DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating Server-Side Internet Proxy Detection Methods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating Server-Side Internet Proxy Detection Methods Evaluating server-side internet proxy detection methods An MSc thesis presented to the Cybersecurity Academy * in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Cybersecurity Author: J.M. (Hans) Hoogstraaten Supervisors: Dr ir. P. Burghouwt (Pieter) Prof. Dr ir. J. van den Berg (Jan) Version: 1.1 final Date: 10 November 2018 * The Cybersecurity Academy is a joint initiative of Delft University of Technology, Leiden University, and The Hague University of Applied Sciences. CONTENT Content....................................................................................................................................... 2 List of figures .......................................................................................................................... 5 List of tables ........................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Problem description .................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Research objective ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Research design .......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 9 2 Domain description ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Proxy characteristics ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.1 Overlay network/ Proxied connections ............................................................... 10 2.1.2 Pseudo source address configurations ................................................................ 10 2.1.3 Multiple IP address setup .................................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Proxying at different protocol layers ................................................................... 11 2.1.5 Routing and other services at the proxy .............................................................. 12 2.1.6 Authentication and encryption ............................................................................ 12 2.1.7 Internal structure overlay network ...................................................................... 12 2.1.8 Reverse proxy/ port forwarding ........................................................................... 13 2.1.9 Ownership ............................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Quantifying accuracy................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Estimating the population: a priori odds ............................................................. 13 2.2.2 False positives ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Available datasets ................................................................................................ 15 2.2.4 False negatives ..................................................................................................... 15 2.2.5 Other criteria ........................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Summary ................................................................................................................... 16 3 Inventory of proxy techniques .......................................................................................... 18 3.1 HTTP proxy ................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Socket Secure proxy (SOCKS) .................................................................................... 19 3.3 Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol (PPTP) ................................................................ 19 3.4 Secure Socket Tunnelling Protocol (SSTP)................................................................. 19 3.5 L2TP ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.6 OpenVPN ................................................................................................................... 20 3.7 IPsec .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.7.1 IPsec over L2TP..................................................................................................... 22 3.7.2 IKEv2 ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.8 The Onion Routing (Tor)............................................................................................ 22 3.9 Other proxy techniques and implementations ......................................................... 22 3.10 Summary ................................................................................................................... 23 4 Inventory of detection techniques.................................................................................... 24 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Method properties ............................................................................................... 24 4.2 List of known proxies ................................................................................................ 25 2 4.2.1 Temporality .......................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Accuracy ............................................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Properties and success factors ............................................................................. 26 4.3 Information databases .............................................................................................. 26 4.3.1 Residential user vs. datacentres .......................................................................... 27 4.3.2 WHOIS and reverse DNS ...................................................................................... 27 4.3.3 Proxy databases ................................................................................................... 28 4.3.4 Properties and success factors of methods ......................................................... 28 4.4 Port and service scanning ......................................................................................... 30 4.4.1 OpenVPN .............................................................................................................. 30 4.4.2 IPsec ..................................................................................................................... 30 4.4.3 PPTP ..................................................................................................................... 30 4.4.4 Other scan techniques ......................................................................................... 31 4.4.5 Port and service scan databases .......................................................................... 31 4.4.6 Properties and success factors of methods ......................................................... 31 4.5 Latency and timing .................................................................................................... 33 4.5.1 Round-trip time measurements ........................................................................... 33 4.5.2 Transport-layer round-trip time ........................................................................... 36 4.5.3 Application-layer round-trip time ........................................................................ 39 4.5.4 Probing IP addresses ............................................................................................ 40 4.5.5 Triangulation of third-party measurements ........................................................ 40 4.5.6 Comparing times .................................................................................................. 40 4.5.7 Related research .................................................................................................. 42 4.5.8 Properties and success factors ............................................................................. 43 4.6 MTU size .................................................................................................................... 44 4.6.1 Maximum Transmission Unit ............................................................................... 44 4.6.2 TCP Maximum Segment Size ................................................................................ 44 4.6.3 Properties and success factors ............................................................................. 45 4.7 HTTP header fields .................................................................................................... 45 4.7.1 Properties and success factors ............................................................................. 46 4.8 Summary ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uila Supported Apps
    Uila Supported Applications and Protocols updated Oct 2020 Application/Protocol Name Full Description 01net.com 01net website, a French high-tech news site. 050 plus is a Japanese embedded smartphone application dedicated to 050 plus audio-conferencing. 0zz0.com 0zz0 is an online solution to store, send and share files 10050.net China Railcom group web portal. This protocol plug-in classifies the http traffic to the host 10086.cn. It also 10086.cn classifies the ssl traffic to the Common Name 10086.cn. 104.com Web site dedicated to job research. 1111.com.tw Website dedicated to job research in Taiwan. 114la.com Chinese web portal operated by YLMF Computer Technology Co. Chinese cloud storing system of the 115 website. It is operated by YLMF 115.com Computer Technology Co. 118114.cn Chinese booking and reservation portal. 11st.co.kr Korean shopping website 11st. It is operated by SK Planet Co. 1337x.org Bittorrent tracker search engine 139mail 139mail is a chinese webmail powered by China Mobile. 15min.lt Lithuanian news portal Chinese web portal 163. It is operated by NetEase, a company which 163.com pioneered the development of Internet in China. 17173.com Website distributing Chinese games. 17u.com Chinese online travel booking website. 20 minutes is a free, daily newspaper available in France, Spain and 20minutes Switzerland. This plugin classifies websites. 24h.com.vn Vietnamese news portal 24ora.com Aruban news portal 24sata.hr Croatian news portal 24SevenOffice 24SevenOffice is a web-based Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. 24ur.com Slovenian news portal 2ch.net Japanese adult videos web site 2Shared 2shared is an online space for sharing and storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the EU Copyright Framework
    Review of the EU copyright framework European Implementation Assessment Review of the EU copyright framework: The implementation, application and effects of the "InfoSoc" Directive (2001/29/EC) and of its related instruments European Implementation Assessment Study In October 2014, the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) requested from the European Parliament Research Service (EPRS) an Ex Post Impact Assessment on Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (InfoSoc). This EPRS publication was originally commissioned in the context of JURI's own- initiative implementation report, which was adopted in Plenary in July 2015, Rapporteur Julia Reda MEP. However, it is also relevant to the work of JURI Committees' Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights and Copyright (CWG), chaired by Jean Marie Cavada MEP. Furthermore, this request was made in the wider context of the Commission's review of the EU legislative framework on copyright, and the ensuing legislative proposals, which have been a long time in the planning and which are now expected for the 4th quarter of 2015. The objective of these proposals is to modernise the EU copyright framework, and in particular the InfoSoc Directive, in light of the digital transformation. Accordingly, in response to the JURI request, the Ex-Post Impact Assessment Unit of the European Parliament Research Service decided to produce a "European Implementation Assessment on the review of the EU copyright framework". Implementation reports of EP committees are now routinely accompanied by European Implementation Assessments, drawn up by the Ex-Post Impact Assessment Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value, within the European Parliament's Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services.
    [Show full text]
  • Threat Modeling and Circumvention of Internet Censorship by David Fifield
    Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship By David Fifield A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Professor Deirdre Mulligan Professor Vern Paxson Fall 2017 1 Abstract Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship by David Fifield Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Research on Internet censorship is hampered by poor models of censor behavior. Censor models guide the development of circumvention systems, so it is important to get them right. A censor model should be understood not just as a set of capabilities|such as the ability to monitor network traffic—but as a set of priorities constrained by resource limitations. My research addresses the twin themes of modeling and circumvention. With a grounding in empirical research, I build up an abstract model of the circumvention problem and examine how to adapt it to concrete censorship challenges. I describe the results of experiments on censors that probe their strengths and weaknesses; specifically, on the subject of active probing to discover proxy servers, and on delays in their reaction to changes in circumvention. I present two circumvention designs: domain fronting, which derives its resistance to blocking from the censor's reluctance to block other useful services; and Snowflake, based on quickly changing peer-to-peer proxy servers. I hope to change the perception that the circumvention problem is a cat-and-mouse game that affords only incremental and temporary advancements.
    [Show full text]
  • Best VPN Services in 2017 (Speed, Cost & Usability Reviews)
    10/8/2017 Best VPN Services in 2017 (Speed, Cost & Usability Reviews) Best VPN Services VPN Reviews & In-Depth Comparisons Brad Smith Sep 18, 2017 With the help of John & Andrey (https://thebestvpn.com/contact-us/), we’ve put together a list of best VPNs. We compared their download/upload speed, support, usability, cost, servers, countries and features. We also analyzed their TOS to see if they keep logs or not and whether they allow P2P and work with Netflix. here’s a link to the spreadsheet (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11IZdVCBjVvbdaKx2HKz2hKB4F Z_l8nRJXXubX4FaQj4/) You want to start using a VPN, but don’t know which software/service to use? In this page, we’ve reviewed 30+ most popular VPN services (on going process). In order to find out which are best VPNs, we spent some time on research and speed testing: 1. Installed 30+ VPN software on our personal devices, such as Windows, Mac, Android and iOS and compared their usability. 2. Performed Download/Upload speed tests on speedtest.net to see which had best performing servers. 3. Double checked if they work with Netflix and allow P2P. 4. Read their TOS to verify if they keep logs or not. 5. Compared security (encryption and protocols). That means we’ve dug through a large number of privacy policies (on logging), checked their features, speed, customer support and usability. If you know a good VPN provider that is not listed here, please contact us and we’ll test it out as soon as possible. 5 Best VPNs for Online Privacy and Security Here are the top 5 VPN services of 2017 after our research, analysis, monitoring, testing, and verifying.
    [Show full text]
  • List of NMAP Scripts Use with the Nmap –Script Option
    List of NMAP Scripts Use with the nmap –script option Retrieves information from a listening acarsd daemon. Acarsd decodes ACARS (Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System) data in real time. The information retrieved acarsd-info by this script includes the daemon version, API version, administrator e-mail address and listening frequency. Shows extra information about IPv6 addresses, such as address-info embedded MAC or IPv4 addresses when available. Performs password guessing against Apple Filing Protocol afp-brute (AFP). Attempts to get useful information about files from AFP afp-ls volumes. The output is intended to resemble the output of ls. Detects the Mac OS X AFP directory traversal vulnerability, afp-path-vuln CVE-2010-0533. Shows AFP server information. This information includes the server's hostname, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and hardware type afp-serverinfo (for example Macmini or MacBookPro). Shows AFP shares and ACLs. afp-showmount Retrieves the authentication scheme and realm of an AJP service ajp-auth (Apache JServ Protocol) that requires authentication. Performs brute force passwords auditing against the Apache JServ protocol. The Apache JServ Protocol is commonly used by ajp-brute web servers to communicate with back-end Java application server containers. Performs a HEAD or GET request against either the root directory or any optional directory of an Apache JServ Protocol ajp-headers server and returns the server response headers. Discovers which options are supported by the AJP (Apache JServ Protocol) server by sending an OPTIONS request and lists ajp-methods potentially risky methods. ajp-request Requests a URI over the Apache JServ Protocol and displays the result (or stores it in a file).
    [Show full text]
  • Style Counsel: Seeing the (Random) Forest for the Trees in Adversarial Code Stylometry∗
    Style Counsel: Seeing the (Random) Forest for the Trees in Adversarial Code Stylometry∗ Christopher McKnight Ian Goldberg Magnet Forensics University of Waterloo [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT worm based on an examination of the reverse-engineered code [17], The results of recent experiments have suggested that code stylom- casting style analysis as a forensic technique. etry can successfully identify the author of short programs from This technique, however, may be used to chill speech for soft- among hundreds of candidates with up to 98% precision. This poten- ware developers. There are several cases of developers being treated tial ability to discern the programmer of a code sample from a large as individuals of suspicion, intimidated by authorities and/or co- group of possible authors could have concerning consequences for erced into removing their software from the Internet. In the US, the open-source community at large, particularly those contrib- Nadim Kobeissi, the Canadian creator of Cryptocat (an online se- utors that may wish to remain anonymous. Recent international cure messaging application) was stopped, searched, and questioned events have suggested the developers of certain anti-censorship by Department of Homeland Security officials on four separate oc- and anti-surveillance tools are being targeted by their governments casions in 2012 about Cryptocat and the algorithms it employs [16]. and forced to delete their repositories or face prosecution. In November 2014, Chinese developer Xu Dong was arrested, pri- In light of this threat to the freedom and privacy of individual marily for political tweets, but also because he allegedly “committed programmers around the world, we devised a tool, Style Counsel, to crimes of developing software to help Chinese Internet users scale aid programmers in obfuscating their inherent style and imitating the Great Fire Wall of China” [4] in relation to proxy software he another, overt, author’s style in order to protect their anonymity wrote.
    [Show full text]
  • VPN Report 2020
    VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Independent Tests of Anti-Virus Software VPN - Virtual Private Network 35 VPN services put to test LANGUAGE : ENGLISH LAST REVISION : 20 TH MAY 2020 WWW.AV-COMPARATIVES.ORG 1 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Contents Introduction 4 What is a VPN? 4 Why use a VPN? 4 Vague Privacy 5 Potential Risks 5 The Relevance of No-Logs Policies 6 Using VPNs to Spoof Geolocation 6 Test Procedure 7 Lab Setup 7 Test Methodology 7 Leak Test 7 Kill-Switch Test 8 Performance Test 8 Tested Products 9 Additional Product Information 10 Consolidations & Collaborations 10 Supported Protocols 11 Logging 12 Payment Information 14 Test Results 17 Leak & Kill-Switch Tests 17 Performance Test 19 Download speed 20 Upload speed 21 Latency 22 Performance Overview 24 Discussion 25 General Security Observations 25 Test Results 25 Logging & Privacy Policies 26 Further Recommendations 27 2 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Individual VPN Product Reviews 28 Avast SecureLine VPN 29 AVG Secure VPN 31 Avira Phantom VPN 33 Bitdefender VPN 35 BullGuard VPN 37 CyberGhost VPN 39 ExpressVPN 41 F-Secure Freedome 43 hide.me VPN 45 HMA VPN 47 Hotspot Shield 49 IPVanish 51 Ivacy 53 Kaspersky Secure Connection 55 McAfee Safe Connect 57 mySteganos Online Shield VPN 59 Norton Secure VPN 63 Panda Dome VPN 65 Private Internet Access 67 Private Tunnel 69 PrivateVPN 71 ProtonVPN 73 PureVPN 75 SaferVPN 77 StrongVPN 79 Surfshark 81 TorGuard 83 Trust.Zone VPN 85 TunnelBear 87 VPNSecure 89 VPN Unlimited 91 VyprVPN 93 Windscribe 95 ZenMate VPN 97 Copyright and Disclaimer 99 3 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Introduction The aim of this test is to compare VPN services for consumers in a real-world environment by assessing their security and privacy features, along with download speed, upload speed, and latency.
    [Show full text]
  • Vyprvpn Auf Einem ASUS Router Einrichten “Schritt Für Schritt”
    8.11.2019 Anleitung: ASUS Router mit VPN in Betrieb nehmen "Schritt für Schritt" mit VyprVPN - dem besten VPN-Service für sicheres Sufen Menue Anleitung: VyprVPN auf einem ASUS Router einrichten “Schritt für Schritt” von Markus Hanf Letzte Aktualisierung: 12. September 2019 Approbierter Mathematiker und Netzwerkspezialist. Dozent an einigen Universitäten. Es ist ganz einfach einen ASUS Router direkt in Betrieb zu nehmen, ganz unabhängig davon welchen Internetrouter Du derzeit verwendest. Wir haben einen ganzen Vorgang der Inbetriebnahme in einer Anleitung beschrieben. VPN Router Schematische Darstellung Einen VPN-Service direkt über den ASUS Router zu verwenden bietet die folgenden Vorteile: Alle Geräte (auch SmartTV, FireTV, AndroidTV, xBox usw) werden zuverlässig über VPN verbunden ohne Softwareinstallation. Die Firewall und die zusätzlichen Schutzfunktionen die im Router vorhanden sind lassen es zu, auch Kinder und Jugendliche vor Bedrohungen aus dem Internet zu schützen. (Malwareschutz, Sperren von Webseiten, Zugriff für bestimmte Apps auf Smartphones usw) Die gesamte Familie wird zuverlässig vor Abmahnungen und sonstigen Fallen im Internet geschützt, ohne dass dabei Software oder Apps auf den Geräten zusätzlich installiert werden müssen. Die Benutzer des Routers werden “Anonymisiert” und nutzen damit eine nicht direkt zuordenbare Internetadresse für alle täglichen Aktivitäten. Zuverlässiger Schutz aller Nutzer vor Überwachung und Vorratsdatenspeicherung und damit auch eine aktive Maßnahme für eine bessere Privatsphäre. Hilfe & Beratung
    [Show full text]
  • IP Geolocation Through Reverse DNS
    IP Geolocation through Reverse DNS Ovidiu Dan∗ Vaibhav Parikh Brian D. Davison Lehigh University Microsoft Bing Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA, USA Redmond, WA, USA Bethlehem, PA, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Table 1: Example of entries from an IP Geolocation database IP Geolocation databases are widely used in online services to map end user IP addresses to their geographical locations. However, they StartIP EndIP Country Region City use proprietary geolocation methods and in some cases they have 1.0.16.0 1.0.16.255 JP Tokyo Tokyo 124.228.150.0 124.228.150.255 CN Hunan Hengyang poor accuracy. We propose a systematic approach to use publicly 131.107.147.0 131.107.147.255 US Washington Redmond accessible reverse DNS hostnames for geolocating IP addresses. Our method is designed to be combined with other geolocation data sources. We cast the task as a machine learning problem where increased user satisfaction and conversely that missing location for a given hostname, we generate and rank a list of potential information leads to user dissatisfaction [2, 7, 25]. IP geolocation location candidates. We evaluate our approach against three state databases are also used in many other applications, including: con- of the art academic baselines and two state of the art commercial tent personalization and online advertising to serve content IP geolocation databases. We show that our work significantly local to the user [2, 18, 26], content delivery networks to direct outperforms the academic baselines, and is complementary and users to the closest datacenter [19], law enforcement to fight cy- competitive with commercial databases.
    [Show full text]
  • Topic 5. Network Naming Translation Service: ISC DNS
    Computer System Design and Administration Topic 5. Network naming translation service: ISC DNS José Ángel Herrero Velasco Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering This work is published under a License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 Computer System Design and Administration Topic 5. Network naming translation service: ISC DNS Secure information service: Puzzle Information server LDAP clients Active Directory client Open Open LDAP LDAP LDAP DB SSL SSL service SSL Main SSH server ISC ISC ISC Third-party service DHCP DNS NTP services client Secondary Open LDAP DB service SSH client LDAP SSL SSL Replicated José Ángel Herrero Velasco Computer System Design and Administration Topic 5. Network naming translation service: ISC DNS Target: …server convergence • Installaon, configuraon and deployment of third-party network services for local networking management on the INTRANET: – Dynamic configuraon service (DHCP): ISC dhcpd. – Domain name service (DNS): ISC bind9: • Network naming transla2on: – IP domain name. – …and more. – Network 'me service (NTP): ISC ntpd. José Ángel Herrero Velasco Computer System Design and Administration Topic 5. Network naming translation service: ISC DNS DNS: Internet domain name service • There are 2 key systems (pieces) on the Internet: – Domain naming system (DNS). – Internet roung system (Rou'ng). • Usually both systems are NOT greatly considered in network environments: – We assume that others “above” are in charge ISPs. • However, they are two crical aspects for our subnet (network): – The subnet might become inoperave because of link cuts: • Hosts won’t be able to use DNS. – We won't even be able to use a simple network service such as ssh or “browse” on web if router failures happen.
    [Show full text]
  • DNS Consistency Model
    DNS Consistency Model Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (by Research) in Computer Science by Manish Kumar Sharma 200502011 [email protected] Center for Security, Theory & Algorithmic Research (CSTAR) International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad - 500 032, INDIA April 2012 Copyright c Manish Kumar Sharma, April 2012 All Rights Reserved International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India CERTIFICATE It is certified that the work contained in this thesis, titled “DNS Consistency Model” by Manish Kumar Sharma, has been carried out under my supervision and is not submitted elsewhere for a degree. Date Adviser: Dr. Bruhadeshwar Bezawada The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary. - Donald Kendall To my loving parents and grandparents. Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Bruhadeshwar Bezawada for his constant support and able guidance for the past three years. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Bruhadeshwar for introducing me to the field of DNS security. I would like to thank my parents for constantly supporting me throughout my highs and lows. As a child, I was like a lump of clay. My parents and teachers moulded and shaped me into a beautiful pot and Dr. Bruhadeshwar crafted designs on the pot to enhance its beauty. In other words, my parents with their initial guidance helped me to reach a stage from where I could easily comprehend the teachings of my teachers and finally Dr. Bruhadeshwar guided me through the path to success. I would also like to thank my siblings and friends without whose motivation I could not have traveled such a long distance.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.443,106 B2 Shuster (45) Date of Patent: May 14, 2013
    USOO8443106B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.443,106 B2 Shuster (45) Date of Patent: May 14, 2013 (54) CONTENT RESTRICTION COMPLIANCE 2002/0087726 A1* 7/2002 Macpherson et al. ........ 709/245 USING REVERSE DNS LOOKUP 3.99. A 333 Bugal.OS 3. 2005/0038702 A1 2/2005 Merriman et al. .............. TO5/14 (76) Inventor: Gary Stephen Shuster, Fresno, CA 2005/0050222 A1 3, 2005 Packer (US) 2005/0102407 A1 5/2005 Clapper 2005.0114794 A1 5/2005 Grimes et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2005/0177844 A1* 8, 2005 Levi et al. ....................... 725/30 2006/0173793 A1 8/2006 Glass .............................. 705/75 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 38885 A. $39. S.al f U.S.C. 154(b) by 564 days. 2006/0224689 A1 * 10/2006 Leip et al. ..................... 709/217 2006/0248.190 A1* 11/2006 Gardos et al. .. 709,225 (21) Appl. No.: 12/339,763 2006/0259.778 A1* 11/2006 Gudorf et al. ................. T13, 186 2007/0204040 A1 8, 2007 COX (22) Filed: Dec. 19, 2008 2007/0260603 A1* 11/2007 Tuscano et al. ................... 707/9 2008/0059310 A1 3/2008 Lettow et al. ................... TO5/14 (65) Prior PublicationO O Data 2008.011486256888. AA1* 1568.5/2008 MoghaddamNE et al. ........ 713,155709.220 US 2009/O164597 A1 Jun. 25, 2009 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Related U.S. Application Data The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, defini tion of demographics, 2000.* (60) Provisional application No. 61/016,440, filed on Dec. 21, 2007. (Continued) (51) Int.
    [Show full text]