource use of The main contribution in the the building with LCA. Use of environmental dimension comes from products where an EPD exists the DGNB principle; Environmental for products. Use the LCA as Quality with contributions from the a tool to make solutions in the principles of technical and process design. Use responsibly sourced quality. DGNB has the most focus on timber and natural stones. resources, followed by environmental Provide a tight and insulated impact and toxicity. thermal envelope to reduce energy use through the lifetime Economic Sustainability of the building as well as good DGNB assesses economic heating and cooling systems sustainability primarily through its for adjustment of energy use. Economic Quality principle. The main Use of commissioning process aspect is stability of value which is for optimal running of building also represented in DGNB’s technical systems. Ensure strategies for

and process principles. Life cycle Biodiversity energy, water and metering in costing is also valued highly in DGNB. the building.

Social Sustainability Biodiversity

DGNB’s principle Sociocultural and 2% Minimise of the use of virgin Functional Quality provides most land. Clean site, if contaminated. impacts to the social dimension. Calculate a “bio-factor” of the The indoor climate is valued highest area. Preserve trees. Consider through the health aspect. Safety the destiny of soil from and access to the building is valued construction. Protect the site high in DGNB compared to the other during construction. analysed certifications.

56 | Certifications Recycle Safety

Recycling Safety

3% Design technical systems and 6% Provide safe access to and from spaces for easy access to the building. Reduce fire risks facilitate repair, future changes and increase safety beyond and modernising. Design for national regulations. Provide disassembly. Minimise and sort access for all in the building, Toxicity Health waste on building site. including elderly and disabled.

Toxicity Health

4% Avoid or reduce building 21% Enhance the user comfort in corpLCC social life cycle responsibility costmaterials that contains e ective use areaterms of thermal comfort, indoor problematic substances. air quality, daylight and artificial light. Ensure views to the outside. Life Cycle Costing Provide user control of technical

13% Perform LCC (Life Cycle Costing) systems and use commissioning to minimise costs over the life process for optimal indoor time of the building. Use the LCC climate conditions. Ensure good as a tool to make solutions in acoustic and sound insulation. the design. Use commissioning Provide a tight and well insulated

process to reduce costs of Architecture thermal envelope to achieve a systems over time. Reduce costs good indoor climate. for cleaning and maintenance of building products by including Architecture

this aspect in the design. 8% Provide good outdoor areas and areas available for the public. Area Use Enhance the architectural

1% Optimise the areas that have quality of the building through stability of valuean economic value by reducing architecture competition with hallway areas etc. jury evaluation. Implementation of building integrated art. Design

Stability of Value Transport multifunctional areas and high

16% Ensure robust solutions quality of use. throughout the choosing of building products and technical Transportation

systems. Provide flexible corp social1% responsibilityEncourage use of bicycles by systems that are future proof in providing good bicycle facilities. technical systems, space plan and passive design strategies. Social Responsibility

1% Procure socially responsible timber and stone.

DGNB | 57 BNP Paribas Market Focus 2016 Investment market green buildings P10 In 2016, DGNB had over 80% of the German market share for certifying new sustainable buildings.

Introduction Council Denmark. The certificating DGNB is a German certification focuses not only on sustainability, but system created by the German also on good technical and process Sustainability Council and primarily quality, and its flexibility allows easy used in Germany and its neighbouring adoption for various building types. countries. It varies in criteria and The system has several schemes, process from nation to nation e.g. by the most used being “New referencing national building codes construction offices” W10 W11. such as energy performance and water consumption. This analysis Evolution deals with the Danish version. The The DGNB Standard was first certification has an exceptionally introduced by the German large presence in Denmark where is Sustainability Council in 2007. Before has been adapted as the standard the launch of the DGNB system, certification system by Green Building Germany had already been developing

58 | Certifications sustainable buildings; the oil crisis DGNB levels have been updated to of the 1970s incentivised buildings platinum, gold and silver along with that minimise the consumption of a new lower tier bronze certification energy. Since the 1990s, BREEAM for existing buildings only. The and LEED had been the two most requirements and the standards are well-known sustainable building the same. If you had a DGNB Gold certification systems. They were both certification from before 2017, this based on foreign British and American would be automatically "upgraded" standards, so DGNB was developed to a platinum. To achieve a platinum based on the German standards and certification, the project must obtain aimed to be the Central European at least 80% of the total points counterpart certification system. available. For gold, a minimum of 65% is required and for silver 50%. For the In 2010, The Danish Green Building bronze certification (existing buildings Council was founded with the goal to only) a minimum of 35% of points promote the sustainable development must be achieved. of the Danish building sector. To choose the most relevant certification It is also possible to get an additional system for the Danish market, a DGNB diamond certification, along consortium of experts from the with a silver, gold or platinum building industry set up a comparison certification, if the project achieves of the four leading sustainability high architectonic quality. To achieve certification systems (BREEAM, LEED, the certification a jury must find HQE and DGNB). DGNB was chosen extraordinary architectonic beauty due to its holistic and near-equal and/or quality in the detailing and division of environmental, social and choice of materials. economic aspects. The greater focus on economy compared to the three Process other respective certification systems In general, there are two types makes DGNB a more balanced of DGNB certifications: a pre- certification system, rather than an certification and a final certification. environmental certification system. They are both independent of In 2012, the first Danish scheme each other. If the project has was launched. All the schemes are pre-certification it is much less time adjusted and translated to correspond consuming to gather all the required to Danish standards. information for the final certification.

Levels The first step to obtaining a Until 2017, the certification levels certification is registering the project were gold, silver and bronze. However, online. The certification requires a to correspond to other systems, DGNB consultant or auditor to carry

DGNB | 59 ESS QUALITY DGNB Evaluation Graph PROC 54.1%

46 45

47 48 49 EY Headquarters 43 50

42 1

2 E % 3 N .1 V 0 40 4 IR 6 O Y 5 N IT M L E A N 6 U T Q A L L 35 A Q C 8 I U N A H L I C T E 10 Y T 7 4

. 34 0

% 11

33 67.3% Performance Index 15

S 29 O C I 28 O 16 C U 27 L % T 26 .4 U 2 R 8 A 25 L Y 24 IT A L N 23 A D U F Q U 22 N IC C M T 21 O IO 17 N NA 20 CO L 19 E Q 18 UA LITY 58.6%

out the process. When a consultant Fee has been associated to the project, The fee for a DGNB certification the comprehensive process of varies from 2,500 to 73,500€ and is gathering all relevant documentation dependent on three factors. The first begins. It is the role of the consultant factor is the building typology and to guide the client and help with thereby the certification scheme (e.g. obtaining required points, if possible. large parking structures are roughly When all the documentation is half the price of new office buildings). collated, the next step is to send the The second and most significant documentation to the relevant green factor is the gross area. DGNB has 20 building council (in Denmark, the area categories starting at <2,500 m2 Green Building Council). If the and ending at 120,000-130,000 m2. projects meet the defined The last deciding factor is the DGNB requirements (verified by a third membership status. Being a member party), it will be certified. will save up to 13,850€ in fees.

60 | Certifications EY Headquarters DGNB Gold

Photo © Adam Mørk

DGNB | 61 KPMG Headquarters DGNB Gold

Photo © Adam Mørk

62 | DGNB case study EY Headquarters

Located in the Frederiksberg The EY Headquarters was one of the Typology Office Location Copenhagen, DK district in the Copenhagen area, first Danish buildings to achieve a Size 56,800 m2 the EY Headquarters was designed DGNB certification. The office scored Architect 3XN with the goal of becoming a good particularly well in the Environmental Completed 2011 neighbour. The ambition was to blend and Economic principles of DGNB Certification DGNB Gold into the existing urban fabric while and achieved DGNB Silver in May Year 2012 exemplifying high sustainability and 2012 which, at the time, was the overall building quality. The cloverleaf highest DGNB certification achieved shape of the plan and the natural stone in Denmark. This is now recognised as façade blend in smoothly with the a DGNB Gold certification due to the adjacent buildings W12. 2017 DGNB levels update.

The building is seven floors high and consists of three connected volumes, assembled around three large glass-covered atria. Generous natural daylight, temperature regulation, and an active façade reduces the energy consumption to a minimum. Movement sensor triggered lighting further limits energy use and recycled rainwater irrigates the landscape. Green commuting is promoted by space for 700 bicycles and the inclusion of electric car chargers.

DGNB | 63 1 Bligh Street Green Star 6 Star

Photo © H. G. Esch

64 |

Green Star 1998

| 65 corp social responsibility

Transport Architecture

Social Responsibility 2%

Enviromental im

Transport 4%

Architecture 3%

Health Environmental impact 20%

Health 19%

e ective use area

2% % 3 7

ia 6

c l

o n m E i c Safety 1%

Safety 4%

LCC life cycle cost Resources 30% Resourses

Life Cycle Costing 1%

Recycle Recycling 5%

Biodiversity 15%

Biodiversity

Green Star Analysis Design & As Build v1.2 C4 Office use

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

66 | Certifications Green Star

Applications Principles New buildings, except single family Management houses Indoor Environmental Quality

Interiors Energy Origin Australia Renovations Transport Year 2003 Existing buildings Water General Statistics Urban areas Materials May 2018 Land use and Ecology Certifications 2,254 Levels Emissions Certified m2 26,000,000 Fee 4,700 to 34,800€ 6 Star: International excellence Innovation 5 Star: Australian excellence 4 Star: Best practice Administrator Green Building Council of Australia 200 Barangaroo Ave Barangaroo NSW 2000 Australia www.new.gbca.org.au [email protected]

Green Star Worldmap May 2018 Countries 7

Certifications awarded No certifications

Green Star | 67 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes rds the Green Star criteria into Green Star focuses around 2/3 20% Perform Life Cycle Assessment 13 sustainable aspects C4. on the environmental dimension (LCA) and achieve a lower The descriptions provide and 1/3rd on the social dimension impact than a reference selected themes within an aspect but not the of sustainability, with a minimal but building. Use of LCA to improve complete content. present focus on the economic material choices in building dimension. The majority of its as well as for the construction For further reading see the SBi report P1 principles target environmental process. Use of products with aspects and resources is the main EPDs (Environmental Product Environmental aspects Economic aspects aspect covered, followed by health Declaration). Limit greenhouse Social aspects and environmental impact. gas emissions from energy use.

Resourses Reduce carbon emissions from Environmental Sustainability transport. Avoid refrigerants. Green Star prioritises the lowering of resource use such as water and Resources

electricity combined with a relatively 30% Implement metering and high focus on biodiversity compared monitoring systems for energy to the other selected certifications. and water. Reduce the peak electricity demand. Lower Economic Sustainability potable water consumption. Green Stars addresses the life Increase insulation in building cycle costing aspect of economic envelope and reduce energy sustainability though the Green Star use of building installations. section called “Commissioning Use commissioning process and Tuning”. and provide information on operation and maintenance of Social Sustainability building. Use of products with Green Stars focus on the health EPDs (Environmental Product aspect, in the social dimension, is Declaration). Use responsibly mainly related to human comfort sourced building materials such in criteria such as thermal as certified timber. comfort, lighting comfort and acoustic comfort.

68 | Certifications Biodiversity Safety

Biodiversity Safety

12% Avoid building sites with 4% Develop climate change endangered, threatened scenarios. Implement a climate or vulnerable species. Use adaption plan. Handle and previously developed land. discharging storm-water Health Improve ecological value responsibly. Control microbials. of the site. Reduce the heat island effect. Clean site Health

if contaminated. Make a 19% Design good ventilations comprehensive environmental e ective use areafacilities. Limit noise pollution. management plan (EMP) for Provide adequate light and Recycle construction and use auditing to daylight. Ensure views to the ensure compliance. outside. Avoid indoor pollutants. Provide the users with thermal Recycling comfort. Use commissioning

5% Use reused products of productsArchitecture process to secure good with recycled content. Minimise indoor environment. operational waste as well as construction and demolition Architecture

waste. Plan for end-of-life of Transport3% Avoid light pollution into the internal fit out. neighbourhood and the sky.

Toxicity Transportation

LCC life cycle costGreen Star does not directly 4% Increase active transportation to address this aspect. corp social responsibilitysite. Provide a walkable path to the site. Life Cycle Costing

1% Encourage and recognising Social Responsibility commissioning, handover and 2% Provide good conditions for tuning initiatives that ensure all workers on construction site to building services operate to their enhance mental and physical full potential. health. Use responsibly sourced building materials such as Area Use certified timber. Green Star does not directly address this aspect.

Stability of Value Green Star does not directly address this aspect.

Green Star | 69 GBCA The Value of Green Star Key Findings P11 Green Star buildings save 1,320 Olympic swimming pools of water per year.

Introduction built to Australian code minimum Green Star is a built environment standards P11. Green Star buildings sustainability rating system created have also been found to use 51% by the Green Building Council of less potable water and recycle 96% Australia. The rating tools allow of their construction and demolition certification of all building types, waste, compared to the national including district scale development, average of 58% W13. and caters for design, delivery, and ongoing performance. The system Evolution is currently used in Australia, New The Green Building Council of Zealand and South Africa, with plans Australia (GBCA) was established to expand throughout Africa W5. in 2002 to develop a sustainable property industry in Australia and The Green Star rating system drive the adoption of green building assesses the sustainability of projects practices through market-based at all stages of the lifecycle. Ratings solutions. The Green Star rating was can be achieved at the planning launched in 2003. phase for communities, during the Green Star has been used in New design, construction and fit out phase Zealand since 2007 and in South of buildings, and during ongoing Africa under the name Green Star operations of buildings. On average, SA since 2008. Currently, the Green Green Star-certified buildings Building Council of South Africa is produce 45% fewer greenhouse working to expand the Green Star SA gas emissions and use 50% less system to other African countries. electricity than comparable buildings

70 | Certifications Levels Documents are then submitted The Green Star rating system is based via website to be assessed by on a 1 to 6 Star framework with 1 Star the Council. If no problems are as the lowest score and 6 Star as encountered, a certified rating is the highest. To achieve a Green Star awarded. The project will then receive certification, a project must have 4 a certification and is granted rights to stars or more. The full rating system is the use of the Green Star trademark. defined the following way: Building projects can choose to – 6 Star: International excellence rate design-related credits before – 5 Star: Australian excellence completion of construction, which – 4 Star: Best practice they often do to gauge progress – 3 Star: Good Practice toward the desired rating. – 2 Star: Average practice – 1 Star: Minimum practice Fee The certification fee for a Green To achieve a 4 Star rating the project Star certification varies from 4,700 must score at least 45% of the to 34,800€ depending on the type available points, for a 5 Star rating of project, total cost of project and 60% or more, and a 75% or more for GBCA membership status. To receive the highest 6 Star rating. The 6 Star the member rate – a reduction of rating has been achieved by 233 around 10-20% – the applicant projects in Australia, seven in New company must be a financial member Zealand and 23 in South Africa. of the GBCA. Unlike other rating systems, the applicant must be the Process project owner. Team members or The Green Star rating is a 5-step project managers are not allowed to process. First, projects are registered apply on behalf of the project owner. through an on-line process, when general information about the project The fee is different in the four is recorded. Next, the project’s schemes Green Star offers; sustainable attributes, which are Communities, Buildings, Interiors measured by individual Green and Operational performance. For Star credits, must be documented certifying buildings, the cost will vary through a mix of standard design and from 7,900 to 27,900€. The price of construction documents and Green certifying a building is based on the Star specific forms and templates. gross contract value and split into 7 During this process, the applicant can tiers based on the value range. The receive technical support from the lowest tier being 0 to 1,900,000€ and Green Building Council if need. the highest tier 95,000,000€ or more.

Green Star | 71 1 Bligh Street Green Star 6 Star

Photo © H. G. Esch

72 | Green Star case study 1 Bligh Street

Located in the Sydney Central views through the entire building Typology Mixed-use Location Sydney, AU Business district, 1 Bligh Street is thereby enhancing connections and Size 42,700 m2 a modern office building designed community. Architect Architectus, by Architectus and Ingenhoven Ingenhoven Architects Completed 2011 Architects. The transparent office The building also includes solar building with an elliptical floor plan thermal collectors on the roof to inject Certification Green Star offers unobstructed views of high temperature energy into a solar 6 Star Year 2015 the world-famous Sydney cooling system. Rainwater is collected Harbour Bridge W14. and spread throughout the building to irrigate planting such as the roof The tower is the first one in Australia terrace trees and the green walls. to have a double-skin glass façade. The outer layer of the façade uses The building received the highest a computer-controlled system of score in the Australian Green Star shades to protect the inner curtain certification, 6 Stars, and is the first wall from the sun, while still office tower in Sydney to be awarded providing plenty of daylight. This this rating by the Green Building is one of the most energy efficient Council of Australia (GBCA). The features a tower can have in the building has furthermore received a 5 Australian climate. Star Nabers Energy rating, and it has won 19 building awards. The naturally ventilated glass atrium provides a fresh air flow and natural light to every floor. It is also an arrival point for all floors and provides

Green Star | 73 ICADE Premier House HQE Exceptional DGNB Gold

Photo © Werner Huthmacher landau + kindelbacher

74 |

HQE 1995

| 75 Architecture

Transport

Enviromental im

Architecture 2%

Transport 1%

Environmental impact 6%

Resourses

Resources 24%

En viro

a S

4 o 1

c %

5 8 % % 1 Health ic m Econo Biodiversity

Health 53% Biodiversity 3%

e ective use area Recycle Recycling 8%

Life Cycle Costing <1%

Stability of Value 1%

Safety 2%

Safety LCC life cycle cost

stability of value

HQE Analysis Environmental Performance Non residential buildings 01 January 2016 C5 Office sector/spaces

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

76 | Certifications HauteHQE Qualité Environnementale

Applications Principles New buildings Energy Interiors Environment THE WAY TO PROGRESS

Renovations Health Origin France Existing buildings Comfort Year 1995 Urban areas General Statistics Administrator May 2018 Levels Cerway Certifications 530,227 Exceptional 4, avenue du Recteur Poincaré Certified m2 59,000,000 Fee 1,850€ to 42,250€ Excellent 75016 Paris Very Good France Good www.cerway.com Pass [email protected]

HQE Worldmap May 2018 Countries 24

Certifications awarded No certifications

HQE | 77 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the HQE criteria into 13 HQE is a certification primarily 6% Reduce environmental sustainable aspects C5. focused on the social dimension impact from maintenance The descriptions provide of sustainability. In several of the of construction products by selected themes within an aspect but not the certification’s 14 goals, the only choosing products with limited complete content. sustainable aspect being addressed is maintenance. Determine health, which accounts for more than the environmental impact of For further reading see the SBi report P1 half of the entire certification system. products and make solutions HQE has little focus on the economic based on this. Determine the Environmental aspects Economic aspects dimension of sustainability. least CO2 emitting transport Social aspects supply line. Implement materials

Environmental Sustainability and products that trap CO2.

HQE is has the largest environmental Resourses Reduce emissions from focus on the resources aspect, which energy use. is represented within HQE’s Energy and Environment principle. Recycling Resources

and environmental impact also has 24% Reduce water and energy an influence on the use from maintenance of environmental dimension. construction products by choosing products with limited Economic Sustainability maintenance. Reduce water HQE’s focus on the economic and energy consumption on the dimension is limited. The aspect worksite. Use passive design most addressed is stability of value to reduce the energy demand followed by life cycle costing. of the building. Improve the air permeability of building Social Sustainability envelope. Reduce primary The social dimension is primarily energy use from building addressed in HQE’s comfort and services. Limit water use health goals. It has a very large focus and recycle grey water. Use

on indoor environment and comfort Biodiversity renewable energy. Monitor water through the aspect Health. Of HQEs and energy use. 14 goals, 7 deal solely with comfort. Biodiversity

3% Encourage the greening of areas. Preserve and improve existing biodiversity. Preserve biodiversity during the construction of the building.

78 | Certifications Recycle Health

Recycling Health

8% Determine the separability of 53% Optimise the acoustic quality of construction products including e ective use areaspaces. Ensure hygrothermal for finishes, building envelope comfort in all building modes. and building structure. Identify Have a minimum level of natural and quantify worksite waste lighting and views to the outside by type and use techniques to and provide comfortable artificial reduce the amount of waste lighting. Reduce the sources and increase recycling. Enhance of odours. Provide effective operational waste recycling by ventilation. Control sources using removal channels with of indoor air pollution. Limit preference to recycling. Design the emission of substances in good waste areas. Ensure easy contact with indoor air. Limit access to the structure and nuisance and pollution on systems for easy maintenance. building site. Provide healthy water in the building. Improve the Toxicity air permeability of building for

LCC life cycle costHQE does not directly address increased comfort. Monitor the this aspect. comfort conditions within the

Architecture building such as heating, cooling, Life Cycle Costing ventilation and lighting.

<1% Choose materials that need little maintenance. Use verified Architecture

products, systems and services. 2% Ensure good outdoor spaces Monitor and control systems. that regards climate and acoustics. Ensure local residents Area Use their right to sun and natural

stability of valueHQE does not directly address Transport light. Limit noise and light this aspect. pollution from the building.

Stability of Value Transportation

1% Choose materials that are easy 1% Encourage healthy transport Safety to maintain. Ensure adaptability such as walking and cycling. over the life span of the building. Make an urban mobility study. Promote public transportation. Safety

2% Separate pedestrians and Social Responsibility bicycles from motor vehicles on HQE does not directly address site. Manage rainwater on site. this aspect.

HQE | 79 Introduction organisation. The international The Haute Qualité Environnementale scheme for HQE was launched in (High Environmental Quality) 2012, and it differs from some other certification system, also known as rating systems in its acceptance HQE, is the most commonly used of local codes and practices as certification system in France. Along alternative benchmarks for with LEED and BREEAM, it is one project performance. of the major internationally used certification systems P6 W1. Previously, membership of HQE was limited to public institutions and HQE has four principles with 14 goals building associates, hereby excluding used to structure a set of criteria. The individuals and companies. This goals are weighted equally between changed in January 2017 when The the well-being of humans and the French Green Building Council and protection of the planet. HQE merged to form the Alliance HQE-GBC. The Alliance is open to In France, HQE is operated through both public and private individuals, 3 different certification bodies: associations and companies. CertiVéA is the certification body responsible for local planning and Levels non-residential buildings that are The five HQE certification levels are being built, renovated or used. Exceptional, Excellent, Very Good, Cerqual is responsible for residential Good and Pass. These are determined buildings, renovated or used. Cequami by a maximum of up to four stars is for detached houses. indicating the level of achievement in the four principles: energy, Worldwide, each HQE system adapts environment, health and comfort. to meet the specific context of any Previously HQE has used a three-part given country. The international structure; Very Good, Good and Basic. certification scheme is managed by Cerway. Process The HQE certification process differs Evolution from many other systems in its flexible HQE is based on the principles of method for dealing with schemes. sustainable development first set HQE has the following different out during the 1992 Earth Summit. certification schemes: new buildings, HQE was registered at the French refurbishment of non-residential patent office in 1995 and the buildings, residential buildings and HQE Association was established existing buildings in use. These are all the following year. In 2004, it assessed differently. was recognised as a non-profit

80 | Certifications ICADE Premier House HQE Exceptional DGNB Gold

Photo © Werner Huthmacher landau + kindelbacher

Non-residential buildings must pass their experience in developing and through a three-step assessment building sustainable buildings; these program to obtain a certification. An licenses must be renewed every three auditor from Certivéa certification years to ensure the quality of the body inspects submitted documents. developers and contractors.

When certifying residential buildings, Fee it is not the building which is certified, For non-residential buildings, the but the property developer or the fee for registration and inspection is building contractor. When addressing 1,868€. Additional fees are charged HQE goals in a single-family home, depending on the building type and the building contractor is responsible gross floor area. The overall tariffs for carrying out the certification. The for new office buildings are in the contractors and property developers range of 9,618€ to 42,245€. There are must obtain a license that validates additional fees for annual audits.

HQE | 81 ICADE Premier House HQE Exceptional DGNB Platinum

Photo © Werner Huthmacher landau + kindelbacher

82 | HQE case study ICADE Premier House

The French project developer ICADE sedum roof only broken by four strips Typology Office Location Munich, DE has built four office buildings on of skylights, providing natural light Size 29,000 m2 a revitalised plot extending over to the users. Architect GHU Architekten, two hectares in Munich between Landau + Kindelbacher Completed 2011 the Donnesberger bridge and the The custom-made shell has unique Central Station. The ICADE Premier ecological qualities. It has a greater Certification DGNB House, a 29,000 m2 complex with 600 resistance to weathering and UV. Platinum Year 2011 workplaces, was the first of these From an economical view it is low to be built. In the courtyard of the maintenance and can be repaired Certification HQE building there is a central auditorium. easily. These features allow the Exceptional Year 2012 The auditorium breaks through the façade to achieve a high façade to connect the interior and sustainable standard. exterior with three recurring materials; wood, natural stone and Corian W15 W16. As a French-owned building located in Germany, both HQE and DGNB The building consumes around 50% certification systems have been less energy than the average of its applied to the building. ICADE premier typology. This has been achieved by house scored HQE exceptional and energy-optimisation of the building. DGNB Platinum (previously Gold), the All building services are controlled highest achievable score in both by a building automation system that the certification systems. uses bespoke software. The roof, and especially the courtyard, are complimented with greenery. The central auditorium has a fully covered

HQE | 83 Bullitt Center LBC Living

Photo © Nic Lehoux

84 |

LBC 2006

| 85 corp social responsibility

Enviromental im

Social Responsibility 12%

Resourses Transport

Environmental impact 5%

Transport 5% Resources 12%

Biodiversity E nv i ro n

m S

e o

n t c

a Biodiversity 14%

i l

a 4

l 5

5 %

Architecture

Architecture 24%

Recycle Recycling 7%

Toxicity 7%

Toxicity

Safety 3%

Safety corp social responsibility

Health 11%

Health

e ective use area LBC Analysis Living Building Challenge v3.1 C6 Office use

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

86 | Certifications LBCLiving Building Challenge

Applications Principles New buildings Place Renovations Water

Existing buildings Energy Origin USA Urban areas Health and Happiness Year 2006 Materials General Statistics Levels Equity May 2018 Living certified Beauty Certifications 43 2 Petal certified Certified m n/a Fee 2,150 to 21,000€ Administrator International Living Future Institute 1501 E Madison Street, Suite 150 Seattle, WA 98122 USA www.living-future.org [email protected]

LBC Worldmap May 2018 Countries 24

Certifications awarded No certifications

LBC | 87 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the LBC criteria into 13 The Living building challenge is mainly 5% Account for and reduce the C6 sustainable aspects . focused on the social dimension embodied carbon (tCO2e) impact The descriptions provide of sustainability. This is primarily of the construction. Purchase of selected themes within Resourses an aspect but not the due to all 7 principles touching on carbon offset. complete content. social sustainability, while only some principles focus on environmental Resources For further reading see the P1 SBi report sustainability. The certification has no 12% Produce at least 105% of the focus on economic sustainability. The energy used by the building on- Environmental aspects Economic aspects social and environmental dimensions site by renewable energy. Supply Social aspects are distributed across several 100% of the water in natural aspects. The largest focus is on the closed loop systems or recycle architecture aspect, followed by water on site such as grey water biodiversity and social responsibility. and black water. Use certified or responsible sourcing of timber

Environmental Sustainability Biodiversity and advocate for certification of The Living Building Challenge metal, stone and rock. addresses environmental sustainability through a demand for Biodiversity

closed loops and net positive impacts. 14% Use previously developed land. The main aspect in the environmental Avoid building on or adjacent dimension is biodiversity. to sensitive ecological habitats. Make a landscape plan including Economic Sustainability native plant species and LBC does not directly address this consideration about landscape. dimension. Use outside areas for food production. Set aside at least 0.4 Social Sustainability Recycle hectare of land through a land All 7 principles of the Living Building trust organisation. Challenge have a strong or partial focus on social sustainability. The Recycling

equity principle has the social 7% Reduce waste through all the dimension as its only focus. phases of the building. Use at least one salvaged material per 500 m2 building area. Divert more than 90% of all waste materials from landfills. Create dedicated waste infrastructure.

88 | Certifications Toxicity Architecture

Toxicity Architecture

7% Avoid the use of fertilisers 24% Create a biophilic environment corp social responsibilityor pesticides to maintain the by, for instance, using natural landscape. Avoid the use of the shapes and forms, use of red listed materials. nature’s patterns, relationship to the place, climate and culture. Life Cycle Costing Do not reduce the quality of LBC does not directly address existing area by diminishing this aspect. the opportunities for fresh air, sunlight or access to natural Area Use waterways. Support the local LBC does not directly address area with sustainable practices this aspect. by buying materials from regional area. Build in dimensions for

Stability of Value Transport human scale. Integrate art and

Safety LBC does not directly address design features. this aspect. Transportation

Safety 5% Encourage human powered 3% Calculate and handle excess transportation by providing storm water adequately. Ensure facilities for bikes and safe access for the physically pedestrians. Design interior disabled and allow public access layout and stairs in a way that Health to areas of the building or site. encourage users to take the stairs. Advocate for facilities

Health corp social responsibilitysupporting human-powered

11% Have operable windows in all transport in the community. e ective use arearegularly occupied rooms to provide the inhabitants with Social Responsibility

daylight and fresh air. Create 12% Use certified or responsible a plan for a healthy interior sourcing of timber and advocate environment which prohibits for certification of metal, stone smoking, lives up to standards and rock. Donate 0.50€ to for heating and ventilation, charity per dollar used. Include measures air quality, meets at least one organisation with levels of VOC emissions, etc. the JUST (business disclosure to support an equitable society) label involved in the design and construction phases.

LBC | 89 Bullit Center Vision W17 Living Building Challenge In 2014, the Bullitt Center generated 160% of the buildings energy use by PV panels and treated 69% of the on-site precipitation.

90 | Certifications Introduction tools to strengthen and compliment The Living Building Challenge (LBC) both the Living Building Challenge is an ambitious and demanding and to lead transformation towards certification administered by the a civilisation that is socially just, International Living Future Institute culturally rich, and ecologically (ILFI). It can be used all over the world restorative. but is mainly used for buildings in North American on the east and The institute’s portfolio of programs west coasts. The Institute describes includes: the challenge as a philosophy, an Living Building Challenge advocacy tool and a certification – A certification for buildings system, which promotes the Zero Energy most advanced measurement of – An energy certification for buildings sustainability in the built environment. Living Product Challenge To attain the certification, buildings – A certification for products must generate more energy than they Living Community Challenge use, capture and treat sufficient water – A certification for masterplans on site, and be constructed using Reveal healthy materials. The logo of Living – Energy profiles for buildings Building Challenge is a metaphor Declare for the ecological efficiency and – Transparent product labels contextual benefits of a flower W18. Just – Transparent organisation labels LBC is more rigorous than The Biophilic Design Initiative certification systems such as LEED – Advocating for plant or BREEAM. It is known as the most implementation in buildings advanced and strict sustainable building certification. In 2014, the ILFI established a list of chemicals that are deemed harmful Evolution to include in materials. These banned The Living Building Challenge was materials cannot be used to obtain developed by Jason F. McLennan the Material Petal of the Living and Bob Berkebile and launched in Building Challenge. 2006 by the Cascadia Green Building Coalition - a chapter of both the Levels US and Canadian Green Building LBC has two certification degrees; Councils. In 2009, the non-profit Living and Petal. To get the full Living International Living Future Institute certification, all demands of the petals was created to manage certifications. (principles) must be met. There are The institute has since expanded LBC seven petals in the Living Building and created other certifications and Challenge system; Place, Water,

LBC | 91 Energy, Health, Materials, Equity and or separately. The three typology Beauty. If the project can reach the types are; Single Family Residential, standards of at least three out of Commercial/Institutional/Multi- the seven petals (with at least one family Residential and Landscape/ being either Water, Energy or Health), Infrastructure, with the cheapest it can receive a Petal Certification. being the Single Family Residential The full living certification is very starting at 2,150€ for the total fee. The demanding in its criteria and can only Commercial/Institutional/Multi-family be compared to the highest levels Residential typology is the most of other certifications e.g. DGNB expensive to certify and can cost up platinum, LEED platinum and to 21,500€ for buildings up to 50,000 BREEAM Outstanding. m2. For buildings above 50,000 m2 the price is multiplied by the gross area, at Process a rate of 0.44€/ m2. The process of achieving a Living Building Challenge certification is split into three parts. Part one is registration. A 750€ registration fee is paid, which, among other things, includes access to the Living futures Institutes community, three personal memberships and ten dialogue posts. Part two is the documentation and operation phase. Documentation of the project must be compiled and sent. The building must then undergo a 12-month performance period, in which significant data is recorded to prove that the project is meeting the requirements of the certification. Part three is the audit and certification. In this phase, an auditor reviews the documentation and performs a site inspection. If the project meets the criteria the certification is awarded.

Fee Following the 750€ registration, the fee of the project will vary based on its typology, size and if the two audits needed are bought as a package

92 | Certifications Bullitt Center LBC Living

Photo © Nic Lehoux

LBC | 93 Bullitt Center LBC Living

Photo © Nic Lehoux

94 | LBC case study Bullitt Center

Located in in the Central Area of treated for potability and services the Typology Office Location Seattle, US Seattle Washington, the Bullitt building. The building is powered by Size 4,830 m2 Center is a six-storey commercial 575 PV panels producing a total of Architect Miller Hull building designed to demonstrate 244kW. The placement of stairs and Partnership Completed 2013 sustainably prosperous ecosystems bicycles facilities promotes human and exemplify the highest level of activity over mechanic commutes. Certification LBC sustainability. With an expected All materials are screened and cross Living Year 2015 lifespan of 250 years, the structure referenced with the IFLI Material Red is a commercially viable example of List. Automated blinds and operable the sustainable potentials for office windows optimise daylight, air and typology W18. temperature while a green roof and exposed structural timber create an The structure of the building is based architecturally beautiful atmosphere. on two lower concrete floors with four timber-based floors on top. Besides The Bullitt Center is certified its structural properties, the wood to the highest level of LBC, the stores 545 tons of embodied CO2. Living certification. In achieving Heavy materials have been sourced full certification, the building from within a 500 km radius and demonstrates the highest level all timber has been sourced of building sustainably. within 1,000 km.

The Bullitt Center extracts geothermal heat via 26 wells at 122 meters depth. Rain water on site is captured and

LBC | 95 UN City LEED Platinum

Photo © Adam Mørk

96 |

LEED 1998

| 97 corp social responsibility

Transport

Architecture Social Responsibility 1%

Enviromental im

Transport 6%

Architecture 2%

Environmental impact 8%

Health

Health 18%

e ective use area

30 % l

ia c 8

o 6

S l

e c

Safety

ic v 2 En Resourses % Safety 3% Resources 43% LCC life cycle cost

ToxicityLife Cycle Costing 2% Toxicity 1%

Recycle Recycling 6% corp social responsibility

Biodiversity 10%

Biodiversity

LEED Analysis LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction C7 Office

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

98 | Certifications LeadershipLEED in Energy and Environmental Design

Applications Principles New buildings Location and Transportation Interiors Sustainable Sites

Renovations Water Efficiency Origin USA Existing buildings Energy and Atmosphere Year 1998 Urban areas Materials and Resources General Statistics Indoor Environmental Quality May 2018 Levels Innovation Certifications 108,779 Platinum Regional Priority Certified m2 1,280,000,000 Fee 425 to 27,200€ Gold Silver Administrator Certified U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street Washington, DC 20037 USA www.usgbc.com [email protected]

LEED Worldmap May 2018 Countries 164

Certifications awarded No certifications

LEED | 99 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes rds the LEED criteria into 13 LEED focuses roughly 2/3 on 8% Make a Life Cycle Assessment sustainable aspects C7. the environmental dimension and (LCA) and use indicators to The descriptions provide 1/3rd on the social dimension with a reduce environmental impact selected themes within an aspect but not the small focus on the life cycle costing compared with the baseline complete content. aspect in the economic dimension. building. Use Environmental The prioritisation of environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). For further reading see the SBi report P1 sustainability is a result of three of Enhance management of LEED’s principles almost exclusively refrigerants. Use carbon offsets. Environmental aspects Economic aspects addressing the environmental Reduce greenhouse gas Social aspects dimension. Its major sustainable Resourses emissions through providing aspects are resources and health. alternative modes of transport.

Environmental Sustainability Resources

The LEED certification has a high 43% Carry out an LCA to evaluate and focus on environmental sustainability, reduce resource use compared which is very dominant in LEED’s with the baseline building, using principles of Water Efficiency, Energy indicators. Reduce indoor and and Atmosphere, and Materials and outdoor water usage and meter Resources. Each of these principles water. Use commissioning almost solely consists of aspects process to optimise use of within the environmental dimension. resources for building systems. The environmental dimension of Reduce energy use and meter sustainability is also visible in most of energy. Reduce the use of LEED’s other principles. fossil fuels by producing local renewable energy. Use green Economic Sustainability energy from grid. Source raw

LEED has a small focus on economic Biodiversity materials responsible. Use sustainability, including only the certified timber. aspect of life cycle costing. Biodiversity

Social Sustainability 10% Avoid the use of Within the social dimension of environmentally-sensitive lands. sustainability LEED puts most focus Preserve and restore greenfield on the health aspect. The major focus areas. Minimise effects on on this aspect comes from LEED’s microclimates by reducing heat Indoor Environment Quality principle. islands. Prevent erosion and pollution of the site during the construction phase.

100 | Certifications Recycle Health

Recycling Health

6% Dedicate areas for collecting 18% Exceed requirements in indoor recyclables during the e ective use areaair quality standards. Create operation of the building. Plan good indoor air quality with and manage construction and low-emitting interior materials demolition waste. Recover, and test air quality or perform reuse and recycle construction a flush-out of the building waste. Reduce the creation after construction. Prohibit of construction waste. Use smoking outside of designated

Toxicity products where a complete places. Ensure a good thermal inventory has been published. comfort and sufficient daylight and interior lightning. Create Toxicity quality views and good

1% Use products and materials that acoustical performance. Use corpLCC social life cycle responsibility costprovide information regarding commissioning process to chemical ingredients. ensure that systems function

Architecture optimally for enhanced Life Cycle Costing indoor climate.

2% Follow the commissioning process to ensure the technical Architecture

systems work and thereby 2% Create open exterior spaces to reduce costs for maintenance in Transport encourage interactions. Reduce the operational phase. light pollution at night.

Area Use Transportation

LEED does not directly address 6% Improve the health of users this aspect. by encouraging daily physical activity through transportation.

Stability of Value corp social responsibilityPromote bicycling and

Safety LEED does not directly address transportation efficiency. this aspect. Social Responsibility

Safety 1% Reward project teams for 3% Manage rainwater securely. selecting products verified to have been extracted or sourced in a responsible manner such as using certified timber.

LEED | 101 Introduction sustainable buildings using efficient The LEED certification, developed by and appropriate insulation. the U.S. Green Building Council, is one of the largest existing certification In the 90s and early 00s, USGBC was systems. It is inspired by BREEAM completely responsible for all aspects and primarily focuses on the of the LEED certification system. environmental and social aspects of This included the development of the building sustainability. The system rating systems, both existing and new, specialises in the promotion of water training programmes, examinations, and energy efficiency, the reduction of reviewing submitted projects and CO2 emissions, promoting a healthy awarding certifications. Since 2008, and comfortable indoor climate, and the Green Business Certification Inc. renewable construction materials. (GBCI) has been affiliated within the LEED is the most geographically USGBC, and the business area of widespread certification used, despite LEED is now managed by GBCI. the total number of certifications This includes the entire awarded being lower than BREEAM certification process. or HQE W3. Levels Evolution The certification levels for LEED are LEED was developed in the United Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum. States by the U.S. Green Building These certifications can be achieved Council (USGBC). The pilot project in compliance with the assessments began in 1993 and the first version point system which consist of 110 was launched in 1998. From 1994 attainable points in total. For projects to 2015, LEED grew from a scheme with 40+ points the Certified level is for new construction to a system of achieved, for 50+ the Silver, for 60+ multiple schemes covering everything the Gold and for 80+ the Platinum from design and construction to certification. While the number of maintenance and operation. certifications is quite well dispersed between the 3 lower certifications, The motivation for this development only 5% of the certifications awarded was to have an American certification are platinum. This may be a result of system. LEED was designed as a the large 20 points gap between gold structured framework that enables and platinum, while the gaps between the identification and assessment of other levels are only ten points. sustainability in design, construction, operation and maintenance. The Process development of this certification For LEED-NC (new construction) in system also established a way the United States, the certification to promote public awareness of process is split into two phases; the

102 | Certifications design phase and the construction LEED Scoreard UN City phase. In the first phase, design LEED Facts documents and the location of the for LEED BD+C: New Construction building are submitted to GBCI, which (v2009) then evaluates the documents. The result of this first review is a list that either approves or rejects the Certification awarded Dec 2013 respective sustainable solutions used Platinum 84 in the project. This first step gives the building owner the possibility to enhance or correct the relevant topics Sustainable sites 20/26 to enhance the certification level, if desired. The next step regards the Water efficiency 10/10 materials used for construction, as Energy & atmosphere 30/35 well as the construction process itself. At the end of the construction phase, Material & resources 3/14 these documents are submitted and then reviewed by GBCI. If the Indoor environmental quality 12/15 documentation is incomplete or Innovation 5/6 lacking information, the project is granted a 25-day period to complete Regional priority credits 4/4 the documentation. Due to the many different LEED certification schemes used all over the world, the certification process can vary.

Fee The fee for a LEED certification follows the process phases; design review and construction review. The price is calculated according to gross floor area and certification scheme and varies from 425 to 27,200€. For non-members, the total fee for LEED-NC starts at 2,800€ and ends at 26,700€. Discounts for the certification is given to members.

LEED | 103 UN City LEED Platinum

Photo © Adam Mørk

104 | LEED case study UN City

UUN City is the regional head office the sun exposure in a Danish context. Typology Office Location Copenhagen, DK of the United Nations, located in the Size 45,000 m2 northern harbour of Copenhagen. To ensure the quality of the indoor Architect 3XN It brings together various agencies environment, UN City has been Completed 2013 and functions into one of Denmark’s designed to limit the use of chemicals Certification LEED most energy efficient buildings. and pollutants during both its Platinum Inside the building, daily life is centred construction and its use. CO2 sensors Year 2013 around a light atrium offering visual have been placed throughout the and physical connections across and building to monitor air quality and between floors W12 W19. ensure an optimal airflow with a seawater-cooled conditioning system. The sustainable features of UN City Filters are installed at all entry points are designed to match the 7 LEED thereby restricting dirt, dust, pollen, principles. The roof is coated with smoke and other particles from a white, recyclable, plant-based entering the buildings. membrane. This reflects more sunlight than a typical dark surface, thereby UN City has a LEED score of 84 reducing the heat island effect. It also points, out of a possible 110, earning reduced air conditioning requirements it the LEED platinum certification. in summer, minimising CO2 emissions. It has furthermore been awarded The roof is furthermore equipped with the European Commission’s Green over 1,400 solar panels, generating Building Award for New Buildings. an estimated 297,000 kWh onsite of renewable energy per year. The panels have an 15° angle to optimise

LEED | 105 Swedbank Headquarters Miljöbyggnad Gold

Photo © Adam Mørk

106 |

Miljöbyggnad 2005

| 107 Enviromental im

Environmental impact 11%

Health

Health 36%

e ective use area

% %

6 1 3

l 6

i l c

a o

Resourses

n v n Resources 33% om E i c 3%

Recycling 6% Stability of Value 3% stability of value

Recycle Toxicity 11%

Toxicity

Miljöbygnad Analysis corp social responsibility Miljöbygnad 3.0 nyproducerade byggnader v170510 C8 Office use

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

108 | Certifications Miljöbyggnad

Applications Principles New buildings Energy Renovations Indoor climate

Existing buildings Materials Origin Sweden Year 2005 Levels Administrator General Statistics Gold Sweden Green Building Council May 2018 Silver Långholmsgatan 34 Certifications 1,090 2 Bronze 117 33 Stockholm Certified m 6,300,000 Fee 1,800 to 12,100€ Sweden www.sgbc.se [email protected]

Miljöbyggnad Worldmap May 2018 Countries 1

Certifications awarded No certifications

Miljöbyggnad | 109 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the Miljöbygnad criteria into Miljöbyggnad is mainly focused on the 11% Calculate, document and reduce 13 sustainable aspects C8. environmental and social dimensions the impact of global warming The descriptions provide of sustainability. It only covers six of from the building mass and the selected themes within an aspect but not the the 13 sustainable aspects. Of the basic structure in the early life complete content. represented aspects, resources and cycle stages, such as health are by far the most prioritised production and transport to For further reading see the P1 SBi report in the certification, accounting for Resourses construction site. Use EPDs majority of the certifications focus. for specific products. Environmental aspects Economic aspects Social aspects Environmental Sustainability Resources

Miljöbyggnad focuses mainly on 33% Design and build for a low resources within the environmental heating and power requirement. dimension. Miljöbyggnad has an Reduce the energy demand Energy principle, which focuses beyond that of the demands on the resources aspects and a from the national Swedish code. Material principle with focus on other Limit the need for cooling in the environmental aspects. summer by reducing the heat load from the sun. Use Economic Sustainability renewable energy. Miljöbyggnad has a minimal focus on economic sustainability, which is only Biodiversity represented through securing the Recycle Miljöbyggnad does not directly future value of the building in relation address this aspect. to water damages. Recycling

Social Sustainability 6% Make a document of products Miljöbygnad has a big focus on social and materials used in the building sustainability, achieved via the indoor and store this document in the

climate principle. Toxicity building. Update the document when necessary.

Toxicity

11% Minimise the use of problematic corp social responsibilitysubstances in building materials. Document substances that are considered harmless now but have potential to change status in the future.

110 | Certifications Life Cycle Costing Social Responsibility Miljöbyggnad does not directly Miljöbyggnad does not directly address this aspect. address this aspect.

Area Use stability of valueMiljöbyggnad does not directly address this aspect.

Stability of Value

3% Design the building for minimal risk of water damage and problems relating to moisture.

Safety Miljöbyggnad does not directly Health address this aspect.

Health

36% Create a low noise environment. e ective use areaKeep radon gases out of the house. Design a good ventilation system. Keep moisture levels low. Maintain a good thermal climate in both summer and winter. Design for good daylight conditions. Reduce emissions of harmful substances from materials in the indoor environment.

Architecture Miljöbyggnad does not directly address this aspect.

Transportation Miljöbyggnad does not directly address this aspect.

Miljöbyggnad | 111 Introduction Levels Miljöbyggnad is a Swedish Miljöbyggnad has three certification certification system, which translated levels: Bronze, Silver and Gold. They means “Environmental building”. relate to performance in comparison The certification is administered by with Swedish building regulations. The the Swedish Green Building Council Bronze certification suffices to comply (SGBC) and used exclusively in with legal requirements or existing Sweden. The goals of Miljöbyggnad recommendations. If a building have been the same since it was first performs well over the set values, developed as Miljöklassad byggnad: it can reach Silver. For example, the contribute to environmental goals, sun protection, sound environment be cost efficient, be simple, use and ventilation must be significantly the minimum number of criteria, better than legal requirements. Gold use scientifically proved indicators, is the highest certification. The have quality control of cases, only requirements set are even higher, e.g. have influenceable criteria, verify the radon content may not exceed the building and only use obligatory one quarter of legal requirements. To criteria for certifying W20 W21. reach Gold, those living and working in the property need to agree that it Evolution is a good building. Therefore, users Miljöbyggnad is a further development have to be surveyed after two years of "Miljöklassad byggnad", which on their opinions on and experience of was developed in 2003. The goal of the indoor environment. developing Miljöklassad byggnad was to establish a tool that could Process measure the sustainability and/or the To apply for the Miljöbyggnad environmental impact of buildings. certification, the first step is to The development of the assessment register at SGBC to determine system was carried out by a large which of the certification schemes group of architects, technical is the correct for the project. The consultants, developers, material application is then handed in to the manufactures, energy companies, SGBC. The content of the application banks and insurance companies. is verified by professional verifiers in accordance with SGBC. If there are In 2011, the Swedish Green Building any requirements that are insufficient Council overtook the management of or incorrect, the applicant has the Miljöklassad byggnad and the system possibility to submit additional was adapted into a certification material. When the application is system, which meant verification by approved for existing buildings, the a third party. During this process the owner receives a certification. For name was changed to Miljöbyggnad. new buildings a pre-certification is

112 | Certifications Miljöbyggnad Scoreboard Byggnad Områden Klass Aspekter Klass Indikatorer Klass Swedbank Headquarters Energianvändning GULD Köpt energi GULD Värmeförlusttal GULD Energibehov GULD Energi GULD Solvärmelasttal GULD Andel av olika Energislag GULD GULD energislag Bedömning alt Ljudmiljö GULD GULD ljudklassning Radonhalt GULD Luftkvalitet SILVER Ventilation GULD Kvävedioxid i SILVER inneluften GULD Innemiljö GULD Fukt SILVER Fuktsäkerhet SILVER Transmissionsfaktor GULD Termiskt klimat GULD Solvärmefaktor GULD Dagsljus GULD Dagsljus GULD Tappvarmvatten- Vatten SILVER SILVER temperatur - legionella Dokumentation av Dokumentation GULD byggvaror och kemiska GULD Material ämnen och GULD kemikalier Verifiering av att Utfasning SILVER särskilt farliga ämnen SILVER inte byggts in

awarded. After two years, the building building or of the documentation is then verified, and if all requirements be needed, this will be charged with are fulfilled, the final certification additional fees up to 1,100€ is awarded. The final certification per measure. must be checked every five years to maintain its validity.

Fee A Miljöbyggnad certification will cost between 1,800 and 8,450€ for members of the Swedish Green Building Council. For non-members, a 43% additional charge is added. The price is determined by typology and size. The lowest fee is for existing houses and the most expensive is charged for large new constructions. Should additional revisions of the

Miljöbyggnad | 113 Swedbank Headquarters Miljöbyggnad Gold

114 | Miljöbyggnad case study Swedbank Headquarters

The architectural theme of their own computer. In this way, Typology Office Location Stockholm, SE Swedbank’s headquarters is a employees can influence their impact Size 45,000 m2 folded triple-V structure that breaks through concrete activities, such as Architect 3XN up volumes and creates an inviting turning off the computer, monitor and Completed 2014 democratic environment in and lighting when leaving their workplace. Certification Miljöbyggnad around the building. The legs of the Gold Vs are linked across atria by open The building features a green roof. Year 2014 footbridges. These bridges are All materials were chosen for their more than internal shortcuts: they long lifespan, robustness, and ease provide additional office space, visual of maintenance and cleaning. The contact and connection, and variation furniture has also been approved between the floors. The office by the Swedish Environmental floors thus feature a high degree Management Council (MSR) criteria of openness and variation, ensuring for procurement of furniture a healthy working environment and fitting. with a clear, human scale in a large building W12 W22. In 2014 the building achieved the Miljöbyggnad Gold certification. The building’s features, such as customised lighting and ventilation, contribute to significant energy savings. Furthermore, Swedbank offers an opportunity for each employee to monitor their own consumption of electricity through

Miljöbyggnad | 115 Krøyers Plads Nordic Swan Ecolabel

116 |

Nordic Swan 2005

| 117 corp social responsibility

Transport

Social Responsibility 1%

Enviromental im

Health

Transport 1%

e ective use area

Health 13% Safety

Environmental impact 2% stability of value

Safety 1% Stability of Value 1%

Resourses

Resources 36%

al 16%

E 3

n e nm Enviro

Toxicity

Toxicity 28%

corp social responsibility Biodiversity 2%

Biodiversity

Recycling 15%

Recycle

Nordic Swan Analysis Nordic Ecolabelling for buildings v3.2 C9 Apartment buildings

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

118 | Certifications TheNordic Nordic Ecolabel Swan

Applications Principles New residential buildings Energy and Resources New schools and pre-schools Indoor Environment

Materials and Chemicals Origin The Nordics Levels Year 2005 Nordic Swan Ecolabel Administrator General Statistics Miljømærkning Danmark May 2018 Göteborg Plads 1 Certifications n/a 2 2150 Nordhavn Certified m n/a Fee 1,500€ to 33,350€ Denmark www.ecolabel.dk [email protected]

Nordic Swan Worldmap May 2018 Countries 4

Certifications awarded No certifications

Nordic Swan | 119 Enviromental im

Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the Nordic Swan criteria Nordic Swan is primarily focused 2% Use cement and concrete with into 13 sustainable on the environmental dimension of Resourses a reduced climate impact. Use C9 aspects . The sustainability, followed by the social Ecolabelled products. descriptions provide selected themes within dimension. With its roots in the an aspect but not the advocation of healthy materials and Resources complete content. products, the Nordic Swan Ecolabel 36% Limit the energy consumption of For further reading see the concentrates on reducing resource the building. Manage the usage SBi report P1 consumption and banning toxic of artificial light. Use energy

Environmental aspects materials and compounds. Of the efficient white goods, appliances Economic aspects selected ten certifications, Nordic and sanitaryware. Limit the use Social aspects Swan has the strongest focus on the of copper. Monitor systems toxicity aspect. during construction. Provide instructions for installations to Environmental Sustainability achieve best energy efficiency. Nordic Swans deals with the Meter hot water usage. Use environmental dimension through timber as a structural material.

the principles of Energy and other Biodiversity Use concrete with a reduced Resources, Materials, and energy impact. Chemicals. Resources and toxicity are the most addressed aspects Biodiversity

in this certification. 2% Design green roofs and facades. Allow for urban cultivation. Economic Sustainability Recycle Create gardens and habitats for Nordic Swan has a minimal focus on insects, birds and bats. economic sustainability, which is only represented in securing the future Recycling

value of the building in relation to 15% Sort waste at the construction moisture prevention. site for recovering and recycling. Sort operational waste. Social Sustainability Document all products used Socially, the main concern of the in the building for easier future Nordic Swan certification is human recycling of materials. Specify health, as demonstrated by criteria construction products with such as radon, daylight and noise. This recycled materials. is particularly addressed through the Indoor Environment principle, which deals with the health aspect.

120 | Certifications Toxicity Health

Toxicity Health

28% Document all chemical products 16% Provide a good indoor corp social responsibilityused in the building. Avoid and e ective use areaenvironment through the limit use of specified chemical proper handling of radon gases, products and substances such prevention of moisture and as the use of preservatives and adequate amounts of ventilation. chemical products releasing Provide a minimum amount nanoparticles. Avoid use of of daylight per room. Limit interior surfaces containing emissions of formaldehyde to chlorinated plastics. the indoor environment. Prevent noise transfer. Monitor systems Life Cycle Costing for ventilation etc. during Nordic Swan does not directly construction phase to enhance address this aspect. quality.

Area Use Architecture

stability of valueNordic Swan does not directly Transport Nordic Swan does not directly address this aspect. address this aspect.

Stability of Value Transportation

Safety 1% Prevention of moisture in 1% Make it easier to use bicycles the building. as a means of transport by providing large sheltered

Safety corp social responsibilityareas for bicycles and

6% Provide relevant knowledge repair workshops. on avoiding risks when handling chemical products Social Responsibility

to all employees involved in 4% Use certified timber. construction process.

Nordic Swan | 121 Krøyers Plads Nordic Swan Ecolabel

122 | Certifications Introduction the overall environmental impact of The Nordic Swan Ecolabel, also the specific building. The label’s two known as Nordic Swan or Swan, is the general focus areas are energy and official ecolabel for Nordic countries. toxicity. In terms of energy, the aim is A survey from 2017 claimed that to minimise demand and incentivise nine out of ten consumers in Nordic renewable energy sources. countries are familiar with this label. More than 25,000 products are Levels certified by The Nordic Swan The Nordic Swan Ecolabel is a Ecolabel. The majority of these pass/fail certification with no certifications are awarded to levels or graduations. Each of the personal care, housekeeping and product groups has its own set of cleaning products W23. requirements to achieve. Once the base requirements are achieved, it is For buildings, the Swan label focuses not possible to achieve higher levels on minimising the levels of toxicity in of recognition within the Nordic Swan. the materials during the entirety of the lifecycle. This means that the impact Process of materials is considered during the To receive a Swan certification, construction phase, the use phase, the applicant must deliver full and in relation to the dismantling and documentation of the relevant recycling of the building. The focus on building components. The building non-toxic materials means that many must achieve a minimum of points, chemicals and substances are banned which is set based upon typology and from use, e.g. it is not allowed to use location. The certification process materials containing Bisphenol A. also includes a site inspection by Nordic Ecolabeling. Criteria used Evolution in the certification have an expiry The Nordic Swan Ecolabel was date, which means that they must be introduced by the Nordic Council of reassessed and renewed in order for Ministers in 1989. Originally, the label the building to keep its certification. was only for household products, but This process must be initiated at least it has slowly evolved through adding one year prior to the expiration of the more and more product groups to current criteria. the labelling system. Norway and Sweden implemented the use of Fee Nordic Swan in 1989, Finland in 1990, The fee for obtaining a certification Iceland in 1991 and Denmark in 1998. begins at 1,500€ to certify smaller In 2005, Nordic Swan released a structures and houses. For larger building-specific certification scheme. buildings and apartment complexes The goal of this scheme is to reduce the price can vary up to 33,500€.

Nordic Swan | 123 Krøyers Plads Nordic Swan Ecolabel

124 | Nordic Swan case study Krøyers Plads

Krøyers Plads is a 105-unit apartment material responsibility surpasses Typology Housing and retail Location Copenhagen, DK complex with retail units on the Danish legal standards by 40%. Size 20,000 m2 ground floor, located on a harbour Architect COBE, site in the centre of Copenhagen. Krøyers Plads is the first Danish Vilhelm Lauritzen architects Completed 2015 The development consists of three apartment building to receive a Nordic five-storey volumes, which reference Swan Ecolabel. The development Certification Nordic Swan the local warehouse typology of the does not have any other sustainable Ecolabel Year 2015 harbour. The structure is pushed back building certifications, but it has won from the waterfront to allow generous a Green Good Design Award and the space for public access to a plaza, MIPIM Award for “Best Residential promenade and shops W24. Development 2015”.

The Krøyers Plads development is constructed using recyclable materials, a green roof, and a highly-insulated envelope, in order to conserve energy. It uses passive design to strategically benefit from natural lighting and ventilation, as well as to optimise moisture protection. Materials are tightly regulated to avoid hazardous environments and eliminate unsafe chemical use. As demanded by the Nordic Swan criteria, Krøyers Plads energy and

Nordic Swan | 125 Phipps CSL WELL Platinum LEED Platinum LBC Living

126 |

WELL 2014

| 127 corp social responsibility

Transport Social Responsibility 4%

Architecture stability of value Recycle

Toxicity

corp social responsibility

Transport 3% Safety

Architecture 6% Recycling <1% Recycling Toxicity 1%

Stability of Value 1%

Safety 1%

% E tal 2 con en om m i n c o 1 ir % v n

% Social 97

Health 83%

Health

e ective use area

WELL Analysis v1 with Q2 2017 Addenda New and existing buildings C10 Office use

Aspects of sustainability from SBi report P1

128 | Certifications WELL

Applications Principles New buildings Air Interiors Water

Renovations Nourishment Origin USA Existing buildings Light Year 2014 Urban areas Fitness General Statistics Comfort May 2018 Levels Mind Certifications 175 Platinum Innovation Certified m2 3,677,000 Fee starting at 11,100€ Gold Silver Administrator International WELL Building Institute 381 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 USA www.wellcertified.com [email protected]

WELL Worldmap May 2018 Countries 32

Certifications awarded No certifications

WELL | 129 Certification Criteria Certification Summary Environmental Impact The analysis categorizes the WELL criteria into 13 As a certification that measures the WELL does not directly address sustainable aspects C10. well-being and health of a building’s this aspect. The descriptions provide users, WELL is focused almost selected themes within an aspect but not the entirely on the social dimension of Resources complete content. sustainability. The health aspect is WELL does not directly address by far the most significant aspect, this aspect. For further reading see the th SBi report P1 covering over 4/5 of the entire focus of the certification. The WELL Biodiversity Environmental aspects Economic aspects certification can work in conjunction Recycle WELL does not directly address Social aspects with other certifications to ensure this aspect. holistic sustainability for any given project. The WELL certification Recycling

has several criteria focused on the Toxicity<1% Ensure material descriptions of operation of the building. interior finishes.

Environmental Sustainability Toxicity

WELL has little focus on 1% Reduce toxic building materials environmental sustainability. The corp social responsibilityinside the building, such as focus it does have concerns, amongst PFCs and halogenated flame other things, improved knowledge of retardants. Avoid harmful building materials in terms of substances by, for instance, chemical substances. ensuring a Declare LBC Red List Free project. Ensure material Economic Sustainability descriptions of interior finishes Economically, WELL only focuses to provide transparency of the on the future adaptability of the chemicals used. building, thus addressing the stability of value aspect. Life Cycle Costing WELL does not directly address Social Sustainability this aspect. WELL focuses on the health aspect, but also includes requirements for Area Use other social aspects. In WELL’s WELL does not directly address seven principles, many of the criteria this aspect. sets overlap between different social aspects.

130 | Certifications stability of value Architecture

Stability of Value Architecture

1% Design for materials that facilitate 6% Design eating spaces for easy cleaning and maintenance. employees that encourage Enable the building to be socialisation. Create physical adaptable to future changes. activity areas. Design unique and

Safety Ensure that the building will not culturally-rich spaces. Nurture have issues with moisture. the human-nature connection through incorporating nature Safety element designs in the building

1% Ensure that physically disabled as well as real nature inside and individuals have safe access into around the building. Design Health and within the building. adaptable spaces that support different work functions and Health provide areas optimised for

83% Ensure good air and water Transport focused work. Design for high e ective use areaquality and comfort through ceilings and artwork integration. ventilation, VOC reduction, operable windows, water Transportation

quality testing etc. Promote 3% Promote movement by designing healthy food and high levels of accessible, safe, and visually hygiene. Create good daylight appealing stairways inside the and artificial lighting conditions building. Provide facilities for including good colour quality. healthy transportation to site

Minimise glare. Encourage users corp social responsibilitysuch as bicycle storage and to live an active, healthy lifestyle. changing rooms. Establish a comfortable human habitat with low sound pollution Social Responsibility

and good thermal conditions 4% Support the health of employees and control. Design for good by e.g. health insurance. Support mental health using material staying home when ill and transparency and biophilia. provide family support and programs for stress. Support charitable work. Buy only humane certified agriculture.

WELL | 131 IWBI Agents of the Healthy Workplace: The International WELL Building Institute and CBRE W25 92% of CBRE employees feel the company’s new WELL certified office is having a positive impact on their health and wellbeing.

132 | Certifications Introduction standard was launched. In order to The WELL building standard is the first promote both environmental and system for measuring, certifying and social sustainability, WELL was monitoring features of buildings that designed to work harmoniously with impact human health and well-being. LEED from its inception. It was created by the International WELL Building Institute to promote Currently, IWBI continues to be the improvement of spaces in terms aligned with LEED but has also formed of assessing the nutrition, fitness, Crosswalks with Green Building mood, sleep patterns, productivity Council of Australia (Green Star), and performance of the people BRE (BREEAM), and the International working, living, shopping or playing Living Future Institute (Living Building inside of them. The certification is Challenge). Even though aligned with used all over the world - primarily in LEED, the two schemes still overlap in the United States and China where some criteria like ventilation, whereby more than 2/3rds of all WELL certified WELL has much stricter standards. projects are located W25. Lighting is another major overlap, with which a project can either gain many WELL provides a framework for points in both schemes or struggle, project teams to incorporate a variety depending on design. of strategies aimed towards placing human health and well-being at the Levels heart of building design, construction The certification levels for WELL and operations. The WELL are Silver, Gold and Platinum. These certification is about guaranteeing certifications can be achieved in the well-being of those who occupy a compliance with the assessment’s building and it is designed to point system, which consist of a total work synergistically withe attainable score of 105 points. For nvironmentally focused or projects with 50+ points the Silver holistic building certifications. level is achieved, for 60+ the Gold and for 80+ the Platinum. Currently, the Like LEED, WELL is third-party majority of WELL certified projects certified by Green Business have been certified Gold. Certification Inc. (GBCI). Process Evolution The WELL certification process is In 2013, following a Clinton global comprised of a registration, followed initiative commitment made by by documentation handover, a founder Paul Scialla, the International performance verification and a WELL WELL Building Institute (IWBI) founded report resulting in a certification if the WELL. In 2014, the WELL building requirements are met.

WELL | 133 Registration requires submitting GBCI for reviewing. Thereafter, the basic information about the project documents must be submitted every and declaring the project path 12 months to keep the certification by indicating the primary project status of the project. typology and project scope. Projects must complete documentation Fee submission within five years of The WELL certification is expensive registration. After documentation compared to other certifications. The submission, Green Business initial registration fee ranges from Certification Inc. will assign a 1,200€ to 8,000€ and is intended WELL Assessor to the project. The as a commitment to achieving the WELL Assessor then completes a full certification. Pricing for a full performance verification entailing a certification, including registration, site visit, during which the assessor starts at 11,100€ for small buildings performs or oversees tests and and rise with no price limit according inspections to verify that all applicable to the location and size of the building. requirements of WELL features have WELL has developed an online pricing been met. A comprehensive WELL calculator which can estimate the report will then be available online certification price W25. For a 10,000 within 40-45 business days of the m2 new construction in Denmark, the site visit. The WELL report provides online tool estimates a total fee of a feature-by-feature assessment of 46,500€. whether the requirements pursued by the project have been approved. Projects that have satisfied the requirements of WELL and have accepted the WELL report will receive a WELL award package from IWBI.

To maintain status as a WELL Certified project, there are specific ongoing requirements. Projects must provide ongoing records of the following:

– Results of post-occupancy surveys – Proof of maintenance – Ongoing environmental parameter measurements

These documents must be submitted within 15 months of certification to

134 | Certifications Phipps CSL WELL Platinum LEED Platinum LBC Living

WELL | 135 Phipps CSL WELL Platinum LEED Platinum LBC Living

136 | WELL case study Phipps CSL

In 2012, Phipps Conservatory and Phipps CSL was the first institution Typology Mixed-use Location Pittsburgh, US Botanical Garden opened a mixed-use to achieve the WELL Platinum Size 2,262 m2 Centre for Sustainable Landscapes Certification – the highest rating Architect The Design (CSL) in Pennsylvania, United States. awarded achievable (scoring 64/70). Alliance Completed 2012 With a design goal of bridging the With a WELL certification, the gap between human and ecological Phipps CSL is proven sustainable Certification LEED health, the building is sensitive to both for its occupants. To address Platinum Year 2013 the well-being of inhabitants and the the environmental dimension of W26 surrounding environment . sustainability, it also achieved Certification WELL LBC Living and LEED Platinum Platinum Year 2014 Sensors are conditioned to open and certifications. Due to its committed close windows based on air quality. design choices and top scores in Certification LBC Living Water is tested, filtered and treated three independent certification Year 2015 on site to be equal to - if not better- systems, Phipps CSL is considered than municipal standards. Produce one of the world’s greenest buildings. is grown on site in hormone and anti-biotic free gardens. Natural light illuminates habitable space 80% of the time. Stairs and walking trails are promoted in the landscape. Adjustable workstations, including desk heights, ergonomic chairs and thermostats, ensure individual comfort. Biophilic design is incorporated in artwork, expansive views and water features.

WELL | 137

Part three Comparison

| 139 140 | Comparison How do the certifications compare

How do the certifications compare aspects appear to be foundational for Each sustainable building certification certifying sustainability in buildings; consists of a unique set of criteria considerations towards toxicity, life based on a range of principles. cycle costing, area use, and stability When distributed amongst the of value are less in demand but still three dimensions and 13 aspects, figure broadly. comparing sustainability concepts and methodologies becomes much Each certification has its own focus more accessible and we can begin to areas and goals as shown in the see similarities and differences across analysis. It is quite evident that WELL the ten certifications. is focused on well-being through the health aspect, and Nordic Swan on It should be noted that the banning toxic elements though the comparisons only focus on toxicity aspect. On the other hand, sustainability criteria. Some the analysis cannot show that LBC certifications also include criteria focuses on net positive impacts not pertaining to sustainability, such in all aspects and we recommend as process and documentation reading through the descriptions in requirements, which are not taken the certifications chapter to get a into account in this analysis. These full overview of the ten sustainable requirements account for an average building certifications. of 6% of the overall weighting of criteria in the ten certifications P1. Comparing applications New commercial and residential Comparing dimensions buildings are the primary application The environmental dimension is area for the analysed certifications most heavily weighted in the ten schemes. Long established certifications, followed by the social certifications tend to address a range dimension, and then the economic of application possibilities with a dimension. While the environmental large selection of different schemes, and social dimensions are close to including new constructions, interiors, equally weighted, there is a noticeable renovations, and existing buildings. lack of consideration towards New certification systems and economic sustainability; merely one certifications that were not originally out of the ten selected certifications established for buildings tend to have focuses more than 5% of its overall the same range but with fewer and weighting on the economic dimension. more general schemes. The same applies for those of very specific and Comparing aspects ambitious standards such as LBC, In our analysis and comparison of the Nordic Swan, and WELL. ten systems, the resources and health

How do the certifications compare | 141 How do the dimensions compare

How do the dimensions compare DGNB is the only certification system The graphs on the left show the result with an almost equal balance between of comparing the ten certification the three sustainability dimensions. systems when divided into the three The reason behind this is that DGNB overall dimensions and 13 aspects. was developed later than most of the A fairly equal weighting of all three other certifications and follows the dimensions is important for a true European standards for holistic approach to sustainability P7 sustainable buildings. P8, yet it is evident that the individual certification systems place very WELL is a certification system that different levels of focus on each of the focuses almost exclusively on social dimensions. Most of the certifications sustainability due to its attention to in our analysis have been developed the well-being of the user inside with a specific focus on either the building. environmental or social dimensions, while the economic dimension is lagging at present.

The majority of the certifications place the largest focus on criteria within the environmental dimension which accounts for an average of 52% of the overall weighting across the ten schemes. The social dimension accounts for 43% of the overall weighting across schemes, with a large focus on the indoor environment represented by the health aspect. With the exception of DGNB, economy is only represented in the certifications to a very low degree (an average of 5% of the overall weighting). However, the aspects in the environmental and social dimensions can potentially have an impact on the economic value of the building and thus the economic dimension could be argued to indirectly become a focus through the other dimensions.

142 | Comparison Sustainable dimensions For further reading see the SBi report P1 Active House BREEAM Enviromental 61% Enviromental 66% Environmental aspects Economic 1% Economic 5% Economic aspects Social 38% Social 29% Social aspects

DGNB Green Star Enviromental 33% Enviromental 67% Economic 30% Economic 1% Social 37% Social 32%

LBC HQE Enviromental 45% Enviromental 41% Social 55% Economic 1% Social 58%

LEED Miljöbyggnad Enviromental 68% Enviromental 61% Economic 2% Economic 3% Social 30% Social 36%

Nordic Swan WELL Enviromental 83% Enviromental 2% Economic 1% Economic 1% Social 16% Social 97%

How do the dimensions compare | 143 How do the aspects compare

The graph on the right shows how Of the ten certifications, WELL stands the sustainable building certifications out by being primarily focused on break down into the 13 aspects health. The Living Building Challenge included in the analysis P1. The puts significant weight on aspects aspects given the most focus across in the social dimension such as the ten certification systems are architecture, contribution to existing resources from the environmental environment, and social responsibility. dimension and health from the Nordic Swan is marked by focusing social dimension. more on toxicity themes than any of the other certifications. DGNB is The aspects are handled very the only certification to significantly differently from certification to represent the economic aspect, certification. The resources aspect however, it can be argued that often focuses on energy and water economic aspects can follow from consumption and the metering many of the other aspects. of systems. Health includes all improvements to the indoor climate Reading this graph horizontally of a building. The environmental and making direct comparison impact aspect often consists of a Life across the respective certification Cycle Assessment (LCA) for either systems should be done carefully, buildings or building components, but since it only shows weighting and with variations in scope across the not ambition. The requirements certifications. The recycling aspect is within the respective systems are a broad category which contains both different and it would be misleading the use of recycled materials but also to conclude that the HQE certification design that eases future recycling of is more demanding than the DGNB the building elements. certification in terms of resource use. The overview in the graph rather Within the architecture aspect shows that out of the total amount many certifications have a large of criteria within HQE our analysis focus on contribution to the existing finds that approximately 24% of the environment in a positive way. HQE total amount of weighted criteria and Living Building Challenge both within the whole HQE system includes emphasise the right to natural light evaluation of resources, while it is and sun for both building residents 14% for DGNB. and the surrounding areas. WELL further focus on unique interior design and supporting functions for different human work and comfort needs.

144 | Comparison Active House Active BREEAM DGNB Star Green HQE LBC LEED Miljöbyggnad Swan Nordic WELL Environmental

9 16 9 20 6 5 8 11 2 % Environmental Impact

47 33 15 30 24 12 43 33 36 % Resources

<1 10 2 12 3 14 10 2 % Biodiversity

5 7 3 5 8 7 6 6 15 <1 % Recycling

4 7 1 11 28 1 % Toxicity

Economic

1 3 13 1 <1 2 % Life Cycle Costing

1 % Area Use

2 16 1 3 1 1 % Stability of Value

Social

<1 6 6 4 2 3 3 1 1 % Safety

34 16 21 19 53 11 18 36 13 83 % Health

1 2 8 3 2 24 2 6 % Architecture

<1 1 1 4 1 5 6 1 3 % Transport

3 4 1 2 12 1 1 4 % Social Responsibility

How do the aspects compare | 145 Applications Overview of the applications for the ten THE WAY TO PROGRESS certification systems.

Applicable Active House BREEAM DGNB Green Star HQE No noted use

*Excluding single family houses * **Only schools and pre-schools

146 | Comparison LBC LEED Miljöbyggnad Nordic Swan WELL

New buildings Residential

** New buildings Commercial

Interiors Residential

Interiors Commercial

Renovations Residential

Renovations Commercial

Existing buildings Residential

Existing buildings Commercial

Urban areas Residential and commercial

Applications | 147

Appendix

| 149 References

Certification Schemes Publications

C1 Active House - the specifications for P1 Analyse af bæredygtige residential buildings 2nd edition bygningscertificeringer - Supplerende The Active House Alliance, 2013 materiale til udgivelsen ”Guide to Sustainable Building Certifications” C2 BREEAM International New Construction SBi 2018:03 2016 Technical Manual SD233 2.0 P2 International Comparison of Sustainable BRE Global Ltd, 2016 Rating Tools Richard Reed, Anita Bilos, Sara Wilkinson, Karl- C3 DGNB system Denmark manual for Werner Schulte, 2009 kontorbygninger 2016 Green Building Council Denmark, 2016 P3 Our Common Future – Brundtland Report World Commission on Environment and C4 Green Star Design & As Built v1.2 Development, Oxford University Press, 1987 Green Building Council of Australia, 2017 P4 Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for C5 HQE Scheme environnemental performance Sustainable Development non residential building, Version: 01 Janvier United Nations, 2015 2016 Cerway, 2016 P5 The business case for green buildings World Green Building Council, 2013 C6 Living Building Challenge 3.1 – A Visionary Path to a Regenerative Future P6 Green building certification systems International Living Future Institute, 2016 Thilo Ebert, Natalie Eßig, Gerd Hauser, DETAIL, 2011 C7 LEED v4 for building design and construction P7 EN 15643-1:2010. Sustainability of U.S. Green Building Council, 2017 construction works – Sustainability assessment of buildings – Part 1: General C8 Miljöbyggnad 3.0 Bedömningskriterier för framework nyproducerade byggnader, Version 170510 CEN/TC 350, 2010 Sweden Green Building Council, 2017 P8 Bæredygtigt byggeri C9 Nordic Ecolabelling for small houses, Trafik- og Byggestyrelsen, 2016 apartment buildings and buildings for schools and pre-schools, Version 3.2, 09 P9 Export Profile 2016 Danish Architects, March 2016 ‒ 31 March 2020 Consulting Engineers and Contractors on Nordic Ecolabelling, 2016 Foreign Markets Danish Association of Architectural Firms, 2016 C10 The WELL Building Standard® v1 with 2017 addenda P10 Market Focus 2016, Investment market International WELL Building Institute, 2017 green buildings BNP Paribas, 2016

P11 The Valueof Green Star: A Decade of Environmental Benefits Research Key Findings Green Building Council of Australia, 2013

150 | Appendix Websites

W1 behqe.com W17 bullittcenter.org HQE, March 2018 Bullitt Center Vision, March 2018

W2 breeam.com W18 living-future.org BREEAM, March 2018 Living Building Challenge, March 2018

W3 new.usgbc.org W19 un.dk LEED, March 2018 UN City, April 2018

W4 vanzolini.org.br W20 miljobyggnad.se AQUA, March 2018 Miljöbyggnad, March 2018

W5 gbcsa.org.za W21 sgbc.se Green Star expands trought Africa, March 2018 Miljöbyggnad, March 2018

W6 activehouse.info W22 swedbank.lt Active House, March 2018 Swedbank Headquarters, April 2018

W7 greensolutionhouse.dk W23 nordic-ecolabel.org Green Solution House, April 2018 Nordic Swan, March 2018

W8 gxn.3xn.com W24 cobe.dk Green solution House, March 2018 Krøyers Plads, March 2018

W9 fornebu-s.no W25 wellcertified.com Fornebu S Miljøprofil, March 2018 WELL, Pricing, March 2018

W10 dgnb-system.de W26 phipps.conservatory.org DGNB, March 2018 Center for Sustainable Landscapes, March 2018 W11 dk-gbc.dk DGNB, EY Headquarters, March 2018

W12 3xn.com EY Headquarters, UN City, Swedbank Headquarters, March 2018

W13 new.gbca.org.au Green Star, March 2018

W14 1bligh.com.au 1 Bligh Street Sustainability, Awards, March 2018

W15 icade.fr ICADE Premier House, April 2018

W16 landaukindelbacher.de ICADE Premier House, March 2018

References | 151 People

GXN Expert Panel Kasper Guldager Jensen Gitte Gylling Founder and Director Chief Specialist, Rambøll Kåre Stokholm Poulsgaard Paul Stoller Head of Innovation Director, Atelier Ten Lasse Lind Stefan Holst Head of Consultancy Managing Partner, Transsolar Casper Østergaard Christensen Tiffany Broyles Yost Architect Associate, Arup Ole Skjelmose Architect Photographers Susan Jayne Carruth Adam Mørk Architect Page 32-33, 40, 52-53, 61,62, 96-97, 104, 106-107, 114 Kristian Knorr Jensen Denmarsh Photography Inc. Bachelor Architect Page 126-127, 135, 136 Ida Overgaard Canera H. G. Esch Intern Architect Page 64-65, 72 Jade Manbodh Nic Lehoux Intern Architect Page 84-85, 93, 94 Rasmus Hjortshøj – COAST – SBi Page 116-117, 122, 124 Harpa Birgisdottir Werner Huthmacher Senior Researcher Page 74-75, 81, 82 Regitze Kjær Zimmermann Research Assistant

152 | Appendix People | 153 Guide to Sustainable Building Certifications Published by SBi and GXN Funded by Realdania and The Dreyer Foundation

1st Edition PDF August 2018

ISBN 978-87-563-1881-5

Sustainable building certifications are increasingly used to ensure higher quality and advance sustainable agendas in construction. As a result, more and more certification systems are emerging, and they differ vastly in their focus and applications.

This guide presents a comprehensive analysis and comparison of ten relevant sustainable building certifications in a visual and accessible manner, to enable strategic comparison and assessment.

Guide to Sustainable Building Certifications is a collaboration between the Danish Building Research Institute – SBi, and the innovation company of 3XN Architects – GXN.