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Historical Timeline A PERSPECTIVE ON PARADISE: RECOUNTING OUR FIRST HUNDRED YEARS AND ANTICIPATING OUR SECOND CENTURY

2009 | Walls is founded 2010 | Port of Tunnel This timeline traces the city, occupying the heart of the institutions and the begins construction. Unites 2001 | Network Access Point States Southern Command [NAP] of the Americas is development of our a growing metropolis. An infrastructure of a significant Headquarters moves to built in downtown Miami Doral.` metropolitan region from the aggregate of multiple centers postwar expansion. Home, 2002 | Art Basel Miami Beach is 2011 | The New World founded. years before its founding to independently conceived, by midcentury, to permanent, Symphony moves to its new The Four Seasons is home: The completed becoming the tallest the present day, following the inaugural urbanization of year-round residents, Miami Concert Hall building in the State of . the arc of its environmental, Greater Miami was a product simultaneously solidified 2012 | Metrorail is extends westward to the Miami International Airport and a technological, political, and of sequential building booms its standing as a tourist 2005 | Construction begins on new intermodal Midtown, an urban residential/ cultural complexities. In between the two World destination and its nascent transit station. retail development on the site of that process, it sets the Wars. Year-round warmth, aspirations as an international an abandoned FEC rail yard, and located north of Downtown Miami stage for a new Miami, water, and sunshine made Pan American presence. between the and the Wynwood/ one that will emerge in the and farming the chief neighborhood. years ahead, as our region enticements of its earliest The social and political Midtown is home to the December Art Miami Fair. responds to a wholly new development. upheavals of the postwar The City of Cutler Bay is set of challenges. A broad years –played out on stages incorporated. array of environmental Driven by forces in equal international and domestic-- changes will undoubtedly be parts vision and ambition, profoundly transformed a critical component of in this built for profit at breakneck the young city. Miami was evolution. They will challenge speed, the foundational shaken, shattered, re- us to first imagine --and then centers of the metropolis imagined and re-built after create-- an ever more vibrant, invoked ready-made histories new and unexpected floods resilient and magical Miami. and envisioned landscapes –not only of wind and of for their elaborate narratives water, but also of equality and 2006 | The Carnival Created over a century of of paradise. Played out in the civil rights, of migration and Centre for the Performing Arts [CCPA] opens its booms and busts, shaped by large-scale reshaping of land immigration, of revolution, concert and opera halls spurts of growth so rapid as and water, Greater Miami and of exile. The mettle of June: The wins to have arrived in the public was a deliberate paradise, this young city has been The City of Miami Historic Preservation imagination (nearly) overnight not so much discovered as repeatedly tested over the Board designates the and (almost) fully formed, designed –and meticulously course of its history. Miami MiMo [Miami Modern] Biscayne Boulevard Miami has long been a engineered. Hurricanes and has proven, with each trial, Historic District 2008 | The CCPA is “magic” city. The passage of financial crises devastated remarkably resilient. It is a renamed the Arsht one hundred years arguably the city in the early decades quality that, over the coming 2013 | December: Center for the Performing Perez Art Museum of Arts. nuances that image, not of the twentieth century. century, will serve it well. Miami moves to a new waterfront location. dissolving its enchantment The metropolitan region The Frost Museum of Science, currently but buttressing the illusion re-built itself, developing under construction. The with substance. Incorporated a distinct idiom of tropical Miami Heat wins a third NBA Championship. in 1896, Miami is a young modernism to construct 2014 | The Port of Miami Tunnel commences operations 34 35

1988 | Franchised in 1987, the Miami Heat, an 1973 | Maurice Ferre, native of 1947 | Al Capone dies in Miami Beach. 1936 | The Miami area begins to emerge The Rickenbacker opens, linking and Virginia from the Great Depression –ahead of other NBA team, is founded. Puerto Rico, is Key to Miami. areas in the U.S. 38 tourist , 110 The Miami Arena opens. It hosts multiple pro- 1976 | The Spanish Marjory Stoneman Douglas publishes The : River of Grass. apartment buildings, and 320 homes were President Harry S. Truman dedicates the new National Park. constructed in Miami and Miami Beach. fessional and collegiate insert El Herald Discriminatory signs are banned from places of business by Miami sports teams until its demolition in 2008. The begins circulation to supplement Beach ordinance. 1937 | Another 150 hotels and 508 apartment 1997 | Voters approve name change 1954 | The Fontainebleau Hotel opens on The Cities of Bay Harbor Islands, West Miami, and Virginia Gardens buildings are erected. 1921 | James Bright and Glenn Curtiss plat and begin original construction, The 1961 | April 17: Sponsored by the from Dade County are incorporated. to sell land in the subdivision of Hialeah. located in / , is controver- for Miami’s Latin population. CIA, the Bay of Pigs A project of the ’s Works Progress to Miami-Dade County. 1955 | The Eden Roc Hotel opens next door to the 1948 | Miami businessman Charles Winters provides B-17 bombers Administration [WPA], the Coral Gables 1922 | Golf Course is built. sial, as it requires substantial The Miami Design Preservation Invasion of Cuba fails. Gianni Versace is murdered on the Fontainebleau. Public Library is completed. Fulford-by-the-Sea, later named North Miami, is platted neighborhood demolition. League is formed to Construction of Interstate-95 reach- The Towns of Miramar and Margate are incorporated. Neutrality Act in 1949. and begins land sales. steps of his Ocean The Saxony, Casablanca and Sans Souci Hotels open. All have Liberty Square, a 753-unit 1989 | advance the preservation of Mi- es Miami. It is the Drive estate, . 1956 | The Miami International Airport Terminal Building elements of the new International style. project of the New Deal’s Public Works 1924 | The Florida Legislature passes laws that ban immigration to Miami. ami’s historical built suburban expansion and reshape opens. Administration [PWA] opens in . state income and inheritance taxes. The City of Sunny Isles Beach is in- 1949 | The Water Management District is founded to MIAMI 1980 Metrorail connects to the Tri-Rail metropolitan heritage. the city. corporated. yawdaoR dna yawhgih noitcurtsnoc snalp era :devorppa Edison Court, a 345-unit public housing 1925 | The Cities of Coral Gables and Hialeah are commuter line. 1977 | Anita Bryant leads a suc- 1962 | October: The Cuban Missile A North-South expressway [now part of I-95]; an East- The Junior Museum of Miami, precursor to the Patricia and Phillip project of the New Deal’s Public Works incorporated. Jorge Mas Canosa, controversial and West Expressway [now the Dolphin Expressway/ Frost Museum of Science, opens. In 1960, it moves to the Vizcaya Administration [PWA], opens in Lemon City. The City of Miami annexes Grove, Lemon City 2,253,779 The Protection and cessful crusade Crisis resolves. prominent Cuban SR 836]; a 36th Street Expressway [now the Airport Farm House complex. A permanent home at Miami is and other area neighborhoods, nearly quadrupling in Expansion Act enables against a Miami Human Right Or- The USSR withdraws its weapons Expressway /SR 112] and the Palmetto Expressway/ under construction, scheduled for completion in 2015. Aviators Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan size and becoming Greater Miami. exile leader, dies in Miami. Head of SR 826. These projects are completed through the depart Miami to circumnavigate the globe, to restore its natural hydrology. dinance to protect from the island, and the Cuban American 1960s and the early 1970s. The construction of I-95 1950 | At local, State and Federal levels, the policies, laws and 1926 | The Cities of Miami Springs, North Miami, 1990 | The John S. and James L. Knight Foun- individuals from discrimination on the U.S. agrees to refrain from in- and SR 836 destroys much of Miami’s Overtown. practices of segregation are overturned piece by piece. Racial North Miami Beach, Opa-locka and South Miami are National Foundation[CANF], he is in- tensions and confrontations, often supported by the KKK, increase. incorporated. dation relocates its the basis of sexual vading Cuba without strumental in the 1957 | The Sunshine State Parkway [now the Florida The Miami Herald wins a Pulitzer Prize for it s reports on organized The Burdine Stadium [renamed the Orange headquarters from Akron Ohio to Miami, Flori- orientation. direct provocation. crime in the city. Bowl in 1959] opens. It is demolished and September 18: The Great Miami Hurricane strikes. creation of Radio and TV Marti. replaced in 2008. Winds of up to 145 miles per hour devastate the city

2000 Anticipating vast suburban expan- Wine and Food Festival 1959 | January: Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba, and its environs. Estimated damages top $105 million. sion in Miami aided ousting Fulgencio Batista. Cuban refugees begin to The City of El Portal is incorporated. The hurricane, coupled with the Great Depression that begins at the by the construction of the Palmetto depart the island for Miami. follows shortly afterward, lead to the end of the Miami Florida International University Bis- 1939 | A project of the New Deal’s Works Land Boom.

Expressway, The Causeway opens, linking Miami and 1960 Progress Administration [WPA], the Coral cayne Bay Campus, Mall opens. Miami Beach at 41st Street. Gables Public Safety Building [now the Coral 1928 | The is completed, connecting the moving to South Beach in 2001. Gables Museum] is completed. coasts of the Florida peninsula. 1963 | President John Fitzgerald 1960 | 1998 | Kennedy is assassinated. escaping Castro’s regime. 1929 | October 29: The Great Stock Market Crash the tobacco companies, citing them New Deal’s Works Progress Administration ushers the Great Depression. The Bacardi U.S.A. Building opens Metro Dade County Transit Authority is created. [WPA], is completed. for ‘extreme and on Biscayne Boulevard. The City of Golden Beach is incorporated. outrageous conduct’ in making a de- Florida Legislature bans blacks from voting in primaries. fective product that 1,625,509 Miami and other U.S. and international ports causes death and disease. 1986 | April: The Inner Loop 1945 | World War II ends. deny entry to the S.S. St. Louis, a ship 1930 | Al Capone returns from prison to Miami. Many servicemen who trained El Nuevo Herald becomes an inde- of Miami’s begins 1940 | The Cadillac, carrying Jewish refugees seeking asylum in Miami return to make the city National and from Nazi Germany. All who return to buildings become popular; the architectural pendent publication, operations to supplement home. A boom of infrastructure Grossinger Beach Hamburg are killed. district begins to take shape. separating from the Miami Herald. Metrorail within downtown and institutional projects, urban Hotels open on Miami and suburban expansion, and 1969 | Access ramps to I-95 from Beach. The nearby The Village of Indian Creek is incorporated. Pan American Airways begins Clipper operations 1999 | The American Airlines Arena Miami. growing tourism characterize Delano and Sherry from its Seaplane Base in a former naval airbase at opens on bay front Haitians immigrate to Miami downtown Miami the post war years. Frontenac follow in , . open. 1947. property near the original Port of after the collapse of the Duva- Dade County Port Authority is 1931 | Dry spell in South Florida lowers water

Miami, on the site of lier 1980 Marjory Stoneman Douglas helps established to commence the tables and threatens municipal wells with salt water creation of what will become intrusion. regime. The new Haitian found Friends of Miami International Airport at community forms today’s Little the Everglades. the Miami 36th Street Airport. In response to the Haulover

Haiti in the are once known as Wade-In and other public 1940 Lemon City. 1970 | Inaugural Earth Day celebrated in Miami, demonstrations, 1993 | The Florida Marlins, a Beach is established as a 1932 | The City of Miami Shores is incorporated. Miami City is founded, focusing attention on environmental concerns blacks-only beach. Major League Baseball team, 1933 | An assassination attempt is made on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at and opens its studios on heightened in 1970 by drought and fear of is founded. The City of North Bay Village is Miami’s . New Deal programs employ nearly 20,000 Miamians and create . h c a e B i m a i M , d a o R n compromised regional water supply. incorporated. numerous public projects throughout the city. The Florida Panthers, a Nation- l o c n i LI 1971 | The Latin Chamber of Commerce is established. al Hockey League team, is 1946 | The City of Bal Harbour t moves to its Collins Park Channel 23 WLTV is sold to Spanish International Network is incorporated. founded. The City of Biscayne Park is incorporated. location in 2000. and begins airing in Miami. 935,047 The Democratic Party of Florida 1987 | Pope John Paul II visits Versailles opens, becoming a popular spot for repeals the prohibition against 1934 | The U.S. Congress creates the Everglades National Park. 1994 | The Omni and Miami. Cuban exiles –and later, black participation in primaries, Loops of the Miami Metromov- and the Florida Supreme Court The New World Symphony tourists. outlaws the segregation of Miami its corporate headquarters. er system begin operations. Orchestra is founded. Studies begin on the development of a heavy rail public residential districts. This does The Everglades Forever Act is not stop the erection of a wall 1935 | The City of Surfside is incorporated. Bayside, the Rouse Company transit system for Dade County. in Coconut Grove to separate passed to advance ongoing September 2: The Labor Day Hurricane destroys Flagler’s Overseas Railway, permanently opens in Orlando, Florida. white and black residents. land acquisition and hydrolog- interrupting rail service. A New Deal Public Works Administration [WPA] project uses its 1972 | Florida International University, chartered in 1965, ic restoration the Americas. opens its doors to students. 1951 | The Broad Causeway opens, Held in Miami, topics include 1981 | Museum of Contemporary Art in linking Bay Harbor Islands and the 1941 | The U.S. enters WWII; tourism ends. Miami and plans for a Free Trade Area of mainland at NE 125th Street. multiple areas of Dade County serve as training bases for the North Miami opens in a storefront gallery, armed services. Many trainees leave the city with “sand in President Franklin the Americas. moving to a permanent home in 1996. Bombay Hotel opens. The automobile their shoes” and return after the war as permanent residents. is so pervasive that the hotel becomes Racial tensions continue: Supported by the KKK, white voters D. Roosevelt Jorge Mas Canosa founds the Cuban petition in opposition to the construction of a black development 1995 | The City of Aventura is American National Foundation [CANF], MIAMI 2000 on NW 7th Ave. incorporated. with the goal of achieving regime change 1952 | The Dade County Auditorium The City of Sweetwater is incorporated. is integrated when Marian Anderson in Cuba through politics. refuses to perform there. 1942 | Submarine Chaser School commissioned in the Port 1980 |April - 1983 | The Miami Book Fair begins. of Miami. The U.S. Navy Gulf Sea Frontier is based at the AI October: The Mariel Boatlift brings some 150,000 1953 | Miami City Commission DuPont Building in Miami. Miami’s Center for the Fine Arts opens in establishes its new City Hall at Dinner Cubans to the 267,739 the Miami-Dade Cultural Center, which Key, in the former Pan American U.S. Army Air Force Transport operates from the Miami 36th Miami area, many on rafts and barges. There are nu- Airways Seaplane Terminal Building. Street Airport. houses the Main Branch of the Mi- Richmond Naval Air Station, on the site of present day merous casualties at sea. ami-Dade County Public Library and the and the Railroad Museum, begins construction. It The INS Detention Center on Krome Avenue is estab- is largely destroyed by a hurricane in 1945. Historical Museum of Southern Florida. lished on the site of a former 1944 | missile base. Miami pharmacist Benjamin Green creates a successful suntan lotion, which becomes Coppertone. 36 37

1910 | Everglades Land Sales Company is established in Miami.

Miami population: 5,471, 42% of whom are black.

1911 | John Collins begins construction of the Miami Beach Collins Canal to facilitate movement of produce from the island to the mainland.

1914 | World War I begins, ending in 1918. The Florida East Coast Canal [later renamed the Intercoastal Waterway] is completed. Florida City is incorporated. Aerial displays in celebration of the Miami’s 15th birthday herald the start of 1915 | The City of Miami Beach is incorporated with the city’s pre-eminence as a hub for aviation. only 33 registered voters. 1912 | Entrepreneur Carl Fisher arrives in Miami Beach to build a new city. Carl Fisher begins construction of . MIAMI 1960 MIAMI 1940 1917 | U.S. enters World War I. Pilots train at Miami schools. Curtiss eventually expands his area ventures to include both agriculture Royal Palm Hotel in 1897 End of Second War and real estate development, including the founding of Hialeah [1921], Miami 1870 | William and Mary Springs [1923], Opa-locka [1926], and two Miami airports [1923, 1926]. Brickell settle and establish a Carl Fisher begins the construction of residential islands trading post south of the Miami in . Completed in 1922, is The Lummus brothers, Miami developers and bankers, acquire 500 acres River. They and their extensive followed by Palm and Hibiscus Islands. of Miami Beach land, extending from 14th Street to . They family succeed as traders and developers. 1918 | Miami City Hospital, ‘The Alamo’, opens in what Beach. will become, at mid-century, the Miami Civic and Medical Center. ’s Overseas Railway extension is completed. With 91 miles of track and 38 bridges, it connects the to continental The County Causeway opens, providing a land route via Miami. connecting Miami and the barrier island of Miami Beach.

1920 | The Miami Land Boom, a dramatic explosion in real estate speculation, transforms the city so rapidly that Miami earns the moniker “Magic City”. Henry Lum and his son Charles Carl Fisher’s Miami Beach Railway Company connects arrive in what is now South Miami Beach and Miami by a single rail trolley via the Beach from New Jersey. They County Causeway. 1891 | Julia Tuttle moves from Ohio to settle in Miami, purchase 165 acres of land purchasing the former and 640 acres of land on the barrier island from the The Roman Pools and Casino open on Miami Beach, along the north bank of the . Federal government at 75 as does the Flamingo Hotel. cents per acre for the purpose of planting and harvesting 1842 | Second Seminole War publication. . ends.

1906 | Everglades reclamation projects begin, pushing back 1897 | On the north bank of the Miami River, the natural wetlands of the on the shore of Biscay Bay, Henry Flagler builds South Florida region through and opens the 400-room Royal Palm Hotel. Constructed over Tequesta remains, the wood- network of drainage canals. 1894 | frame hotel becomes a symbol of Gilded Age William English, nephew of coconut plantation to Elnathan Field and Ezra Osborne luxury for the new city. Badly damaged by the Richard Fitzpatrick, restores The projects produce land fertile of New Jersey, who in turn sell their holdings to John hurricane of 1926, it is demolished in 1930. the Miami Riverfront holdings for cultivation, and give birth to Collins and Thomas Pancoast before abandoning of his uncle, creating and runaway urban development South Beach. City of Miami Cemetery is established on land selling property in the “Village based on a real estate industry sold to the city by the Brickell family. of Miami” on the south bank that aggressively promotes the Industrialist Henry Flagler extends the Florida East of the river. The Miami River, a sale of “land by the gallon”. Coast Railway southward from New York, reaching 1899 | name said to derive from the city center, resulting in more stringent building native Mayami Tribe, gives its 1907 | John Collins gains northern Florida but leave south Florida untouched, regulations. name to the growing town. ownership of all land on the and Julia Tuttle help persuade Flagler English leaves the area for barrier island of Miami Beach to extend the railroad south to Miami. 1900 | Flagler Public Library is established. California in 1850. from present day 14th Street to 67th Street. He discovers The agreement between Flagler and the two The Florida Audubon Society is established. 1844 | Seat of Dade County fresh water and begins principal landowners on the north and south banks moves from Indian Key Village cultivation of avocados, fruits, of the Miami River includes substantial real estate. to Miami. and vegetables. In addition to the railroad, Flagler agrees to build an 1913 | The [later 1920 urban infrastructure for Miami extending north and 1845 | Florida is admitted to site of the ], 1908 | Construction of the south of the river. He also agrees to build the Royal the Union as a slave state. longest wooden bridge in the Miami Canal begins near the Palm Hotel. world, opens. Connecting Miami River Falls, facilitating 1900 1880 1860 1855 | Third Seminole War Miami and Miami Beach, it commercial inland navigation begins, ending in 1858. facilitates rapid development along the Miami River and of the barrier island. That year, connecting the new viaduct to the Browns Hotel becomes by 1913. 1896 | Florida East Coast Railway reaches and Collins Avenue becomes Miami, linking the growing collection of settlements in the area to northern Florida and to the remainder of continental The Lyric Theater opens in United States. Bahamian blacks have Overtown. comprised the majority of the labor force constructing the railroad and remain in The City of Homestead is the area after its completion. incorporated. 1903 | Henry Flagler gains federal funding for infrastructure projects that connect the new Port of Miami on Biscayne Bay July 28: 344 registered voters, 40 to the : The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers percent of whom are black, vote for the create Government Cut by slicing through mangrove swamps incorporation of the new City of Miami. at the southern tip of Miami Beach, and the dredge the Miami Ship Channel. Colored Town [later known as Overtown], Bahamian immigrants whose legal boundaries are established Over time, the by-products of operations create a through deed restrictions at the time in Coconut Grove 1890 causeway connection across Biscayne Bay between mainland of incorporation, grows and begins to Miami and Miami Beach [later known as the MacArthur Causeway], as well as a series of spoil islands. Fire destroys much of the Miami central The Miami Evening Record and The Miami Metropolis begin business district on December 26, publication. 1896. The United States Army reconstitutes Fort Dallas along 1905 | Anticipating expanded shipping trade with the The Miami Metropolis newspaper [later the Miami River to support construction of the Panama Canal, Flagler extends the FEC renamed The Miami Times] begins southward, commencing work on the Florida Overseas Railway publication. abandoning it after the war to Key West. Some speculate that Flagler ultimately hoped ends. to connect Key West and Cuba. The Overseas Railway is 42,763 completed in 1912 and operates until its destruction by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. 4,856 257 83 38 39

1830 | Richard Fitzpatrick purchases 4 square miles of land held by Bahamian families along the Miami River [2 square miles on each bank of the river]. He cultivates the land, growing a range of tropical produce, with the labor of 60 1565 | Mendez de Aviles visits Tequesta slaves. He abandons the plantation after settlements and claims areas around the the start of the Second Seminole War. MIAMI 1920 Miami in the early 1800s future site of Miami for Spain. It begins MIAMI 1880 1835 | Second Seminole War begins, interrupted by two decades of British rule ending in 1842. It is the bloodiest and in the later half of the 1700s. the longest war ever fought between the U.S. government and Native American 1743 | Spain builds military defenses and populations. Many settlers depart from places of worship in the future Miami. the region by the end of the decade. 1766 | Touchett is among those who receive Fort Dallas is established as a U.S. military land grants from the British government post on the southern bank of the Miami in the years of English rule, settling in River, on part of the plantation originally the Miami area during 18th century an settled and later abandoned by Fitzpatrick. interruption in Spanish dominance.

1840 | attack Indian Key Village [the original Dade County seat], burning down all but one house. 13,000 1821 | Spain sells Florida to 14,000 – 15,000 BC | Paleo- the United States for $5 million Indians settle in the area that will in partial settlement of Spanish become southeastern Miami-Dade damage claims against the County, along the coast of South American government. Biscayne Bay. 1513 | Ponce de Leon and 1822 | Florida is designated a Spanish explorers claim the Florida Landscape is comprised 1817 | First Seminole War begins in northern Florida, territory of Florida for Spain. of large dunes. The area had the eventual statehood. ending a year later in 1818. The Calusa, Tequesta and sweeping winds of a dry region. other native tribes number 6,500 BC. 1825 | The Cape Florida approximately 350,000 in Lighthouse structure remains population. Most disappear Climate changes gradually create a the oldest existing building in over the next 250 years of humid landscape. Miami: Initially built in 1825, it Spanish rule. 1836 | A new county is formed, burned in 1836, and repaired 1784 - 1821 | Second Spanish 5,000 BC. | Lake Okeechobee extending from Indian Key to and returned to operation in Period: Spain expands contributes to the rise of the Jupiter Inlet [including today’s 1846. settlement policies in order Everglades ecosystems. Martin, Broward and Palm to incentivize development. 1840 1800 Beach Counties] and named 1820 Bahamians are among those after U.S. Army Major Frances who settle and farm Florida L. Dade, killed in the Seminole lands along the Miami River Wars. Fitzpatrick becomes its and Biscayne Bay.

Florida Lighthouse at nightfall. John Thompson, assistant lighthouse keeper, survives the attack but his attendant Aaron Carter dies.

The Native American Calusa .egreme sebirt atseuqeT dna atseuqeT sebirt .egreme Their settlements extend from the Florida Keys to what will later

1820 | BC be known as Broward County. dangerous reefs, Key Biscayne Their primary settlements are acquires 3 acres of land to build on Key Biscayne and along the the Cape Florida Lighthouse. north bank of the Miami River.

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