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Chapter 6 The Nation Expands

May 18, 1862 Williams Creek

Dear Joe, I am well and so are all the rest of the boys. I am writing you a few lines to let you know that I am well, and doing well – making two to three thousand dollars a day! Times good! Grub high. Whisky bad. Money plenty!

Yours truly, William Cunningham

In the 1850s and 1860s, the people in Canada In no time, the word spreads: “There is and the Atlantic colonies are occupied with gold on the Fraser River!” Miners who had dreaming and talking about union. But on the been digging in the gold mines of California Pacific coast, people are buzzing about some- pack up and head north. Business people sell thing else—gold! out and join the crowd going to British In 1857, Aboriginal people on the Columbia to get rich. The gold rush in the in present valley of the Fraser River is in full swing. gold nuggets in exchange for goods in the Hudson’s Bay store in . The Hudson’s Bay Company official does not know the value of the Predicting mineral. He sends the gold nuggets 1. What effect do you think the discovery of gold will to Victoria to . have on the colony of British Columbia? Explain. Douglas sends word back to get all 2. How do you think people in the British colonies to the this metal that he can: it is gold! east will react to the news?

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Gold on the Fraser Catherine Schubert was Since 1849, Island had been a British the only woman crown colony. The Hudson’s Bay Company was among a group of responsible for settling the island. But the goldseekers called Company was more interested in the fur trade the Overlanders of and did little to encourage settlement. In 1858, ’62.These hardy when the gold rush started, the settlement of travellers set off Fort Victoria on was a little from Fort Garry village of only a few hundred people. westward across Suddenly that summer, more than 20 000 the prairies in carts miners swarmed into town. Strangers piled into and wagons.There the trading post to buy food and equipment. were no roads, only They wanted salt pork, pick-axes, flour, and fry- trails to follow.The greatest obstacle was ing pans. The little town of Victoria was the Rocky Mountains. changed into a bustling city of tents, shacks, The only way over the and over 200 stores. mountains was to find a pass, Miners left from Victoria for the Fraser such as the Athabasca Pass, and make the River on anything that would float. Fistfights climb on foot or snowshoe.The last part of broke out for places on the steamers. Those the trip was by boat down the Columbia who were too impatient to wait for the River with its dangerous rapids to Fort steamships set out in canoes, rowboats, or Vancouver. Catherine Schubert gave birth to even rafts. a daughter the day she arrived in Kamloops.

NORTH AMERICA BRITISH COLUMBIA Ft. England Victoria Garry Québec EUROPE St. Paul Pacific Ocean San Francisco New York Atlantic Ocean AFRICA Colon ROUTES TO Darien Isthmus of BRITISH COLUMBIA, Panama 1862 SOUTH SOUTHAMPTON/COLON/ AMERICA SAN FRANCISCO/VICTORIA LIVERPOOL/SAN FRANCISCO/ VICTORIA LIVERPOOL/NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO/VICTORIA LIVERPOOL/NEW YORK/ or QUÉBEC/FT. GARRY/VICTORIA

People in England were also lured to British Columbia by the news of gold.There were three main routes to British Columbia from England. Describe these routes shown on this map.Which do you think is the shortest? Which would be the most challenging? Why? 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 76

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Gold Seekers Detail

Barkerville . R Fra Quesnel oo se b r R. ri a Quesnel Present provincial boundary Quesnel R. C C Lake ar ibo o M ou C nta h ins ilc Stikine R. ot in R F . r a Road s e BRITISH r R i COLUMBIA v e

r

Lillooet . a R en ke S R Kamloops

o

c

k

y

Queen M

Charlotte o u Islands Fort George n t a i n N s

Quesnel New 0 50 100 km Ca ri bo Westminster r o e M v i o u R n CANADA r ta Fort Langley e i s n

a s

Vancouver r Island F Kamloops

Fort Victoria N UNITED STATES THE

0 200 400 km

One method of finding gold was by panning. Miners used a metal pan with sloping sides.They loosened the gravel in the stream bed with their pick-axes and shovelled it into their pans.Then they filled the pan with water and tilted it away from themselves slightly. Since gold is so heavy, it sinks to the bottom of the pan.The miners kept tilting the pan until all the light gravel had washed out. All that was left was fine black sand, and if the miner was lucky, flakes of gold. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 77

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British Columbia Is rush, passed an act creating the colony of Created British Columbia on the mainland. At that time, James Douglas was governor of Vancouver the mainland was still known as New Island. He had no power on the Fraser River. Caledonia. James Douglas was appointed gov- Nevertheless he believed that as the Queen’s ernor of British Columbia as well as Vancouver representative, he had to do all he could to Island. At the same time, the British appointed keep law and order. The mainland had no gov- , nicknamed “The ernment though it was recognized as British Hanging Judge,” as judge in British Columbia. territory. During the summer of 1858, Douglas Together, James Douglas and Judge Begbie made several trips up the Fraser when he heard kept the gold rush in British Columbia from there was stealing and quarrelling over claims. being as violent as the gold rush in California. He was accompanied by a group of Royal By the end of the summer of 1858, about Engineers armed with a cannon. He told the $500 000 worth of gold had been taken out of miners that they were in British territory. They the Fraser River area. Many of the people who must obey British law or be punished. came looking for gold went home then, think- The British Parliament, hearing of the gold ing it had all been found.

In 1862, a British sailor named Billy Barker made a great new gold find in the Cariboo Mountains of British Columbia.Within a few weeks, a collection of shanties sprang up around Billy Barker’s claim. It was named and grew into a town of 10 000.There were hotels, music halls, dance halls, saloons, gambling houses, and stores. Prices were sky high! A barrel of flour cost $300 and potatoes cost $20 per kg. A bottle of champagne sold for about 62 g of gold. A quick dance with a dance hall girl cost $10. For ten years, the Cariboo region boomed. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 78

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Gold in the Cariboo Barkerville. When the road was finished, it A few years later, a great new gold find was opened the entire Cariboo for settlement. made farther up the Fraser River in the Cariboo Miners began to bring in their families and set- Mountains. Once again, American miners began tle there. Ranchers drove herds of cattle north pouring into British Columbia. and began an important industry that exists In 1862, Billy Barker made his famous find. today. He and his friends started digging in a mine But the gold rushes and the shaft. They were digging down through the had a negative impact on Aboriginal peoples in earth to reach the bedrock, where they hoped the area. Miners ignored Aboriginal claims to the gold rested. At 16 m they hit pay dirt. Billy land in their rush to stake out new gold finds. kept on digging. Another 8 m farther down he As they panned for gold in the rivers, they found a rich vein of gold in the rock. In the first interfered with Aboriginal fishing weirs, raided 48 hours, he took out $1000 worth of gold. The their villages, and damaged their sacred burial boom was on! sites. Road building pushed animals out of tra- ditional hunting areas. The government did The Cariboo Road nothing to stop the miners and settlers from Governor Douglas decided that a good wagon disrupting Aboriginal lands and ways of life. road was needed along the Fraser River to There was another problem. The Cariboo Road had cost almost $1 million. It was more than the new colony could afford. As the gold began to run out, hundreds of people left the area. Both colonies, Vancouver Island and British Columbia, suf- fered from financial problems. They saw that it would be cheaper if they had one Assembly and functioned as one colony. In 1866, they were united and kept the name of British Columbia.

The Royal Engineers who built the Cariboo Road had an almost impossible task. In places they had to blast through solid rock. They had to span the river with high bridges on wooden trestles. Sometimes huge trees had to be piled high on one another to pro- vide a solid base for the road. This painting of the Cariboo Road is by artist Rex Woods. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 79

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The Great Camel Catastrophe

In the 1860s, a herd of 23 camels was imported to haul freight into the Cariboo gold fields. It was said that the camels were capable of packing very heavy loads, much heavier than what mules could carry.These camels were supposed to be able to live in extreme summer heat and excessively cold winters. The experiment seemed doomed from the beginning. No sooner were the ani- mals unloaded than two broke loose and wandered for months in the lush forests. They caused the death of an old man who met one on a lonely trail and dropped dead from a heart attack. It was soon discovered that the camels could not travel the rocky trails with ease because their feet were used to desert sands.Their drivers did not like the camels because the stench of them stuck to their clothing.The owners hoped that the camels’ long legs would permit them to wade through the deep snow. But it didn’t work. Several camels and drivers were lost in fierce blizzards. When spring came, there was more trouble.The camels spooked the mule trains and caused some of the mules to plunge to their deaths in the deep canyons. The owners of the mule trains were outraged. Before guns started blazing, the camel project was abandoned and the animals were sent back to Victoria.The last remaining camel in British Columbia died on a farm in 1905. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 80

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British Columbia Enters On 10 May 1870, three delegates left Confederation Victoria for Ottawa. They met with Sir John A. In the late 1860s, the new colony of British Macdonald and his officials. They told Columbia was still in financial trouble. People Macdonald that British Columbia was inter- began to realize that they would probably have ested in joining Confederation if proper terms to be part of a large country if they were going could be worked out. to prosper. They had three possible choices. British Columbia asked for responsible gov- ernment just as the other provinces had. It also 1. British Columbia could remain a British wanted Canada to take over its heavy debts, colony. However, many people felt that the especially those connected with the building of colony was too far from Britain and too the Cariboo Road. Finally, Canada would have weak on its own. to build a wagon road across the prairies and through the mountains to link British Columbia 2. The colony could join the United States. to the East. Many of the miners came from the United It had long been Macdonald’s dream to link States. But, when a petition was circulated Canada to the Pacific. The new province would in 1869, only 104 of 10 000 people in the also provide Canada with tremendous amounts colony signed it to say they wanted to join of natural resources, such as gold and lumber. the United States. Therefore, Canada agreed to accept British Columbia’s terms. To its surprise, Macdonald 3. British Columbia could join the Canadian went even further. Confederation. The British government British Columbia had asked for a wagon favoured this, and so did many people in road; Macdonald promised a railway. The rail- the colony. In Canada, they could live under way would be started in two years and com- the British flag, have their own provincial pleted within ten. The new province would be Assembly, and elect representatives to linked to the East by a steel ribbon. On 20 July Parliament in Ottawa. 1871, British Columbia entered the Dominion of Canada.

Skill Building: Creating History Cards

Collecting sports cards or cards of popular stars Key Steps from TV or movies is a fascinating hobby. On the 1. Choose an important woman or man in front of the card is a photograph of the person. Canadian history, for example, any of the Fathers On the back you read a brief biography.The of Confederation, Mary Ann Shadd, Harriet biography or profile outlines the highlights of Tubman, or Billy Barker. the person’s life and achievements. Knowing about the lives of important 2. Decide on the key questions you want to women and men makes Canadian history come answer about this person’s life.Work with an alive too.You can create history cards with short outline. profiles of a hero or heroine’s life. Resources in your classroom or library and on the Internet 3. Locate information. Look at biographies, can give you the information you need to com- diaries, letters, and newspaper reports about the plete your historical profile. person.Try to photocopy a picture of the person 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 81

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you are writing about or create an illustration History Card Outline or cartoon.

4. Make a point-form summary of the infor- Topic sentence mation you collect following your outline. 1st paragraph Background information: 5. Start with an interesting topic sentence • birth and early life that clearly tells what the paragraph is about. • personal characteristics Use your outline as you write the details of • beliefs and goals the paragraph. Make sure your paragraph has unity and coherence. End with a concluding 2nd paragraph Important events and sentence that sums up the whole paragraph. accomplishments in life

6. Finally, create your history card.Tape or 3rd paragraph Historical importance and glue the picture of the personality on the front contribution to Canadian of a piece of cardboard and write your short history profile on the back. Make your card whatever size and shape you want. Be creative! Concluding sentence

Sample History Card

Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie Born: 1819 Died: 1894 Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie was British Columbia’s first judge. He was sent from Britain in November 1858 to bring law and order to one of the toughest and most lawless groups of people in America - the gold miners. Judge Begbie was a lawyer in Britain before he came to British Columbia. A tall, dignified man, he nevertheless quickly adapted to the rough new environment and became well respected. He held court in a tent, saloon, miner’s cabin, or on horseback in the wilderness if necessary. Judge Begbie’s main tasks were to protect Aboriginal peoples and keep order among the miners. He performed these tasks admirably. He was known as the “hanging judge,” but he never hanged a person the jury didn’t convict and hanging was the legal penalty for murder at the time. In 1871 when British Columbia joined Confederation, Judge Begbie became the chief justice for the new province. In 1874, he was knighted by Queen Victoria for his work. Judge Begbie’s major contribution was in ensuring that the gold rush in British Columbia was as orderly as possible. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 82

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New Territories Join the original settlers. They had come with Lord Canada Selkirk when he established the colony in 1811. At the time of Confederation, the vast western Settlers in the Red River had sent petitions to area of Rupert’s Land and the Red River London about the way the Hudson’s Bay Settlement were governed by the Hudson’s Bay Company was ruling their settlement. They felt Company. For 150 years or more no one, except they did not have the rights and privileges Aboriginal peoples and fur traders, cared very British subjects should enjoy. They said they much about this western wilderness. But after would prefer to be part of Canada. Confederation, the people of Canada began Canada decided to send delegates to dreaming of taking over these vast lands. If England to see if the Hudson’s Bay Company the West was turned into farms, their children would sell its empire to Canada. Of course, the could settle there under the British flag. Many Company was in no hurry to give up its claim people felt that the Hudson’s Bay Company had to the land. Finally, a price was agreed upon. held the land for too long. They began to dream The Hudson’s Bay Company would be paid of a Canada that stretched to the Pacific Ocean. 300 000 pounds and be allowed to keep 1/20th Macdonald feared that Canada and Britain of the fertile land. Some day, it would sell parts would lose the West to the United States if of those 2.5 million ha to settlers. The Company nothing was done. In a letter in 1865 he wrote: kept its posts and the land around them. The whole region was to be transferred to Canada I am perfectly willing to leave Rupert’s Land on 1 December 1869 and renamed the North- a wilderness for the next half century, but I West Territories. fear that if the do not go in, the This was one of the greatest land deals in Yankees will, and with that fear I would history. Before its third birthday, the young gladly see a crown colony established there. Canada would stretch almost from sea to sea. When British Columbia joined Confederation in About 12 000 settlers lived at the Red River 1871, Canada did reach from the Atlantic to the Colony around Fort Garry (near the present Pacific. city of Winnipeg). Some of these people were

Settlements like this one at Fort Edmonton grew up around the Hudson’s Bay Company trading posts.The Hudson’s Bay Company had received a royal charter to trade in Rupert’s Land in 1670. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 83

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Prince Edward Island Joins Edward Island could be used as a base for an Confederation attack on Canada. In 1867, Prince Edward Island had turned In 1873, Prince Edward Island approached Confederation down flat. During the next six Ottawa and asked if it could enter Confeder- years, Islanders began to have second thoughts. ation. By the terms of the agreement, Canada The Islanders had decided to build their provided $800 000 to buy the land on the island own railroad along the length of the island. But from the absentee landlords. Canada took over the railway caused all sorts of problems. Each the province’s debts, most of which had been little town wanted to make certain that it had a caused by the new railway. It promised, too, track linkup with the main line. That meant all that there would be a year-round ferry boat kinds of detours and branch lines that the rail- service from the mainland to the island, as well way planners had not counted on. When the as a telegraph service. island government tried to borrow money, it On 1 July 1873, Prince Edward Island joined discovered that being small and alone made it a Confederation. poor risk. By 1873, the railway was hopelessly in debt. Confederation Sea to Sea When the people of Prince Edward Island In 1880, Britain presented the Arctic islands to heard that they would have to pay heavier Canada. There were dozens of islands named taxes or join Canada, the prospects of joining and unnamed in the frozen north. So, it had Canada started to appear very good. taken only 13 years for Canada to fulfil the Canada was still interested in having Prince dream of “stretching from sea to sea” and from Edward Island as part of Confederation. As “the river to the ends of the earth.” long as it was outside of Confederation, Prince

Fast Forward For over a century, a ferry and air service Confederation Bridge were the only ways to reach Prince Edward Island from mainland Canada. Then in 1997, a land link was completed. The Confederation Bridge stretches across the Northumberland Strait 12.9 km from Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick. It is the longest bridge over ice- covered waters in the world. A contest was held to name the bridge and “Confederation Bridge” was chosen as the winner. Some Islanders feared they would be flooded with visitors and that the quiet lifestyle on the island would be disrupted. Others welcomed the tourists, new jobs, and the faster trans- portation link for the boost they would give to the island’s economy. Find out more about the bridge on the Internet at www.confederationbridge.com. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 84

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Culture Link Early Canadian Artists

efore photography was west on a sketching tour. He Binvented, the only way hoped to record scenes from people had of recording events, the lives of Aboriginal peoples scenes, images of people, and before these cultures were landscapes was by drawing or changed forever by European painting them. Many of the earli- immigration. For the next two est artists in Canada were and a half years, he wandered British travellers or soldiers. through bush and over prairies But in the mid 1800s, some and mountains all the way to Canadian artists began to paint the Pacific Ocean. He painted scenes of Canadian life and Aboriginal houses, villages, cer- landscapes. Some of these early emonies, and tools. He also painters were explorers and painted portraits of people adventurers who wanted to themselves. Buffalo were the record images many people had main source of food for the never seen before. Plains people. Kane watched and sketched one of the last Paul Kane great buffalo hunts. He returned Paul Kane arrived in Upper to Toronto in 1848 with about Canada from Ireland as a nine- 700 sketches of Aboriginal peo- year-old boy. In 1845 he headed ple and western scenery.

Paul Kane’s paintings are still exhibited at galleries across the country today. This painting is entitled The Surveyor: Portrait of Captain John Henry Lefroy 1855. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 85

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Cornelius Krieghoff popular as souvenirs for tourists Cornelius Krieghoff was one of and soldiers. Canada’s most famous painters of the mid-19th century. Born in Amsterdam in 1815, he arrived in 1. Describe the paintings. Canada about 1846 and settled in What details do you Québec. He was fascinated by notice? What can these French-Canadian society in rural paintings tell us about life Québec and painted many scenes of in the mid 1800s? everyday life. His paintings show 2. Locate other paintings farm life, festive celebrations, tav- by these artists. Create a ern scenes, and country customs. poster board display or Kriegoff’s paintings are packed with scrapbook with captions details and often crowded with describing the paintings. lively figures. The paintings were

Krieghoff’s paintings are still valued today for the picture they portray of early French-Canadian life.This painting is entitled Winter Landscape. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 86

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Growth of the Nation

Canada has grown and changed tremendously since Confederation in 1867. Study the maps carefully and describe the changes to Canada at each date.

CANADA, 1867

CANADA ALASKA (Purchased by US, 1867) BRITAIN

0 250 500 750 km

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO U N D LA N D VANCOUVER RUPERT'S LAND ISLAND (United with (Hudson's Bay Co.) EC B B.C., 1866) É U Q PEI

ONTARIO NOVA SCOTIA CANADA, 1873 N NEW BRUNSWICK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CANADA

BRITAIN

0 250 500 750 km

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES (joined 1869)

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO (joined 1871) U N D LA N D

MANITOBA (joined 1870) P.E.I. (joined 1873)

ONTARIO QUÉBEC NOVA SCOTIA

N NEW BRUNSWICK CANADA, 1905 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CANADA BRITAIN

0 250 500 750 km

YUKON TERRITORY NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO U ALBERTA N D LA N SASKATCHEWAN D MANITOBA

QUÉBEC P.E.I. ONTARIO

NOVA SCOTIA

N NEW BRUNSWICK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 87

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CANADA, 1912

CANADA

0 250 500 750 km

YUKON TERRITORY NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO U ALBERTA N D MANITOBA LA N D SASKATCHEWAN disputed boundary

QUÉBEC P.E.I. ONTARIO

NOVA SCOTIA

N NEW BRUNSWICK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CANADA, 1949

CANADA

0 250 500 750 km

YUKON TERRITORY NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO U ALBERTA N D MANITOBA LA N D SASKATCHEWAN

QUÉBEC P.E.I. ONTARIO

NOVA SCOTIA

N NEW BRUNSWICK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CANADA, 1999

CANADA

0 250 500 750 km

YUKON TERRITORY NORTHWEST NUNAVUT TERRITORIES

BRITISH NE COLUMBIA Hudson Bay W FO U ALBERTA N D MANITOBA LA N D SASKATCHEWAN

QUÉBEC P.E.I. ONTARIO

NOVA SCOTIA

N NEW BRUNSWICK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 88

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Activities Understanding Concepts

1. Add these new terms to your Factfile. gold rush biography Red River Colony panning profile North-West Territories Cariboo Road Rupert’s Land

2. a) What were the three choices open to the colony of British Columbia in 1870-71? b) Outline the advantages and disadvantages of each choice.

3. a) Why did Canada want to buy the Hudson’s Bay Company lands? b) Why did the Hudson’s Bay Company want to keep some of its land instead of turning it over to Canada?

4. What happened between 1867-73 to cause Prince Edward Islanders to change their minds about Confederation?

Digging Deeper

5. WRITE Imagine you are a gold seeker or overlander in British Columbia in the 1860s.Write a postcard to a relative in Europe describing your experiences. Include an illustration on the front of the card.

6. ROLE PLAY A miner is accused of looting an Aboriginal village. Hold a mock trial. Roles can include Judge Begbie, the accused miner, some eyewitnesses including other miners, and Aboriginal people.

7. CREATE Work in small groups. Discuss how British Columbia might have benefitted from joining the United States in the 1870s rather than the Canadian Confederation. Create a poster to present your opinions to the class. Be prepared to give reasons for your ideas.

8. DEBATE Debate this statement:“The Hudson’s Bay Company got a better deal than Canada in 1869.” 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 89

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9. TIMELINE Add the main events in this chapter to the timeline you created in the last chapter (#7 page 73). Make sure your timeline shows when each of these provinces and territories became part of Canada. a) Prince Edward Island b)Canada East c)New Brunswick d)British Columbia e)Nova Scotia f) Canada West g) the North-West Territories

1864 Coalition government is formed in the Province of Canada Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick plan talks about a Maritime union

1 July 1867 Confederation is achieved

Making New Connections

10. DISCUSS Why do you think the Hudson’s Bay Company and the government of Canada failed to consider the wishes of the Aboriginal peoples when the sale of Rupert’s Land was being discussed? What reactions do you think Aboriginal peoples today have to this oversight?

11. PROVERBS/QUOTATIONS People have always been excited by the prospect of finding gold. Columbus sailed across the ocean looking for gold. Kings and queens promised rewards to anyone who could change less valuable metals into gold. 074-090 120820 11/1/04 2:38 PM Page 90

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Below are some thoughts that people have had about gold through the cen- turies. Explain what each of these quotations means.Which quotations do you agree or disagree with? Why? Find other sayings about gold or make up a short saying of your own.

All that glitters is not gold. (Proverb) Gold is good and learning is much better. (Proverb) It is observed of gold that to have it is to be in fear, and to want it is to be in danger. (S. Johnson) Gold begets in brethren hate, Gold in families debate, Gold does friendship separate, Gold does civil wars create. (A. Cowley) I despise gold; it hath persuaded many a man to evil. (Plautus)

12. MEDIA/CREATE Suppose you had to create a travelling museum display on the gold rush in British Columbia in the 1860s.Your display has to fit on one wall of a trailer that will travel across the country.Work in groups. Decide what you would include.Then gather photos, create models and artifacts, write descriptions of the materials, include audio and/or video clips, etc. Divide the work so that everyone has a task to complete. Mount your display in your classroom.