DECEMBER 2000 VOLUME 13. ISSUE 4 Soccer Stalemate PAUL S. HENDREN AND COLIN JOSE EXAMINE THE STADIUM IRONY THAT PLAGUES CANADA

uddled inside a down- circles with their work in the Air town office, in Canada Centre, General Motors Hthe shadows of City Place and the Skydome, not to Hall, crack teams of architects and mention their numerous interna- designers have worked relentlessly tional projects. to create one of the world's most progressive state-of-the-art soccer A Storied Past grounds. Several blocks away, also Canadian soccer has a storied situated in Toronto's city centre, past with its beginnings dating lies a symbol of the irony that has back to the early nineteenth cen- beset soccer in the land of beavers tury when soldiers of the British and canoes. , Ca- garrison situated on the Eastern nadian soccer's home for the better seaboard took on visiting men-of- part of the 20th century, sits in its war or seamen from merchant or own cobwebs narrowly avoiding fishing vessels. Professional soc- the wrecking ball year after year. cer also took root several decades Varsity's condemned East ago with several Canadian teams Grandstand, outdated cinder track, participating in the famous North splintered benches and deteriorat- American Soccer League that in- ing concrete structure continues to cluded legends Pele, Franz house big league soccer while at Beckenbauer, Johan Cruyff and the same time one of Canada's , to name just a few. leading architectural firms are ex- Even such celebrated global su- porting their expertise abroad. perstars as Sir , From right under Canadian soc- Eusebio, Peter Beardsley, Graeme cer's noses Brisbin Brook Beynon of sport offering soccer patrons the ulti- Souness and Roberto Bettega made a liv- Architects, in conjunction with Stadium mate stadium experience in style and ing playing soccer on Canadian soil. Consultants International, have been re- comfort. There will be 100 private suites, In the 1920s and ' 30s Toronto was rich cruited by Turkish soccer giants over 12,000-reserved weather protected with soccer homes. Ulster Stadium, a fa- Galatasaray S.K. who are embarking on a seats, VIP lounges, restaurants, food cility designed specifically for soccer, progressive scheme to redesign Ali Sami courts, a sophisticated three level internal frequently attracted crowds well into five Yen Stadium in Istanbul. A project that shopping mall and an attached office digits and at one time, it was considered will convert the existing inner city con- tower. BBB Architects and SCI have es- the best soccer stadium in North America. crete bowl into a 40,000 seat grand theatre tablished notoriety in Canadian sports Famous England ..... continued on page 7

e Joint ORFAISTA Workshop o Turfgrass Disease Diagnosis (8 Turfgrass Snow Molds e Turf News Briefs G Soccer Stalemate Continued ~ Coming Events o The President's Desk ~ Winter Priorities ~ STA Holiday Gifts Joint ORFA/STA Seminar a Success

n Wednesday, October 11, 2000 a joint educational O workshop was held at the East Gwillimbury Sports Complex. The event represented yet another step in a proposed partnership be- tween the Sports Turf Association and the Recreation Facilities Association. Terry Piche chaired the event and introduced new ORFA President John Archibald and Executive Direc- tor John Milton to participants. Both spoke STA President Jane Arnett-Rivers talks to about the pending partnership and men- workshop participants about maintaining tioned the benefits and their thoughts for athletic fields and preparing them for winter. the future as being extremely helpful to both parties. of the day was Pam Charbonneau, The day went well with considerable OMAFRA Turfgrass Specialist, who gave information both imparted and exchanged a very professional talk covering all the between speakers and the audience. Four "Basics of Sports Turf Management." main topics were discussed. During the Several exhibitors had booths display- morning session, Michael Bladon covered ing their wares. Olympia, who manufac- "Risk Management" and Jane Arnett-Riv- tures the ice making equivalent of the ers and Dwayne McAllister spoke on Zamboni, donated several gifts to be in- "Maintenance of Athletic Fields and cluded in a draw conducted by Terry Piche Putting Them to Bed for the Winter." at the end of the afternoon. There was a lively exchange of ideas dur- The workshop attracted approximately ing the latter workshop. 45 people for the day, some from as far There were two excellent sessions in away as Nepean, Ontario. Altogether a the afternoon, the first by Gordon Dol of worthwhile event for all concerned and a Dol Turf Restoration Ltd. who dealt with great start for future information sharing "Sports Field Drainage, Irrigation and between these two associations. • General Construction." The final speaker - Michael Bladon

I I I Ontario Turfgrass Turfgrass Symposium Education & Trade Show January 3-5,2001, Toronto, ON

When registering for the OTS, be sure to indicate you are a member of the Sports Turf Association, a sponsoring association of the symposium. On your registration form please ~ Sports Turf Association to ensure your membership credit is directed to us!

Save more money on the registration fees of others from your facility/organiza- tion who are not members of the STA. Non-members registered at the same time as a member qualify for the same lower association rates. Send the registration in the same envelope, fax it at the same time, or make just one phone call to register.

2 • DECEMBER 2000 Turf News Briefs INTERESTING GRASS CLIPS· CONGRATULATIONS

~

Splendour in the Grass A "- to have improved drought resistance or to Atlanta's Garden HouseIII 'Y flourish in the winter. Scotts is also work- Dance Company is giving free 1::. I ing on a genetically modified grass that performances of Mowing in ~ ~ if can withstand the most potent weed-kill- the city's parks, reports The Y !:( ers to remain healthy and green. Journal-Constitution. "Four dane- ers - The Globe & Mail, Social Studies, will partner with non-motorized push- Michael Kesterton, August 30, 2000 mowers in a seductive paean to the sum- mer ritual of lawn care. The dancers will Editor's Note: For more information on GMOs in Turf, be sure to attend Dr. Steve waltz with their lightweight mowers, lift Bowley's seminar on January 4, 2001 at them, even play them as instruments, all the Ontario Turfgrass Symposium. the while carving continually changing patterns into a 38-by-38 foot expanse of grass. By the time it's over, the grass is OPA/ORFA Update cut." Our congratulations to STA member - The Globe & Mail, September 13, 2000 John Howard on his appointment as Ex- ecutive Director of the Ontario Parks Association. John adds another dimension Frankengrass to a very strong career with parks and hor- Recent notes about genetically altered ticultural services both in the public and grass include: private sector. • Grasses that have different colours or Congratulations are also in order for contain a luminescent gene that would make them glow in the dark are being stud- Terry Piche who steps down as President ied by Monsanto, Scotts Co. and the of the Ontario Recreation Facilities Asso- Biotechnology Centre of Rutgers Univer- ciation to assume the position of Technical sity. Director. John Archibald will carry out the • In its Ohio research laboratories, role of acting President. Best wishes to all! Scotts, the world's largest maker of lawn and turf products, is field-testing varieties of "low-mow" lawn grass that will grow more slowly. Other strains could be bred

SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 3 The President's Desk JANE ARNETT-RIVERS

epending on the work you have Another milestone for our Association (905) 847-9181) know your hat is in the been carrying out this fall, the - Dr. Bob Sheard's book will soon be ring. No stress, just fun. Dweather has been spectacular. available. I am fortunate to have read parts As STA members, you are cordially We have been installing tile drain on one of Understanding Turf Management and invited to join our Annual General Meet- of our Little League diamonds and the can say this is a valuable and comprehen- ing and luncheon during the OTS. The sunshine and absence of rain seem to have sive text. It is instrumental as a reference invitation is included with this issue of been custom ordered. Now that the on countless topics and will have a per- Sports Turf Manager. This is an excellent trenching, back filling and sodding are manent spot on my desk. Much gratitude opportunity to meet the Board, hear what complete, precipitation can begin! goes out to the sponsors of Understand- is happening in the Association, and at- Hope your fall renovations are moving ing Turf Management, Bannerman, G.C. tend nominations. I sincerely hope you along smoothly - surely the prolonged Duke Equipment Ltd. and Textron Golf, will attend on Wednesday, January 3rd higher temperatures have helped extend Turf and Specialty Products, NuGro Cor- beginning at 10:30 a.m. Please join us. timelines of work that needs completion poration and Rain Bird International, Inc. Lastly, I have spent the better part of prior to frost. We will be using 'turf tarps' Their support will allow the cost to remain this message thanking associates. This is again this year on some of our goal mouths accessible to all, something Dr. Sheard the last edition of the Sports Turf Man- and centre field areas to extend the seed- was adamant about. Congratulations and ager for the year, so I will close by ing season. I'm writing this column in thank you on this accomplishment, Bob. thanking all members of the Association mid-November and we are still waiting for Your hard work will assist us in making and the Board. Much has been accom- cooler temperatures to arrive to use them. informed decisions about our playing sur- plished this year. I cannot imagine any of Turf tarps worked very well for us last faces over the coming years. To purchase the tasks coming to fruition without the year, both in the fall prolonging our seed- the book, contact Lee at the Sports Turf support of members, suppliers and most ing window and in the spring accelerating Association office. importantly the dedicated group of peo- germination. If you have any questions My thanks to our Past President Chris ple on the Board, including Lee Huether about turf tarps, please contact us. Mark for his ongoing efforts in respond- our Executive Manager. How many times Your Association, in cooperation with ing to Bill C-388. A complete report will have I deferred to Lee in this message for the Ontario Recreation Facilities Associa- be submitted by Chris on behalf of the information? Congratulations to all who tion, organized a workshop in East Association. Chris continues to represent contribute and keep this Association what Gwillimbury in October. Many thanks to the STA with accurate and highly knowl- it is. It is an honour to be a part of such a Terry Piche for facilitating a very informa- edgeable information. Thank you for your professional, dedicated and productive tive day. Mike Bladon, Dwayne continued dedication to professionalism group. Wishing you all the best in the year McAllister, Gord Dol, Pam Charbonneau in this industry. to come .• and myself covered a wide range of top- It's OTS time again. If you have not ics: safety and liability, what's new in received your registration brochure, con- maintenance, soils, pesticides, irrigation tact the University of Guelph's Office of and drainage. The day was a success and Open Learning at (519) 767-5000, we received a great deal of positive feed- www.open.uoguelph.ca/ots. Remember to back. We trust this will be the first of such tick the STA box when registering - this is workshops to take place outside the vital both for fiscal and statistical reasons. . If you have any This brings me to the Municipal Chal- questions about this or future workshops, lenge. Two teams are still needed to step please contact Lee Huether at (519) 763 up to the plate and vie for the trophy in 9431, [email protected] Jeopardy. Last year was a fast paced, full at (705) 864-1215, [email protected]. of laughs session. Gather your team, cover The Sports Turf Association is looking your knowledge base with equipment, forward to more partnerships with turf, pesticides, soil, irrigation and drain- ORFA. age, and let either Lee or myself (phone

4 • DECEMBER 2000 Laboratory Diagnosis of Turfgrass Diseases MARILYN DYKSTRA, LABORATORY SERVICES DIVISION, UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH

Urf grasses are attacked by a round time for a pre- gicide. Fungicides destroy physical number of diseases and pests liminary diagnosis is evidence of the pathogen and inhibit T which can cause rapid deteriora- guaranteed. its growth, making pathogen detec- tion in the health, appearance and uniform- Given that labora- tion very difficult. ity of turf. To minimize problems caused tory staff do not have 7. Include as much background by diseases and pests, it is important to the opportunity to view information as possible with the have the problem diagnosed as quickly as the problem in the sample. Include distribution and se- possible. field, it is critical that verity of symptoms, when the Diagnosing turf problems is not always samples submitted be representative of the problem first developed, weather condi- an easy task. Most infectious turf diseases problem and that they be received in as tions, etc. Be sure to include your are caused by fungi which, unlike insect fresh a condition as possible, accompa- complete address and telephone and fax or weed' problems, are microscopic and nied by complete background information. numbers. Submission forms are available not visible to the naked eye. As a result Following are important considerations from Laboratory Services Division, but we must base our diagnosis on symptoms when submitting samples for disease di- information sent in letter form is also ac- - the response of the turf to the disease- agnosis; ceptable. causing agent. To further complicate 8. Wrap samples in newspaper and then matters, symptoms caused by a particular How to Sample in plastic and place in a sturdy box. Never pathogen may resemble those caused by 1.A 10-15 em square of turf is required. add water as this will encourage deterio- other diseases or environmental stresses The sample should included the foliage, ration in transit. Deliver the sample to the and will vary depending on the type of thatch and roots of the grass. A collection laboratory in person or send it by courier grass, cultural practices and environmen- of small (loonie) size pieces of grass is to: Turfgrass Diagnostic Service, Labora- tal conditions. In these situations, a not suitable. tory Services Division, 95 Stone Rd. West, laboratory diagnosis can prove useful to 2. Sample from areas which have re- Guelph, ON NIH 8J7. Tel: (519) 767- the turf manager. cently developed symptoms. Diseased and 6258. Fax: (519) 767-6240. Email: In the laboratory, trained diagnosticians dead grass can very quickly be overgrown [email protected]. • are able to examine turf samples micro- by secondary fungi, which mask the pri- Marilyn Dykstra is a diagnostic plant pa- scopically and use other laboratory tests mary pathogen and symptoms. thologist and specializes in turf grass to detect and identify or rule out patho- 3. If symptoms are general, sample disease diagnostics at the Laboratory gens. Based on microscopic features of the from areas with intermediate symptoms; Services Division, University of Guelph. fungi, they are able to distinguish between little can be determined from grass which For information on diagnostic services for those diseases which produce similar is completely dead. other plant problems, contact the Pest Di- symptoms. 4. Ifpatches of grass are affected, sam- agnostic Clinic at (519) 767-6256 or visit Laboratory diagnosis of turf grass prob- ple from the edge of a recently developed the PDC website at www.uoguelph.caJpdc. lems is available through the Laboratory patch and include healthy, newly affected Services Division at the University of and severely affected grass. Editor's note: This article is to clarify Guelph. Diagnoses are based on micro- 5. For rings or "frog-eye" symptoms, the misinformation published in Vol- scopic examination of the sample with sample across the ring and include healthy, ume 13, Issue 3 of the Sports Turf follow-up culturing if required. The fees newly affected and severely infected grass. Manager. We apologize and regret any for diagnosis are $50 and a 24-hour tuma- 6. Sample BEFORE you treat with fun- inconvenience it may have caused.

Red and grey clay Charles Pick products designed for PICKSEED@ Lindsay, ON baseball, cricket and tennis, good things growing .., Car: 705-879-0293 Doug MacMillan along with groundskeeping PICKSEED Canada Inc. Lindsay, ON tools and accessories. Box 304 Car: 705-328-6663 Lindsay, ON K9V 483 MAR-CO CLAY PRODUCTS INC. 1-800-661-4769 Larry White Box 67, Hwy. 86, Wallenstein, ON NOB 280 FAX (705) 878-9249 London, ON Tel. 519-669-3657 Fax: 519-669-8799 Car: 519-649-8777

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city spilling out into Toronto's downtown have been reversed over the past decade core. In , Empire Stadium, site south of the border. of the famous Roger Bannister-John Landy sub-four-minute mile, quickly es- Cold Reality tablished itself as one of North America's With more participants registered in premier soccer grounds attracting large soccer rather than Canada's passion, boisterous audiences for Whitecaps hockey, one would assume that soccer games. Empire Stadium, like Callister grounds, like the infinite number of Park in Winnipeg and Delormier Stadium hockey arenas, would similarly be scat- in Montreal has since been reduced to rub- tered across Canada's expansive landscape ble unable to avoid redevelopment. from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Nothing Montreal's Olympic Stadium attracted can be further from the truth and the cold 71,617 for the 1976 Olympic soccer final reality is that Canadian soccer is now faced and the Montreal Manic frequently drew with a stadium crisis. Canada's small fleet over 40,000 to the same venue during their of soccer facilities are either too old, too banner season in the North American Soc- decrepit, too small, too cavernous or just cer League in 1981. Many large stadia in too inappropriate to house big soccer events. Canada, however, have been ruined for On the West Coast, considered a hot- soccer with the introduction of synthetic bed for soccer due to its moderate climate, playing surfaces. A trend that appears to there is little doubt that ... continued page 8

International played at Ulster Stadium in 1926 and when he returned home he told the Athletic News that the Toronto based soccer stadium had one of the best enclosures that he ever played on. Today, Ulster Stadium, like many other vintage parks, has been redeveloped for housing. Toronto's Maple Leaf Stadium, a baseball park, attracted 23,137 patrons Professional Equipment in 1968 for a game between Inter-Milan TURF RESTORATION LTD. for the Golf & and Olympiakos and during the same year, • Turf Drainage Solutions a few blocks away at Exhibition Stadium, Sports Turf Industry Glasgow Celtic and AC Milan attracted • Aeration (All Types) over 30,000 for a friendly. • Top Dressing Pro Turf has a wide range of top Varsity Stadium, known for years as the • Overseeding quality professional equipment home to Canadian soccer hosted one of •Automated Laser Fine Grading available for rental services, including the most memorable matches in recent • Golf Course Renovations, topdressers, aerators, overseeders, history. In 1972, Santos played Bologna • Sports Field Construction tractors, loaders, mericrushers, with a capacity crowd bursting every inch & Reconstruction fertilizer spreaders and grading boxes. of Varsity Stadium. Thousands of fans who Regardless of the scope or size of the were unable to gain entrance scaled the • SportGrass ™ project, Pro Turf Equipment Rentals northern wall and lined the touchlines to Ltd. can provide you with everything '6393 County Rd. 27, Innisfil, ON L95 4V4 get a glimpse of Pele in his famous white you need to complete the job Tel: (705) 458·2851 Fax: (705) 458·2849 shirt. As recently as November 2000, successfully. Canada versus Mexico played to a 0-0 tie Mobile: (416) 717·0012 in front of 6,500 fans. Toll Free: 1·800·794·9664 e-mail: [email protected] Helping You Tame In 1981, Exhibition Stadium hosted the North American Soccer League's Soccer MEMBER S.T.A., O.R.F.A., O.G.S.A. Your Turf Problems Bowl and 36,971 turned out to see Chi- call1·BOO· 794·9664 cago upset the mighty New York Cosmos resulting in many revellers from the windy

SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 7 Swangard Stadium in , British ing customers and he has been very criti- Columbia; situated overlooking the Rocky cal of the Commonwealth as a venue for Mountains has an unmatched charm. Dur- the national team. ing the hey days of the Canadian Soccer In Manitoba, there was a glimmer of League it was the favourite destination for hope from the recently held Pan Ameri- most players but even with its expanded can Games. A small little intimate Soccer capacity of 6,800 it is limited in size re- Park was erected outside of Winnipeg that stricting its use for top international was believed to lead to greater things. games. Unfortunately, the legacy of the Soccer Former national team coach, Bob Park lasted just a few weeks as the port- Lenarduzzi, now one of Canada's top soc- able bleachers were quickly dismantled in cer broadcasters, is of the opinion that Lego-like speed and shipped off to a dis- will never again see big tant auto race. The residuals that remain soccer events and he proclaimed that: "I would only be suitable for a local ama- think it is a disgrace that when you con- teur soccer team. sider the size of Canada and we don't have In La Belle Province, the Montreal one appropriate national soccer stadium." Impact's (in North America's sanctioned Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton second division) experiment of hosting was targeted to be Canadian soccer's sav- both outdoor and indoor soccer at Center iour throughout the nineties and leading Claude Robillard has been impressive but to the next millennium. A· near capacity the outdoor stadium's small capacity of crowd jammed into the 60,000-seat facil- 8,000, its intrusive running track and post- ity to cheer on the mighty Brazilians age sized playing surface makes it less before they embarked on their World Cup than ideal. Talk of converting the 20,000 built in a charming period in the 1920s, campaign in 1994. Commonwealth Sta- seat Molson's Stadium in the city centre Varsity Stadium's ideal capacity of just dium was the place to be and huge partisan with a more soccer friendly playing sur- 20,000, its rectangular shape and intimate Canadian crowds were expected when the face and the Quebec Soccer Federation's sight lines has served Canadian soccer men wearing the Maple Leaf touched scheme of erecting a large portable sta- well over the decades. Waiting for its date down in Edmonton. The bubble quickly dium on the grounds of the Olympic site with the wrecking ball the East grandstand burst with extremely poor gates turned out using bleachers from the Montreal Grand is now unfit for human habitation and the for subsequent international friendlies and Prix have never graduated from the draw- stadium capacity has been drastically re- Olympic qualifying leaving Canadian na- ing board. duced to a mere 9,000. After the grand old tional team head coach Holger Osieck lady is converted to student housing for with an empty feeling. Osieck, who as- Hogtown Headaches the University of Toronto next year what sisted Franz Beckenbauer with the The worst scenario comes from Cana- is left for soccer fans in Canada's most German national team in 1990, is not used da's largest urban centre affectionately populated area are two municipal multi to stadia with more empty seats than pay- known to locals as Hogtown. Originally use stadia that are not even close to being suitable for big league soccer. Toronto's top professional soccer club, the Toronto Lynx, has identified the pend- ing problem and they are busy striking a working committee to examine stadium options. It appears that all stadium initia- tives have been put on hold until the decision is made regarding Toronto's bid for the 2008 Olympics. Insiders believe that the spin-doctors at Toronto's Olym- pic bid have underestimated the magnitude of Olympic soccer and they have not made adequate provisions for new soccer sta- dia. A decision that concerns Kevan Pipe of the CSA who pleaded with the com- mittee to spread the wealth by erecting or retrofitting stadia from coast to coast. The experiment of soccer indoors at the Skydome was never repeated and the fuzzy concrete playing surface has never been a favourite of international teams.

8 • DECEMBER 2000 Capital Idea potential to be a first rate soccer facility up in the early nineties. Occasionally Frank Clair Stadium, situated in the and a saviour for the national team pro- Kevan Pipe pulls the plans out for a quick nation's capital, has been sitting in moth- gram. review wishing that his national federa- balls for several years uncertain of its fate. tion had an infinite bank account to payroll It appears that the stadium's destiny has Coveting the Cup such projects. It is a crime that Canada's been turned over to the regional govern- Despite its obvious stadium shortcom- national soccer body is unable to get into ment who recently assumed full control ings, the Canadian Soccer Association bed with the gifted architects who have of its operation. Built in 1967, with a ca- made the bold announcement in 1997 that been recruited from right under their noses pacity of 30,000, Frank Clair Stadium's it has officially applied to FIFA to stage to display their immense talents abroad. cantilevered roofs, doubledecker stand and the 2010 World Cup. CSA Chief Operat- Many pundits in the Canadian soccer rectangular shape shares many of the same ing Officer Kevan Pipe is a strong believer community are painfully aware of the wid- characteristics of many football grounds that Canada's army of large grid-iron Ca- ening gap between our stadium wish list across the United Kingdom. The stadium nadian Football League stadia can be and our stadium reality. Indeed renowned is fully equipped with a ISO-seat press box easily retrofitted for soccer's global spec- author Simon Inglis' comments are apro- and the first row of seats is as close as five tacle. Pipe's scheme will include Ivor pos and without proper stadia, top-flight metres to the touchlines. Wynne Stadium in Hamilton, Ottawa's soccer in the Great White North will never With the Francophone Games sched- Frank Clair Stadium, McMahon Stadium engender passion or support. • uled for the national capital region in 2001 in Calgary, Taylor Field in Regina, Win- - Panstadia International Quarterly Report, the stadium will undergo a significant nipeg Stadium, BC Place, Skydome in Volume 6, Number 3, January 2000 face lift including installing a natural turf Toronto and Olympic Stadium in Mon- grass field. Initially there were serious dis- treal. All stadia with tremendous potential Paul S. Hendren, a member of the Profes- cussions about installing Fieldturf, another to house soccer but fully committed to sional Soccer Reporter's Association, is a Canadian innovation, but the Canadian their primary grid-iron football tenants feature writer with Canadian based Inside Soccer Magazine. Colin Jose, a regular Soccer Association has made it clear that throughout the summer months. contributor to World Soccer Magazine, has a natural playing surface is their prefer- Located deep in the archives of the written several books including Keeping ence given FIFA's policy about playing Canadian Soccer Association's headquar- Score: Canadian Encyclopaedia of Soc- surfaces. Kevan Pipe is a strong believer ters sits detailed plans for a mid sized cer and NASL - A Complete Record of the that Frank Clair Stadium has tremendous soccer specific stadium that were drawn North American Soccer League.

SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 9 Winter Priorities: A Course of Action DEREK WALDER • TECHNICAL EDITOR • INSTITUTE OF GROUNDSMANSHIP PANEL OF SPECIALISTS

ber belts or rollers and these should be checked to ensure they are not perished or split. Those machines that have nylon disks or rollers should also be checked for chips or splits.

Answer spark plug from the engine and replace Tractors All machinery and equipment should with a new one before next season. • It should be best practice that tractors be kept in a good state of readiness, so • Check back on your requirements for and any other vehicles are checked daily, that if required it can be used immediately. spares during the last season and if weekly and monthly, according to the Essential to achieving this is that all ma- the budget allows order ba- manufacturer's handbook, how- chinery and equipment is maintained at sic spares such as drive ever when there is more time all times. During the winter months how- belts or chains, spark available then some of the more ever, some machinery is used very little plugs, cables and any nuts mundane tasks such as cleaning or not at all and this gives the time to carry and bolts that proved to be down the engines with an appro- out such duties that may have been diffi- troublesome. It is better to priate engine cleaner and check- cult during the busy season. have a small stock of essential items ing nuts and bolts can be carried out. ready at hand, this alleviates the 'down • Remember that you rely on your ma- Fertilizer Distributors time' during the busy season. chinery to get your job done and to make • Ensure that the hopper and all mov- • For storage purposes during the win- life easier for you so ensure that is it al- ing parts are thoroughly cleaned and ter months try and store all machinery off ways maintained well and that basic where necessary oiled or lubricated. En- the ground and on wooden slats or pal- 'spares' are kept in stock. sure that no trace of fertilizers has been lets. overlooked as this will cause rapid corro- Theft sion. Turf Cultivation Equipment • While on the subject of machinery, it • Check the calibration of the distribu- • Spiking machines which are used is a wise move to list all of your machin- tor before spring. throughout the winter period when ery details: make, name, colour, serial • Any spare parts required should be weather conditions are suitable should al- number, engine number and any other ordered. If there is not a manufacturer's ways be kept in working order. Worn or details from the manufacturers' plates on handbook, now is the time to contact the damaged tines should be replaced and supplier and ask for one. again a small stock of spare tines should the machines. be available. • In the case of.theft, and this is a grow- Grass Cutting Equipment • Scarifiers should receive the same ing problem, especially in unattended • If your grass cutting equipment re- treatment as grass cutting equipment with buildings in isolated areas, these details quires an overhaul get in contact with your the added check of tines, whether steel or will be invaluable to the police and insur- regular service company. Make a list your- spring tines. As with the other machinery, ance companies. self of what is required and give it to them. spare tines should be available and • The winter months are especially vul- Always ask for an estimate before work changed if broken or worn. nerable and the thieves' best friend, when commences so there are no 'shocks' when • On all machinery with engines, empty it is dark and most of us finish work ear- the machinery and the invoice come back. the fuel from the tanks when storing, re- lier than in the summer months .• • Check the machinery is in a reason- move batteries and ensure they are kept - The Groundsman, Volume 52, able state of repair, with attention being fully charged. Always ensure that the top Number 12, December 1999 given to the cutting cylinders, bedknives of the plates are not exposed. and rotary knives, and belts and chains. • Pneumatic tires are best slightly de- • If you have experienced any problems flated and any machines with springs on during the season with the engine then this them should be stored with the load taken should be corrected and your service com- off the springs. 'V' -belts are best removed pany advised. and stored in a cool dark place. • If your machinery does not have to •Any overseeding equipment should be go away then ensure that all cylinders are checked thoroughly as this is going to be loosened off the bedknife and oiled or one of the first machines to be used in the sprayed with WD-40®. Disconnect the spring. Many of these machines have rub-

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SPORTS TURF MANAGER • II Biological Control of Turfgrass Snow Molds DR. TOM HSIANG • DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY· UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH

or the past six years, researchers and are common in areas with heavy and at the University of Guelph have persistent snow cover. Fbeen working on a biological In Canada, these diseases are typically control system for turfgrass snow mold controlled with fungicides containing diseases. Work began in 1994 by looking mercury, quintozene or thiram. However, for better strains of a fungus that could the cost of applying these synthetic suppress gray snow mold disease caused fungicides, coupled with environmental by the fungi Typhula ishikariensis and concerns, has led researchers to investi- Typhula incarnata. gate alternative management approaches. Former Guelph professor Dr. Lee Burpee and Dr. Naoyuki Matsumoto in Typhula phacorrhiza Japan had found that some strains of a The fungus Typhula phacorrhiza is a Figure 1:Trial sites for winter 2000-2001 fungus named Typhula phacorrhiza could close relative of the organisms that cause to test the control of snow molds by a inhibit gray snow mold disease. As a re- gray snow mold. It is referred to as a sapro- select isolate of Typhula phacorrhiza. sult, strains of T. phacorrhi ;a were phyte, which is a type of organism that collected from com fields across south- lives on dead organic matter. It can be Typhula phacorrhiza isolates was also ern Ontario. By 1997, five strains had been found in regions all over the world which examined, and after five years of field test- identified from several hundred that typically have abundant organic matter ing, it was discovered that a single worked as well at suppressing gray snow (such as forest litter), and at least a few application of Typhula phacorrhiza in the mold as conventional fungicides. weeks of snow cover or near-freezing tem- first year can suppress gray snow mold dis- In 1998, a new research phase began peratures. ease for the next three years to an with funding from the Canadian Turfgrass In Canada, this species is most com- aesthetically acceptable level. In the fourth Research Institute, Nu-Gro Corporation monly associated with com stalk residue and fifth years, although suppression was and the Natural Sciences and Engineer- after snowmelt. It is a psychrophile, which still evident in some plots, the level of sup- ing Research Council of Canada. As a means that it likes cold temperatures. pression was not aesthetically acceptable result of the increased funding, the study Under laboratory conditions, the fastest and less than that of a fungicide check was expanded to sites across Canada and growth rate for this organism is around treatment. more intensive work began on biological 15°C. In many ways it is similar to the Researchers also tested the fungicide processes involved in suppression. gray snow mold fungi, but it is not known sensitivity of select Typhula phacorrhiza Although T. phacorrhiza can be found to cause any turfgrass diseases. (Although isolates. The results showed that mycelia in abundance in com fields after the snow it has been found to be associated with (fungal strands) are sensitive to all snow melts in spring, the large majority of these dead patches of grass after winter snow mold fungicides, but Typhula phacorrhiza isolates have little or no effect against gray melt.) mycelium is less sensitive to the fungicide snow mold. Since 1998, researchers have Arrest® (thiram/carbathiin/carboxin) than also tested and observed suppression of Experimental results Typhula incarnata, and less sensitive to pink snow mold by T. phacorrhiza. In the first years of research, several Tersan® (benomyl) than the pink snow Work is continuing on developing ways hundred isolates of Typhula phacorrhira mold fungus. This means that an inte- of growing and formulating the inoculum were collected and tested in the lab for grated disease management program of a select isolate of T. phacorrhiza growth rate and production of resistant could be developed that incorporates both (TP94671) that is antagonistic to both gray structures known as sclerotia. It is the scle- the use of conventional synthetic and pink snow mold, as well as studying rotia that allows this organism (and other fungicides such as Arrest® and Tersan® the biology of their interactions. Itis hoped organisms with sclerotia) to survive unfa- along with Typhula phacorrhiza. that a granular product can be registered vourable conditions. Following the winter of 1999, research- within two years that can be applied with After winter field testing of some of ers observed strong suppression of conventional turf management equipment. these isolates, it was found that they have naturally occurring pink snow mold by a large variation in their ability to suppress Typhula phacorrhiza in trials near , Snow Molds gray snow mold. However, in replicated Ontario. Although the suppression of pink The disease gray snow mold is caused and inoculated field trials, the most active snow mold by Typhula phacorrhiza had by two species of fungi known as Typhula Typhula phacorrhiza isolates are suppres- been observed in trials at the. Guelph ishikariensis (with tiny dark black sclero- sive to gray snow mold caused by either Turfgrass Institute, this effect was not spe- tia) and Typhula incamata (with small red Typhula ishikariensis or Typhula cifically tested for since the main target sclerotia). The fungus Microdochium incarnata. These results were consistent in earlier research was gray snow mold. nivale causes pink snow mold. These dis- in three years of field tests. In 1999, researchers set out to test the eases can be found on grasses and cereals The residual efficacy of the best effect of Typhula phacorrhiza on pink

12 • DECEMBER 2000 snow mold in replicated tests across the are visible and these had been treated with been measured for select isolates. This has country. Unfortunately for snow mold Typhula phacorrhiza the previous fall. enabled researchers to distinguish the best fungi and for researchers, the duration of On average, the disease cohtrol in the isolates from other closely related isolates snow cover across most parts of the coun- Typhula phacorrhiza-treatedl plots was and this allows them to track the fate and try has been lessening in recent over 97 per cent, while in untreated plots, dispersal of the organism. winters, which meant snow mold disease there was heavy damage by both pink and The toxicology of this organism pressure was not sufficient in most loca- gray snow molds. This again debonstrated (whether it causes problems for humans tions for a proper test of suppression. that Typhula phacorrhiza coJld provide and animals) has not been studied in any However, excellent results were ob- protection. against. very heavy d!isease pres- detail. There are no reports of this organ- tained from a golf course high atop the sure.caused by both snow molds. ism or any closely related organisms Rocky Mountains (Figure 2). Research- Since 1999, researchers have been causing harm to humans or animals. The ers had asked the staff to leave a 30m x working on a registration Pfckage for requirement for full toxicological exami- 30m sward of creeping bentgrass fairway Typhula phacorrhiza. In order for a pest nation of biological control agents may be

untreated in the fall of 1999 in order to control product to be sold in I Canada, it the major obstacle to their implementa- test snow mold control. must be approved by the Pest Management tion since the costs are prohibitive. In the back part of the test area (Figure Regulatory Agency (PMRA), ,hich is part There is already an abundance of de- 2) were fungicide trials with existing and of Health Canada. The PMRA ~equires the tails on the efficacy of this product new fungicides. The best suppression of following information in order to review particularly in southern Ontario, and this snow mold by any fungicide in this test whether a product should regeive regis- year's research will be expanded to sites was less than 85 per cent, while some tration in Canada:.1 product across the full breadth of this country (Fig- treatments showed little to no suppression characterization; human and arimal toxi- ure 1). Efforts have also been directed to of the heavy disease caused by both pink cology of product; envi~onmental investigating the biology of Typhula and gray snow molds in this area. toxicology of product; and efficacy of phacorrhiza as well as ways to produce it

In the front of the test area, there was a product. I in large quantities. Hopefully, a granular separate small trial with Typhula As for product characterization, genetic product that can be applied with conven- phacorrhiza and three other treatments tests have been conducted witH DNA, and tional turf management equipment will be Only the four 1m x l m squares of green growth rates and growth conditions have available within the next couple of years .•

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Figure 2: Snow mold trials at a golf course in the Canadian VISIT OUR WEBSITEl Rocky Mountains photographed on April 27, 2000. The plots WEB: www.covermaster.com E-MAIL: [email protected] in the background of both pictures are snow mold fungicide trials. The plots in the foreground are Typhula phacorrhiza trials composed of four treatments with four replications.

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January 3-5 February 19-23 Ontario Turfgrass Symposium Cornell Turfgrass Management Short Toronto, ON, Info: 519-767-5000 Course: On the Road, Westchester County, NY, Info: 607-255-1792 January 8-.12 Cornell Turfgrass Management Short February 24-27 Course, Ithaca, NY, Info: 607-255-1792 Canadian Golf Superintendents AssociationlWestern Canada Turfgrass January 9-11 Association 52nd Canadian International Landscape Ontario Congress 2001 Tuttqmss Conference and Trade Show Toronto, ON, Info: 905-875-1805 Vancouver, BC, Info: 800-387-1056

January 15, 16, 17 & 18 February 27, March 6 and Cornell Turfgrass Advanced Seminar April 23 & 30 Series, Ithaca, NY, Info: 607-255-1792 University of Guelph Pesticide Soil Management - January 15 Applicators Certification Exam Nutrient Management - January 16 Preparation Course, Guelph, ON Water Management - January 17 Info: 519-767-5000 Pest Management - January 18 March 28 January 17-21 Ontario Parks Association Sports Turf Managers Association Explorations 2001 Trade Show 12h Annual Conference and Exhibition March 28-29: 48h Annual Educational Tampa, FL, Info: 712-366-2669 Seminar, Toronto, ON, Info: 416-657-2980

January 30-31 July 15-20 Univ. of Guelph Turfgrass Water Work- IXth International Turfgrass Research shop: Safeguarding Water Resources, Conference, Toronto, ON Guelph, ON, Info: 519-767-5000 Info: 519-767-5009 •

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