Spatial Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration and Irrigation

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Spatial Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Spatial estimation of actual evapotranspiration and irrigation volumes using water and energy balance models forced by optical remote sensing data (VIS/NIR/TIR) Sameh Saadi To cite this version: Sameh Saadi. Spatial estimation of actual evapotranspiration and irrigation volumes using water and energy balance models forced by optical remote sensing data (VIS/NIR/TIR). Hydrology. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III; Université de Carthage (Tunisie), 2018. English. NNT : 2018TOU30008. tel-02022674 HAL Id: tel-02022674 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02022674 Submitted on 18 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. وما استعصى على قوم منال إذا اﻹقدام كان لهم ركابا وما نيل المطالب بالتمنـي ولكن تؤخذ الدنيا غﻻبا أحمد شوقي Soyez réalistes, demandez l'impossible ! Slogan de Mai 68 Dédicaces À la mémoire de la grande dame, ma grand-mère MIMA HADHRIA, qui en quittant le navire il y'a de cela quatre années, a œuvré bien malgré elle à mon passage vers le monde des grands. À la mémoire de ma chère grand-mère HABIBA. À mon cher Papa MUSTAPHA. Tu as été le premier à m’encourager à aller si loin dans mes études. Tu m’as inculqué le goût du travail, de la rigueur et de l’ambition. J’ai voulu mener à terme cette thèse pour que tu sois toujours fier de moi. Merci Papa pour ton soutien, ta confiance, tes sacrifices; merci pour tout. Je te dédie ce travail modeste qui est pour toi et grâce à toi. À la plus belle créature sur terre, à cette source de tendresse, de patience et de générosité, à Mama NAJOUA. Tu m’as toujours poussé et motivé dans mes études. Sans toi, je n'aurais certainement pas fait d'études longues. Cette thèse représente l'aboutissement du soutien et des encouragements que tu m'as prodigués. Que tu te sois remerciée par cette trop modeste dédicace. À mon âme sœur, mon mari AKRAM. Sans ton soutien moral et matériel, tes conseils, tes encouragements et tes énormes sacrifices, ce travail n'aurait jamais vu le jour. Que dieu réunisse nos chemins pour un long commun serein. C'est à toi mon adorable ange, ma joie, mon petit trésor que maman dédie ce travail pour te dire que tu resteras pour toujours le rayon du soleil qui égaye sa vie. Je t’aime YOUSSEF et je te souhaite tout le bonheur du monde. À mon ange gardien et mon fidèle compagnon dans les moments les plus délicats de cette vie, mon cher frère ANIS. Je te dédie ce travail avec tous mes vœux de bonheur, de santé et de réussite, ainsi qu’à ta douce femme RACHIDA. À mes beaux-parents ABDELHAFIDH et EMNA, merci pour votre tendresse, affection et énorme aide, ainsi qu’à mes beaux-frères et belle-sœur. Vous m’avez accueilli à bras ouverts dans votre famille. Je vous dédie ce travail en témoignage de l’attachement, de l’amour et de l’affection que je porte pour vous. À TOUTA. Merci pour ton amour sincère et ta présence continue. À mes chers oncles SADOK et SOFIENE. Que Dieu vous donne santé et longue vie. Sameh Dedication To the memory of MIMA HADHRIA and of my grandmother HABIBA. To my dear father MUSTAPHA, who made me what I am today, who gave me all the love, support and encouragement for what I would remain grateful. To my dear mother NAJOUA, who has never ceased to surround me with her affection and her most delicate attentions all along my life and to whom I have an unwavering devotion. To my soul mate, my understanding and patient husband AKRAM who has been a great source of motivation and inspiration. To my little angel, my baby YOUSSEF. May God bless you. To my dear brother ANIS who shared all my moments with a lot of joy and encouragement, and to his sweet wife RACHIDA. To my parents-in-law ABD EL HAFIDH and EMNA, brothers-in-law and sister- in-law. To my uncles TOUTA, SADOK and SOFIENE. Sameh Remerciement J'ai toujours imaginé que la rédaction de cette page me serait particulièrement savoureuse. La cerise sur le gâteau en quelque sorte. Au cours de ces 4 années, j'ai longuement eu le loisir d'imaginer cet instant. C'était un bon leitmotiv qui m'a porté dans les bons comme dans les moments les plus durs. Je remercie ALLAH de m’avoir donné la grâce et la force pour continuer jusqu’à la fin et ne jamais baisser les bras. Pourtant à cet instant, je dois avouer que le doux sentiment de saveur escompté est légèrement entaché d'une pointe de nostalgie. Certains souvenirs affluent en moi au moment même où je franchis la ligne. Il n'est pas si aisé de ponctuer 4 années riches en rencontres et en apprentissage ; et ceci malgré un nouveau quotidien nettement plus enviable que ces derniers mois de labeur. C'est donc dans un état d'esprit mitigé que je rédige ces quelques lignes afin de remercier toutes les personnes qui ont contribué implicitement ou explicitement à l'ensemble de ce travail. À mon directeur de thèse, Mr Gilles Boulet et mon Co-encadrant, Mr Vincent Simonneaux pour la confiance et la liberté qu’ils m’ont accordés pour mener à bien ce doctorat. Malgré la distance, ils ont su être disponibles et à l’écoute à chaque moment décisif. Leurs soutiens m’ont permis d’aller jusqu’au bout de cette belle aventure sans difficulté et dans un climat amical et détendu. J’ai beaucoup apprécié la multitude de leurs idées et critiques constructives. J’aurais difficilement pu imaginer mieux comme encadrement. À ma directrice de thèse, Mme Zohra Lili Chabaane, qui m’a fait confiance dès mon arrivée. Merci pour m’avoir aiguillée et donné ma chance en me confiant ce projet de thèse. Merci pour votre écoute et votre efficacité qui m’ont permis de garder le cap et de ne jamais me décourager ! Vos grandes qualités humaines et scientifiques m’auront permis de mener à bien cette thèse. Aux Mr Mahmoud Elyes Hamza et Mr Faiçal Ben Jeddi, directeurs de l’Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie INAT, Mr Yann Kerr et Mr Laurent Polidoro, directeurs du Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère CESBIO et Mr Olivier Pringault, directeur de l’institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD. Aux membres de mon comité de thèse, Mme Valérie Demarez, Mr Salah Er-raki et Mr Netij Ben Mechlia pour leurs commentaires et pistes de recherche. À Mr Mladen Todorovic et Mr Albert Olioso d'avoir accepté être rapporteurs de cette thèse. Leurs commentaires et leurs questions tant sur la forme que sur le fond du manuscrit, ont contribué à l’améliorer de manière significative. Je tiens également à remercier Mr Hamadi Habaieb, Mme Hedia Chakroun, Mr Said Khabba et Mr Jean Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry pour avoir accepté d'être membres du jury de cette thèse. À Mme Zeineb Kessouk pour ses encouragements ainsi qu’à tout le personnel de l’IRD-CESBIO : Mr Bernard Mougenot, Mr Hassan Ayari, Mr Pascal Fanise, Mr Michèle Lepage, Mme Dominique Tarrise, Mme Valérie Le Dantec, Mme Anne-Marie Ouertani, Mme Rim Ouannes et Mr Messouaf Ahmed. Une pensée particulière à tous les membres du LMI TREMA, professeurs et doctorants, qui m'ont chaleureusement accueillie lors de mon séjour à Marrakech. À tous ceux qui m’ont entouré pendant ces 4 années, c’était que du bonheur. Et certains collègues sont devenus des amis : Azza, Nesrine, Safa, Amal, Wafa, Nissaf, Ons, Fajr, Nadhima, Nesrine, Raja, Hamza, Marouen et Houssem. Je n’oublierai jamais nos discours interminables autour de la table de déjeuner, ni les beaux moments de jogging, de shopping, de vélo, et les fous rires avec Azza à Toulouse, ni les ruptures du jeûne du fameux Ramadan 2017 avec Safa et Wafa au campus IAS. Aux amis d’ici et d’ailleurs. Ils ont tous été les gardiens de mon équilibre psychologique durant ces quatre ans. Ils sont tellement nombreux à m’avoir soutenu... je n’ai pas besoin de les citer, ils se reconnaitront. Je vous aime ! Aux membres de ma famille. Une chose est sûre, je n’aurais rien pu faire sans vous ! Tout ce que vous avez fait signifie tellement pour moi. Je vous adore ! Je vous dédie cette thèse, elle est à vous, pour vous, grâce à vous ! Sameh Janvier, 2018 Acknowledgment First, I thank ALLAH for giving me grace to endure until the end. My deep gratitude is expressed to my supervisors Mr. Gilles Boulet, Mr. Vincent Simonneaux and Mrs. Zohra Lili Chabaane for guidance of my PhD thesis, precious advice, relevant remarks and never-ending support. It was a great honor and pleasure to work with you. Thanks for all the time devoted to me. I would like to express my deep thanks to Mr. Mahmoud Elyes Hamza and Mr. Faiçal Ben Jeddi, Directors of the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia INAT, Mr. Yann Kerr and Mr. Laurent Polidoro, Directors of the Center for Space Studies of the BIOsphere CESBIO and Mr. Olivier Pringault, Director of the Research Institute for Development IRD.
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