DOCSLIB.ORG

Space and Defence. (Engelsk Översättning Av FOI-R--0188--SE)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Space and Defence. (Engelsk Översättning Av FOI-R--0188--SE) FOI-R—0765—SE January 2003 ISSN 1650-1942 User report Editor: Lars Höstbeck Translator: Sandra Lindström Space and defence Systems Technology SE-172 90 Stockholm Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R—0765—SE Systems Technology January 2003 SE-172 90 Stockholm ISSN 1650-1942 User report Editor: Lars Höstbeck Translator: Sandra Lindström Space and defence Space and defence FOI-R--0765--SE Executive summary The importance of space assets has increased for both civilian and military applications. As the technology matures, the number of applications has grown. On a daily basis, most people use systems that in one way or another depend on space assets. FOI has carried out this study with the aim of creating an inventory of functions and challenges related to space assets that are of interest to the Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF). The study shows that space assets can be of use to the Swedish Armed Forces in a variety of ways. In Network Centric Warfare, space-based systems would seem to be important if not essential. Such systems could benefit the Swedish Armed Forces in all its four main tasks: to defend Sweden against armed attack, to uphold the territorial integrity of Sweden, to contribute to peace and safety to the world and to support Swedish society in times of crisis. Its greatest value would be in the field of international operations. In the short term, the fastest way to ensure access to space is to buy services from commercial actors. In the longer term, SwAF should develop a military space strategy. A prerequisite for such a space strategy is to increase our understanding of the threats and possibilities associated with the military applications of space technology. Three special areas of interest regarding space issues are satellite-related functions, anti-satellite systems and modification of the ionosphere. For satellite related functions there are a number of applications of military interest, for instance remote sensing, early warning of ballistic missiles, communication, navigation, NBC-indication, signal intelligence and strategic as well as tactical reconnaissance. One common factor for these applications is the need for an increase in our ability to gather and analyze information due to the fact that the amount of data available will increase with access to space-based sensor systems. There is extensive non-military knowledge about satellites today and the same is true for sensor systems that we might wish to mount on a satellite. The part that is missing is the knowledge about the combination of satellite and payload as a system for military use. Regarding anti-satellite systems there are several different threats aimed toward the satellite or its communication channels. There are not any anti-satellite 3 FOI-R--0765--SE Space and defence systems in operation right now but their existence ten years from now is possible. The possibility to interfere with the communication channel between the satellite and the ground station already exists today. Knowledge about these threats is essential to be able to appreciate threats against satellite systems and to estimate the risks of being dependent on satellite information for military needs. The ability to modify the ionosphere gives rise to a number of military applications. Basic research on this area is required to create the ability to evaluate the possibilities. There is considerable knowledge about the physics related to the ionosphere that is connected to the research about aurora borealis1 at the Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna, Sweden. There is no research regarding military applications in this area though. Given the expected value of space assets to the Swedish Armed Forces and the interest shown by other nations in space-related systems, the study suggests that a process for gathering knowledge and information about military applications of space assets should be initiated. Starting with armed forces requirements, a Swedish Armed Forces space policy should be developed so that military, civilian and commercial space assets are taken into consideration. Most important is to study how space-based systems can be used to support Swedish troops in peace support operations abroad and how to increase interoperability by knowledge about and access to space based systems owned by coalition parties. For the purpose of evaluating whether it is realistic for the Swedish Armed Forces to have their own military satellites or not, a study should be initiated to show a cost and feasibility analysis of a Swedish military satellite. A military strategy should concern Sweden’s need to use space. The question of how to acquire the capacity to launch satellites should be further studied from these needs. 1 Northern lights 4 Space and defence FOI-R--0765--SE Acknowledgements This report is an official translation of the Swedish report “Rymd och försvar” (Höstbeck, L. Rymd och försvar. Stockholm, FOI 2001, 50s. FOI-R--0188--SE, User report). The translation was carried out at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Division of Systems Technology. During 2002 a number of space related projects have been started within the Swedish Armed Forces and linked authorities. It is of interest to seek international cooperation in this area and therefore useful to have an English version of this report. RAND made a translation of this report mainly for their interest only but it was not a complete line-for-line translation. This document is put together based on their translation with some modifications and with supplementary information from the original report. FOI has a written permission to use RANDs version based on Gustav Lindstrom’s unofficial English translation, Space and Defence, January 2002, Santa Monica, CA:RAND. Copyright RAND 2002. Stockholm, Sweden 2003-01-07 Sandra Lindström 5 FOI-R--0765--SE Space and defence Table of contents 1 The mission ...........................................................................................................................7 2 Space – what, how and why? ................................................................................................9 2.1 How to map out space ..............................................................................................................9 2.2 Satellites..................................................................................................................................12 2.3 Launch and life limits.............................................................................................................13 2.4 Swedish satellites ....................................................................................................................15 2.5 Fighting systems and deterrence systems..............................................................................15 2.6 Affecting space from earth.....................................................................................................17 2.7 Space and Network Centric Warfare....................................................................................18 2.8 Laws in space..........................................................................................................................19 3 Strategies for engagements in space issues ........................................................................20 4 Military functions for and in space.....................................................................................22 4.1 Satellite related functions.......................................................................................................22 4.1.1 Remote sensing and weather satellites....................................................................................................22 4.1.2 Defence against ballistic missiles............................................................................................................23 4.1.3 Communication........................................................................................................................................26 a) Radio communication ..............................................................................................................................26 b) Optical communication............................................................................................................................27 4.1.4 Navigation ................................................................................................................................................28 4.1.5 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Indication.........................................................................................30 4.1.6 Signal Intelligence....................................................................................................................................32 4.1.7 Using satellites for strategic and tactical reconnaissance.......................................................................34 4.1.8 Receiving and analysis of data ................................................................................................................36 4.2 Countering satellites and sensor jamming ............................................................................36 4.2.1 Direct confrontation of satellite from ground or air ...............................................................................36 4.2.2 Communication and sensor jamming......................................................................................................38 4.2.3 Electromagnetic pulse..............................................................................................................................38
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris
    r bulletin 109 — february 2002 Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke FGAN Research Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg, Germany W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany Earth’s space-debris environment tracked, with estimates for the number of Today’s man-made space-debris environment objects larger than 1 cm ranging from 100 000 has been created by the space activities to 200 000. that have taken place since Sputnik’s launch in 1957. There have been more than 4000 The sources of this debris are normal launch rocket launches since then, as well as many operations (Fig. 2), certain operations in space, other related debris-generating occurrences fragmentations as a result of explosions and such as more than 150 in-orbit fragmentation collisions in space, firings of satellite solid- events. rocket motors, material ageing effects, and leaking thermal-control systems. Solid-rocket Among the more than 8700 objects larger than 10 cm in Earth orbits, motors use aluminium as a catalyst (about 15% only about 6% are operational satellites and the remainder is space by mass) and when burning they emit debris. Europe currently has no operational space surveillance aluminium-oxide particles typically 1 to 10 system, but a powerful radar facility for the detection and tracking of microns in size. In addition, centimetre-sized space debris and the imaging of space objects is available in the form objects are formed by metallic aluminium melts, of the 34 m dish radar at the Research Establishment for Applied called ‘slag’.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Systems
    Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • Orbital Debris: a Chronology
    NASA/TP-1999-208856 January 1999 Orbital Debris: A Chronology David S. F. Portree Houston, Texas Joseph P. Loftus, Jr Lwldon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas David S. F. Portree is a freelance writer working in Houston_ Texas Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Preface ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ ix The Chronology ............................................................................................................. 1 1961 ......................................................................................................................... 4 1962 ......................................................................................................................... 5 963 ......................................................................................................................... 5 964 ......................................................................................................................... 6 965 ......................................................................................................................... 6 966 ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2018 New Music Festival
    3 events I 10 world premieres I 55 performers Scott Wheeler, Composer-in Residence Lisa Leonard, Director January 19- January 21, 2018 SPOTLIGHT I:YOUNG COMPOSERS Friday, January 19 at 7:30 p.m. Étude électronique (2018) Matthew Carlton World Premiere (b. 1992) Fanfare for Duane for Brass Quintet (2016) Trevor Mansell World Premiere (b. 1996) Alexander Ramazanov, Abigail Rowland, trumpet Shaun Murray, French horn Nolan Carbin, trombone Helgi Hauksson, bass trombone Mitología de las Aguas Leo Brouwer I. Nacimiento del Amazonas (b.1939) II. El lago escondido de los Mayas III. El Salto del Angel IV. El Güije (duende) de los ríos de Cuba Emilio Rutllant, flute Sam Desmet, guitar Piano Sonata No.1 “Passato di Gloria” (2016) Alfredo Cabrera I. Scherzo Scuro – Cala l’oscurita – Scherzo Scuro (b. 1996) II. OmbrainPartenza III. La Rigidità di Movimento Matthew Calderon, piano INTERMISSION Three Selections from The Gardens (2017) Anthony Trujillo I. The Gardens (b. 1995) III. The Guardian IV. The Offering Teresa Villalobos, flute; Jonathan Hearn, oboe Christopher Foss, bassoon Isaac Fernandez & Tyler Flynt, percussion Darren Matias, piano Katherine Baloff & Yordan Tenev, violins William Ford-Smith, viola Elizabeth Lee, cello; Yu-Chen Yang, bass Reminiscent Waters (2016) Matthew Carlton Sodienye Finebone, tuba Kristine Mezines, piano Five Variations on a Gregorian Chant (2016) Trevor Mansell World Premiere Guzal Isametdinova, piano Homage to Scott Joplin (2017) Trevor Mansell World Premiere Darren Matias, piano Kartoffel Tondichtung für Solo Viola und Reciter (2016) Commisssioned by Miguel Sonnak Alfredo Cabrera Text: Joseph Stroud Kayla Williams, viola Alfredo Cabrera, reciter Six Variations on Arirang (2017) Trevor Mansell Trevor Mansell, oboe John Issac Roles, bassoon Darren Matias, piano Lucidity (2016) Matthew Carlton Guzal Isametdinova, piano; Joshua Cessna, celeste; Darren Matias, electric organ MASTER CLASS with SCOTT WHEELER Saturday, January 20 at 1:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Debris Proceedings
    THE UPDATED IAA POSITION PAPER ON ORBITAL DEBRIS W Flury 1), J M Contant 2) 1) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, German, E-mail: [email protected] 2) EADS, Launch Vehicle, SD-DC, 78133 Les Mureaux Cédex, France, E-mail: [email protected] orbit, altitude 35786 km; HEO = high Earth orbit ABSTRACT (apogee above 2000 km). Being concerned about the space debris problem which After over 40 years of international space operations, poses a threat to the future of spaceflight, the more than 26,000 objects have been officially International Academy of Astronautics has issued in cataloged, with approximately one-third of them still in 1993 the Position Paper on Orbital Debris. The orbit about the Earth (Fig. 2). "Cataloged" objects are objectives were to evaluate the need and urgency for objects larger than 10-20 cm in diameter for LEO and 1 action and to indicate ways to reduce the hazard. Since m in diameter in higher orbits, which are sensed and then the space debris problem has gained more maintained in a database by the United States Space attention. Also, several debris preventative measures Command's Space Surveillance Network (SSN). have been introduced on a voluntary basis by designers Statistical measurements have determined that a much and operators of space systems. The updated IAA larger number of objects (> 100,000) 1cm in size or Position Paper on Orbital Debris takes into account larger are in orbit as well. These statistical the evolving space debris environment, new results of measurements are obtained by operating a few special space debris research and international policy radar facilities in the beam-park mode, where the radar developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Mdu Proposal
    ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 1 Contract Number 14069/99/NL/SB ESA Space Weather Study Space Segment Options Technical Note for WP420 Prepared by: Date: 11th Dec 2001 S. Eckersley Checked by: Date: 11th Dec 2001 M. Snelling © Astrium Ltd 2014 Astrium Ltd owns the copyright of this document which is supplied in confidence and which shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and shall not in whole or in part be reproduced, copied, or communicated to any person without written permission from the owner. Astrium Ltd Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2AS, England ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 3 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 9 4. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 11 4.1 Timing ................................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2
    [Show full text]
  • SPACE : Obstacles and Opportunities
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bstacles and Opportunities Rapporteur’s Report Alan Smith Canada -UK Colloquium, 19 -21 November 2015 The University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre Glasgow Canada -UK Council School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University ii !"#$%&%'(&!$%'#) !"#$%&&#"'()* ' !"#$%&'()*% # %# # %#%*%#)%( ) %$( ()%($%%# %$%*( % #% ) %% $#% '$#$) !%"( % #%($" %)*% #"# % " '$)% #$ % $(%*)% % #% &#"# #% $ ($%% #)% '% &' #'% &)*% ! ) #"(#!% () $% )*% *% # % % )*% + #$% & #% !%$% #)% () % )*$"%% $) % ($% )*% ,)* "#$ % # % )*% #$% # ) * (( )% #$ % # % #$% ($ ) '$)% ($- )!% "( % # "% # % ($" % #% '($#-$% % )*$"%% " '$)% . #% $(%*)% *# # % $% + #$'% #$ % / (#$% #)""() 0'% 1)% '#$#%'$)% #$ % # ) * ( !% 2$% *% *% 1($ % $( ()% 3""%% $ $4 % 5""# % & #% &($% # #) '% ($(-#""% # % "# % % )) % * ( '%$)#""%'($%%( ) %#$ %"# %% # )'$)%.6**70!%2$%% *% # % '# % #% % % )) % * ( !%
    [Show full text]
  • Space Security 2010
    SPACE SECURITY 2010 spacesecurity.org SPACE 2010SECURITY SPACESECURITY.ORG iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Space Security 2010 ISBN : 978-1-895722-78-9 © 2010 SPACESECURITY.ORG Edited by Cesar Jaramillo Design and layout: Creative Services, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Cover image: Artist rendition of the February 2009 satellite collision between Cosmos 2251 and Iridium 33. Artwork courtesy of Phil Smith. Printed in Canada Printer: Pandora Press, Kitchener, Ontario First published August 2010 Please direct inquires to: Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541, ext. 708 Fax: 519-888-0018 Email: [email protected] iv Governance Group Cesar Jaramillo Managing Editor, Project Ploughshares Phillip Baines Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada Dr. Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University John Siebert Project Ploughshares Dr. Jennifer Simons The Simons Foundation Dr. Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation Advisory Board Hon. Philip E. Coyle III Center for Defense Information Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Theresa Hitchens United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Dr. John Logsdon The George Washington University (Prof. emeritus) Dr. Lucy Stojak HEC Montréal/International Space University v Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction PAGE 11 Acknowledgements PAGE 13 Executive Summary PAGE 29 Chapter 1 – The Space Environment:
    [Show full text]
  • Le Rôle Du Cnes Dans L'écosystème Spatial Français
    NUMÉRO 38 JUIN - JUILLET 2019 LETTRE 3AF La revue de la société savante Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace 20 JUILLET 1969 NUMÉRO SPÉCIAL MISSION APOLLO 11 ESPACE KOUROU, 25 SEPTEMBRE 2018 100E LANCEMENT D’ARIANE 5 UTILISATION DE L’ESPACE NEWSPACE : THE FRENCH TOUCH ASTRONAUTIX, UN CENTRE SPATIAL ÉTUDIANT À L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE NUMÉRO 38 JUIN - JUILLET 2019 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 3 ÉDITORIAL 44 METTRE L’ESPACE AU SERVICE D’UNE SOCIÉTÉ INNOVANTE 4 MESSAGES DU PRÉSIDENT par Isabelle Bénézeth, Audrey Briand ET DU VICE-PRÉSIDENT et Alain Wagner (groupe de travail ALAIN WAGNER Applications du COSPACE) 47 NEWSPACE : THE FRENCH TOUCH PRÉFACES par Patrick Mauté (TAS) 5 FLORENCE PARLY 50 DE MARS AU NEWSPACE : ministre des Armées LES ÉQUIPEMENTIERS, UN ATOUT 6 FRÉDÉRIQUE VIDAL DU SPATIAL FRANÇAIS ministre de l’Enseignement supérieur, de par Franck Poirrier (SODERN) la Recherche et de l’Innovation. 52 RÔLE DES MICRO-SATELLITES DANS LA SURVEILLANCE MARITIME LES ORGANISMES par Amélie Proust (CFL) NATIONAUX 54 L’INITIATIVE FÉDÉRATION 7 LE SPATIAL OU QUAND LE TEMPS par Damien Hartmann (Open Space LONG PERMET D’ALLER VITE Makers) par Jean-Yves Le Gall (CNES) 12 L’ONERA ET L’ESPACE par Bruno Sainjon (ONERA) LES JEUNES ET L’ESPACE 17 LE RÔLE DU CNES DANS 59 LES NANOSATELLITES L’ÉCOSYSTÈME SPATIAL FRANÇAIS UNIVERSITAIRES DE ÉDITEUR par Lionel Suchet (CNES) MONTPELLIER Association Aéronautique 20 LA RECHERCHE SPATIALE EN par Laurent Dusseau (Centre Spatial et Astronautique de France MODE COLLABORATIF À L’ONERA Universitaire de Montpellier) 6, rue Galilée, 75116 Paris par Jean-Claude Traîneau (ONERA) 62 LE SECRET PARTAGÉ ENTRE LES Tél.
    [Show full text]
  • The UK's Future in Space
    The UK's Future in Space Commercial Small Satellites in the Military Domain Prof. Sir Martin Sweeting FRS FREng Executive Chairman Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd “Doing Space Differently” 2019 Space is now an essential infrastructure for all national economies, their well-being and security Communications Timing & positioning Land use/environment Climate & Disasters In 2019, everyone has access to space Space is no longer the preserve of super-powers or the most technically-advanced or wealthy of nations … 2,063 active satellites orbiting the Earth Total Military 901 United States 176 300 China 70 153 Russia 74 709 Rest of World 50? France Israel India Germany UCS Satellite Database UK The emergence of small, highly capable but inexpensive satellites has put sophisticated space assets with reach of every nation The UK pioneered modern small satellites The world’s first modern ‘micro-satellite’ launched in 1981 exploiting the enormous investments & developments in ‘COTS’ consumer micro-electronics to build small satellites at a fraction of the normal cost and timescales… Decades -> months Tonnes -> kg £Bn -> £M This has catalysed a totally new commercial and institutional approach to space -- ‘ NewSpace ’ Small satellites – changed the economics of space Science Navigation Communications Earth Observation Minisat Microsat Nanosat 500kg 50kg 5kg The UK led the way… 1985: UoSAT-2 provided global store-&-forward email – before the internet 2001: UoSAT-12 became the world's first web server in space 2005: UK-DMC carrying a Cisco router demonstrated
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents for 2015
    TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR 2015 Terms and Conditions Page 2 Climate Zones Page 5 Fruit Trees Page 6 Nut Trees Page 29 Small Fruit Page 31 Roses Page 42 Shrubs Page 59 Japanese Maples Page 84 Flowering Trees Page 87 Shade Trees Page 97 Evergreen Shrubs Page 106 Evergreen Trees Page 121 Vines Page 127 Water Gardens Page 130 Bulk and Bagged Products Page 132 Ground Covers Page 133 Perennials Page 144 Grasses Page 186 NOTICE *All items F.O.B Valley Nursery Inc., Uintah, Utah. *Prices are based on present marking conditions and are subject to change without notice. Past fuel cost continue to impact the price of plants. *These prices cancel all previously published prices. Grade standards are those adopted by the A.A.N. TERMS *Our terms are CASH. We honor VISA, MASTER CARD. DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS and DEBIT cards. *Utah State sales tax will be charged to all customers, unless a Valid Utah Resale Tax number to provide to prior time of purchase. *All plant returns must be in good condition and returned within 48 hours of purchase with a receipt. A restocking fee of 25% will be added to all returned items. *There are NO RETURNS on CHEMICALS, GRASS SEED, BEDDING PLANTS, VEGETABLE STARTS AND VEGETABLE SEEDS. NOTICE *All newly planted plants especially Barberry, Potentilla and Spirea, require hand watering at a very slow rate on the root area, that’s the roots now in the pot, until established. *Non-Established, are plants that have recently been planted bare root and the roots are still loose in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Space Debris Causes, Mitigations, and Issues Crosslink in THIS ISSUE Fall 2015 Vol
    ® CrosslinkThe Aerospace Corporation magazine of advances in aerospace technology Fall 2015 Understanding Space Debris Causes, Mitigations, and Issues Crosslink IN THIS ISSUE Fall 2015 Vol. 16 No. 1 2 Space Debris and The Aerospace Corporation Contents Ted Muelhaupt 2 FEATURE ARTICLES The state of space debris—myths, facts, and Aerospace's work in the 58 BOOKMARKS field. 60 BACK PAGE 4 A Space Debris Primer Roger Thompson Earth’s orbital environment is becoming increasingly crowded with debris, posing threats ranging from diminished capability to outright destruction of on-orbit assets. 8 Predicting the Future Space Debris Environment Alan Jenkin, Marlon Sorge, Glenn Peterson, John McVey, and Bernard Yoo The Aerospace Corporation’s ADEPT simulation is being used to On the cover: Mary Ellen Vojtek and Marlon Sorge assess the effectiveness of mitigation practices on reducing the future examine a recently created debris cloud using an orbital debris population. Aerospace visualization tool that displays cloud boundaries and density over time. In the days after an explosion or collision, the resulting debris cloud is at its most dense, presenting its biggest hazard to 14 First Responders in Space: The Debris Analysis operational satellites. Response Team Brian Hansen, Thomas Starchville, and Felix Hoots Visit the Crosslink website at Aerospace has been providing quick situational awareness to www.aerospace.org/publications/crosslink- government decision-makers concerned about the effects of magazine energetic space breakups. Copyright © 2015 The Aerospace Corporation. All rights re- served. Permission to copy or reprint is not required, but ap- propriate credit must be given to Crosslink and The Aerospace 22 Keeping Track: Space Surveillance for Operational Support Corporation.
    [Show full text]