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Mimic Pollination in Ornamental Plants

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Mimic Pollination in Ornamental Plants Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.343 Mimic Pollination in Ornamental Plants A. Sankari*, P. Loganayki and M. Anand 1HC&RI, TNAU, India 2Depatment of Floriculture and Landscaping, TNAU, India 3HRS, Yercaud, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a K e yw or ds flower to the female stigma. Mimicry in plants is where a plant organism evolves to resemble another organism physically or chemically, increasing Mimic pollination, Ornamental plants, the mimic's Darwinian fitness. Mimicry in plants has been studied far less Butterfly, than mimicry in animals, with fewer documented cases and peer-reviewed Bird studies. It may provide protection against herbivory, or may deceptively Article Info encourage mutualists, like pollinators, to provide a service without offering Accepted: a reward in return. Pollination is a very important part of the life cycle of 20 March 2019 plants. Insects, birds, bats and the wind take pollen between flowering Available Online: plants, which means the plants can make seeds and reproduce. Its 10 April 2019 significance is to carry the pollen grains to the stigma for the process of fertilisation. Introduction Mimicry in plants pollinators, to provide a service without offering a reward in return (1,2,3). Mimicry in plants is where a plant organism evolves to resemble another organism Advantages of mimicry plants physically or chemically, increasing the mimic's Darwinian fitness. Mimicry in plants It attracts the pollinators has been studied far less than mimicry in animals, with fewer documented cases and Escape the predation from herbivores peer-reviewed studies. It may provide protection against herbivory, or may It maintains the diversity deceptively encourage mutualists, like 2969 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 Mimic plants will maintain the descendents 2. Attracting pollinators: olfactory cues characters Butterfly, more visual in Pseudocopulation increase pollination Bird behaviour and not capacity very olfactory Bees sweet or spicy Mimic in plants is a vivid demonstration of Moth very heady sweet natural selection as a guiding force in fragrances evolutionary change (4-6). Bats Strong fruity or musky scents Uses of mimicry 3. Attracting pollinators: shape Mutualism Beetle easy, open entrance, 1. Friendly mutualism structural foods Hovering generally hang down Here help each other, both benefit and no one pollinators and have a long nectar is harmed. No free lunch, but benefits higher tube than costs. need perches or landing Non-hovering platforms as part of the 2. Antagonism insects and birds flower One benefits, another is harmed. Mimicry of Drakea spp. female 3. Commensalism Pollination syndrome One benefits, another is unaffected. Cantharophily Beetle I. atropurpurea pollination Pollination systems Myophily Fly Skunk cabbage pollination lady-slipper orchid 1. Attracting pollinators: visual cues (Cypripedium spp)Alcohol produce A “Bull’s eye” color Rudbeckia, a Phalaenophily Moth Gymnadenia pattern(background black-eyed susan pollination conopsea (Fragrant of green foliage) Orchid) Pollinated by Hummingbird A reversed bull’s day lily Hawkmoth eye Hemerocallis Psychophily Butter Gaillardia(painted Human & butterfly Gaillardia, pollination daisy) painted daisy Melittophily Bees Morning dew, Honey bee orange/white pollination Mectan sunflower flowers Obligate figs-fig wasps pollination yuccas-yucca moths (Tegeticula) 2970 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 Herbivory 5. Batesian 6. Cryptic 1. Venus’s fly trap 1. Bakerian The two-lobbed trap: 3 trigger hairs on the inner face of each lobe, fringed with teeth-like Bakerian mimicry, named after English projections. When one trigger hair is touched naturalist Herbet Baker, is a form of twice or when two are touched in succession, automimicry or intraspecific mimicry that the trap closes. The teeth-like projections occurs within a single species. In plants, the interlock, trapping the unsuspecting victim female flowers, mimic male flowers of their inside. The struggling victim stimulates the own species, cheating pollinators out of a secretion of digestive juices. The trap reopens reward. This reproductive mimicry may not in about 10 days (7). be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of 2. Sundew sexual dimorphism, i.e. the phenotypic difference between males and females of the More than 100 species of sundews (Drosera). same species. Leaves are covered with tiny (usually red) Examples hairs, which exude a clear, sticky fluid (dewdrops).The sticky droplets attract and It is common in many species of Caricaceae, a trap insects. The struggling insect stimulates family of flowering plants in the family of the hairs to bend inward towards the centre of Brassicaceae, found primarily in tropical the leaf, to wrap it in a neat, tight package. regions of Central and South America, and Africa. 3. Butterwort 2. Dodsonian Leaves with a very sticky surface. Greasy to the touch, but deadly to any small insect that Dodsonian mimicry, named after American may land on or try to cross one of the leaves. botanist, orchidologist, and taxonomist, Calaway H. Dodson, is a form of reproductive 4. Pitcher plants floral mimicry, but the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By Leaves or leave parts modified into pitcher- providing similar sensory signals as the model like structures. Pitchers contain plant juice flower, it can lure its pollinators. Like that smells like sweet nectar and attracts Bakerian mimics, no nectar is provided. insects. Pitchers are topped with a hood or lid. When insect try to drink from the pitcher, it Examples loses its footing on the smooth interior, slides to the bottom, lands in a pool of liquid, which S.No Crop Resemble Pollinators crop digests the victim. 1. Epidendrum Lantana Humming ibaguense camara and birds and Types of mimicry in plants Asclepias Monarch curassavica butterfly 1. Bakerian 2. Cistus spp. Ophrys spp. Lamellicorn 2. Dodsonian beetle 3. Vavilovian 4. Pouyannian 2971 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 Epidendrum ibaguense a species of epiphytic countries. It is suitable for temperate region. orchid of the genus. Epidendrum that occurs Creeping bent grass also express the same in Trinidad, French, Venezuela, Colombia, characters of Annual blue grass which is and Northern Brazil, resembles flowers of normally used as gulf course in now-a-days. Lantana camera and Asclepias curassavica (commonly called Mexican butterfly weed, 4. Pouyannian blood-flower, scarlet milkweed, or tropical milkweed), both are species of flowering Many plants have evolved to appear like other plant with the first in the Verbena family, organisms, most commonly insects. This can while the latter belongs to the milkweed have wide-ranging benefits including family, and both are native to the American increasing pollination. The flowers mimic a tropics. Epidendrum ibaguense is pollinated potential female mate visually, but the key by Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and stimuli are often chemical and tactile. perhaps humming birds. Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. Examples The mimetic species may still have The hammer orchid (Drakaea spp.) an pollinators of its own though, for example a endangered genus of orchid that is native to Lamellicorn beetle, which usually pollinates Australia is one of the most notable examples. correspondingly coloured Cistus spp. flowers, The orchid has both visual and olfactory is also known to aid in pollination of Ophrys mimics of a female wasp to lure males to both spp. that are normally pollinated by bees (8). deposit and pick up pollen. 3. Vavilovian The orchid Epipactis helleborine is physiologically and morphologically adapted Vavilovian mimicry named after Russian to attract social wasps as their primary plant geneticist who identified the centres of pollinators. Social wasps feed their larvae on origin of cultivated plants, Nikolai Vavilov is insects like caterpillars. To locate that prey, a form of mimicry in plants where a weed they use a combination of visual and olfactory comes to share one or more characteristics cues. The flowers of E.helleborine and E. with a domesticated through generations of purpurata emit green-leaf volatiles (GLVs), artificial selection. It is also known as crop which are attractive to foragers of the social mimicry or weed mimicry. Selection against wasps Vespula germanica and V.vulgaris. the weed may occur by killing a young or Several E. helleborine GLVs that induced a adult weed, separating its seeds from those of response in the antennae of wasps were also the crop (winnowing), or both. This has been emitted by cabbage leaves infested with done manually since Neolithic times, and in caterpillars (Pieris brassicae), which are more recent years by agricultural machinery. common prey items for wasps. Despite a large nectar reward, the species is almost entirely Examples overlooked by other pollinators. Erigeron Canadensis (weed species) have Carrion flowers mimic the scent and same similar character inflorence a cultivated appearance of rotting flesh to attract species of Amaranthus palmeri necrophagous (carrion-feeding) insects like flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), blowflies Annual bluegrass is mowing tolerance (Calliphoridae), house flies (Muscidae) and capacity and used as Gulf course in foreign some beetles (e.g., Dermestidae and 2972 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 2969-2974 Silphidae) which search for dead animals to that deter herbivory due to predatory habit or use as brood sites. The decaying smell of the toxicity. This may be a case of visual mimicry flower comes from oligosulfides, decayed or perceptual exploitation. Case examples proteins that contain amino acids methionine include the new buds of Onopordum spp. and cysteine. While carrion flowers do from Israel, Carthamus sp.
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