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Home , Asclepias curassavica, Automimicry, Batesian mimicry, Caricaceae, Drakaea, Epipactis helleborine

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.343

Mimic in Ornamental

A. Sankari*, P. Loganayki and M. Anand

1HC&RI, TNAU, India 2Depatment of Floriculture and Landscaping, TNAU, India 3HRS, Yercaud, India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Pollination is the act of transferring grains from the male anther of a K e yw or ds to the female . in plants is where a organism evolves to resemble another organism physically or chemically, increasing Mimic pollination, Ornamental plants, the mimic's Darwinian fitness. Mimicry in plants has been studied far less , than mimicry in , with fewer documented cases and peer-reviewed studies. It may provide protection against herbivory, or may deceptively Article Info encourage mutualists, like , to provide a service without offering

Accepted: a reward in return. Pollination is a very important part of the life cycle of

20 March 2019 plants. , , and the wind take pollen between flowering Available Online: plants, which means the plants can make and reproduce. Its 10 April 2019 significance is to carry the pollen grains to the stigma for the process of

.

Introduction

Mimicry in plants pollinators, to provide a service without offering a reward in return (1,2,3). Mimicry in plants is where a plant organism evolves to resemble another organism Advantages of mimicry plants physically or chemically, increasing the mimic's Darwinian fitness. Mimicry in plants It attracts the pollinators has been studied far less than mimicry in animals, with fewer documented cases and Escape the from herbivores peer-reviewed studies. It may provide protection against herbivory, or may It maintains the diversity deceptively encourage mutualists, like 2969

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974

Mimic plants will maintain the descendents 2. Attracting pollinators: olfactory cues characters Butterfly, more visual in increase pollination Bird behaviour and not capacity very olfactory sweet or spicy Mimic in plants is a vivid demonstration of Moth very heady sweet as a guiding force in fragrances evolutionary change (4-6). Bats Strong fruity or musky scents Uses of mimicry 3. Attracting pollinators: shape Mutualism easy, open entrance, 1. Friendly mutualism structural foods

Hovering generally hang down Here help each other, both benefit and no one pollinators and have a long is harmed. No free lunch, but benefits higher tube than costs. need perches or landing Non-hovering platforms as part of the 2. Antagonism insects and birds flower One benefits, another is harmed. Mimicry of Drakea spp. female 3. Commensalism Pollination syndrome One benefits, another is unaffected. Cantharophily Beetle I. atropurpurea pollination Pollination systems Myophily pollination lady-slipper orchid 1. Attracting pollinators: visual cues (Cypripedium spp)Alcohol produce A “Bull’s eye” color Rudbeckia, a Phalaenophily Moth Gymnadenia pattern(background black-eyed susan pollination conopsea (Fragrant of green foliage) Orchid) Pollinated by Hummingbird A reversed bull’s day lily Hawkmoth eye Hemerocallis Psychophily Butter Gaillardia(painted Human & butterfly Gaillardia, pollination daisy) painted daisy Melittophily Bees Morning dew, Honey orange/white pollination Mectan sunflower Obligate figs-fig pollination yuccas-yucca moths (Tegeticula)

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Herbivory 5. Batesian 6. Cryptic 1. Venus’s fly trap 1. Bakerian The two-lobbed trap: 3 trigger hairs on the inner face of each lobe, fringed with teeth-like Bakerian mimicry, named after English projections. When one trigger hair is touched naturalist Herbet Baker, is a form of twice or when two are touched in succession, or intraspecific mimicry that the trap closes. The teeth-like projections occurs within a single . In plants, the interlock, trapping the unsuspecting victim female flowers, mimic male flowers of their inside. The struggling victim stimulates the own species, cheating pollinators out of a secretion of digestive juices. The trap reopens reward. This reproductive mimicry may not in about 10 days (7). be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of 2. Sundew , i.e. the phenotypic difference between males and females of the More than 100 species of sundews (Drosera). same species. are covered with tiny (usually red) Examples hairs, which exude a clear, sticky fluid (dewdrops).The sticky droplets attract and It is common in many species of Caricaceae, a trap insects. The struggling stimulates family of flowering plants in the family of the hairs to bend inward towards the centre of Brassicaceae, found primarily in tropical the , to wrap it in a neat, tight package. regions of Central and South America, and . 3. Butterwort 2. Dodsonian Leaves with a very sticky surface. Greasy to the touch, but deadly to any small insect that Dodsonian mimicry, named after American may land on or try to cross one of the leaves. botanist, orchidologist, and taxonomist, Calaway H. Dodson, is a form of reproductive 4. Pitcher plants floral mimicry, but the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By Leaves or leave parts modified into pitcher- providing similar sensory signals as the model like structures. Pitchers contain plant juice flower, it can lure its pollinators. Like that smells like sweet nectar and attracts Bakerian mimics, no nectar is provided. insects. Pitchers are topped with a hood or lid. When insect try to drink from the pitcher, it Examples loses its footing on the smooth interior, slides to the bottom, lands in a pool of liquid, which S.No Crop Resemble Pollinators crop digests the victim. 1. Epidendrum Lantana Humming

ibaguense camara and birds and Types of mimicry in plants Monarch

curassavica butterfly 1. Bakerian 2. Cistus spp. spp. Lamellicorn 2. Dodsonian beetle 3. Vavilovian

4. Pouyannian 2971

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Epidendrum ibaguense a species of epiphytic countries. It is suitable for temperate region. orchid of the . Epidendrum that occurs Creeping bent grass also express the same in Trinidad, French, Venezuela, Colombia, characters of Annual blue grass which is and Northern Brazil, resembles flowers of normally used as gulf course in now-a-days. Lantana camera and Asclepias curassavica (commonly called Mexican butterfly weed, 4. Pouyannian blood-flower, scarlet milkweed, or tropical milkweed), both are species of flowering Many plants have evolved to appear like other plant with the first in the Verbena family, organisms, most commonly insects. This can while the latter belongs to the milkweed have wide-ranging benefits including family, and both are native to the American increasing pollination. The flowers mimic a tropics. Epidendrum ibaguense is pollinated potential female mate visually, but the key by (Danaus plexippus) and stimuli are often chemical and tactile. perhaps humming birds. Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. Examples

The mimetic species may still have The hammer orchid (Drakaea spp.) an pollinators of its own though, for example a endangered genus of orchid that is native to Lamellicorn beetle, which usually pollinates is one of the most notable examples. correspondingly coloured Cistus spp. flowers, The orchid has both visual and olfactory is also known to aid in pollination of Ophrys mimics of a female to lure males to both spp. that are normally pollinated by bees (8). deposit and pick up pollen.

3. Vavilovian The orchid helleborine is physiologically and morphologically adapted Vavilovian mimicry named after Russian to attract social wasps as their primary plant geneticist who identified the centres of pollinators. Social wasps feed their larvae on origin of cultivated plants, Nikolai Vavilov is insects like caterpillars. To locate that prey, a form of mimicry in plants where a weed they use a combination of visual and olfactory comes to share one or more characteristics cues. The flowers of E.helleborine and E. with a domesticated through generations of purpurata emit green-leaf volatiles (GLVs), artificial selection. It is also known as crop which are attractive to foragers of the social mimicry or weed mimicry. Selection against wasps germanica and V.vulgaris. the weed may occur by killing a young or Several E. helleborine GLVs that induced a adult weed, separating its seeds from those of response in the antennae of wasps were also the crop (winnowing), or both. This has been emitted by cabbage leaves infested with done manually since Neolithic times, and in caterpillars ( brassicae), which are more recent years by agricultural machinery. common prey items for wasps. Despite a large nectar reward, the species is almost entirely Examples overlooked by other pollinators.

Erigeron Canadensis (weed species) have Carrion flowers mimic the scent and same similar character inflorence a cultivated appearance of rotting flesh to attract species of Amaranthus palmeri necrophagous (carrion-feeding) insects like flesh (Sarcophagidae), blowflies Annual bluegrass is mowing tolerance (Calliphoridae), house flies (Muscidae) and capacity and used as Gulf course in foreign some (e.g., Dermestidae and 2972

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Silphidae) which search for dead animals to that deter herbivory due to predatory habit or use as brood sites. The decaying smell of the toxicity. This may be a case of visual mimicry flower comes from oligosulfides, decayed or perceptual exploitation. Case examples proteins that contain amino acids methionine include the new buds of spp. and cysteine. While carrion flowers do from Israel, Carthamus sp. from , produce a small amount of nectar, this does flower heads of Articum tomentosum from not necessarily make its relationship to Estonia, a fledgling leaf of Tussilago farfara necrophagous insects mutualistic. Insects lay from Estonia, and new fronds of Osmunda eggs on the carrion flowers, meaning they japonica from Japan. mistake them for oviposition sites. The nectar acts as a lure to bring the insects closer to the Difficult example for bucket orchid reproductive parts of the flower. Pollination

5. Batesian The bucket orchid of Central America, is equipped with a small bucket structure behind is a form of mimicry, the flower. The flower produces oil which named after the English naturalist Henry drips into the “bucket” and attracts bees with Walter Bates, where a harmless species has its unique odour. Each bucket orchid species evolved to imitate the warning signals of a has its own scent, thus each attracts its own harmful species directed at a predator. species of bee. When the male bees smells the perfume, it goes to the orchid to collect an Examples oily substance which he will use to attract females (he is only attracted to one orchid Thorn mimicry of two types has been species scent since he wants to attract only observed in plants. The first, a special case of female species). However, often as he is intra-oranismic Batesian mimicry collecting his oil, the bee falls into the bucket. characteristic of Aloe spp. (Liliaceae), W. The only way out is through a tube. The bees filifera (Palmaceae), and dozens of species of moves through a tube, getting “tagged” with Agave, including A. applanta, A. salmiana, orchid pollen, so when he visits the next and A. obscura. These plants develop thorn- flower he will pollinate it as he passes like imprints or colorations on the face of through its funnel (9-12). their leaves due to the teeth along the margins of that leaf (or another leaf) pressing 6. Cryptic mimicry sustained indentations into the flesh of the non-spiny parts. In ecology, is an organism's ability to avoid detection by other organisms. The second type of thorn mimicry, a more Therefore, cryptic mimicry is a situation classic case of Batesian mimicry, involves the where a prey organism deceives a potential pointed, colourful organs like buds, leaves predator by providing false signals or a lack and of mimitic plant species that mimic of signals. Cryptic mimicry in plants is aposematic colourful thorns not found usually achieved visually. anywhere else organism. Example Several plants growing in Israel, Estonia, Greece, and Japan exhibit possible web The South American trifoliata, of the mimicry. Dense, white trichomes spp. are Lardizabalaceae family, is a climbing vine produced on newly extended stems and leaves with a highly variable phenotype. It is capable 2973

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 of mimicking the leaf features of plant species Asclepias, Lantana, and Epidendrum: A that it clings to, adopting colour shape and Floral Mimicry Complex? Biotropica, size. By camouflaging its leafy Vol. 13, No. 2, Supplement: appendages, Boquila lowers its rate of Reproductive Botany (Jun., 1981), pp. herbivory. 54-58. 8. Protects against Herbivory, Current References Biology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.cub.2014.03.010 1. Disa pulchra, and its consequences for 9. Rod Peakall et al., (2010), pollinator behaviour, Biological 3oumal specificity, floral odour chemistry and the ufthe Linnean S o c i e (2000), 71: 119- phylogeny of Australian sexually 132. deceptive orchids: 2. Ernesto Gianoli, and Fernando Carrasco- implications for pollinator-driven Urra, (2014), Leaf Mimicry in a speciation, New Phytologist (2010) 188: Climbing Plant 437–450. 3. Gumbefu, A. and Kunze, J. (2001), 10. Scott McElroy J, (2014), Vavilovian Colour similarity to rewarding model Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little- plants affects pollination in a food Known Impact on Weed Science, Weed deceptive orchid, Orchis boryi, Science, 62(2):207-216. 2014. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 11. Spencer C.H. Barret, (1987), Mimicry in (2001), 72: 419-433. plants, Scientific American (Sep 1987) 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesian_m VOL 255 NO.9. imicry. 12. Stephen D. Hopper A, C and Andrew P. 5. Johnson, S. D. (1999), Batesian mimicry Brown A revision of Australia s hammer in the non-rewarding orchid orchids (Drakaea: ), with 6. Nicolas J. Vereecken et al., (2013), A some field data on species-specific pollinators’ eye view of a shelter mimicry sexually deceived wasp pollinators, system, Annals of Botany 111: 1155– Australian Systematic Botany 20, 252– 1165, 2013. 285. 7. Paulette Bierzychudek, (2013),

How to cite this article:

Sankari, A., P. Loganayki and Anand, M. 2019. Mimic Pollination in Ornamental Plants. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(04): 2969-2974. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.343

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