") '..„ ALCHEMY REVISITED

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN 17-19 APRIL 1989

EDITED BY

Z.R.W.M. von MARTELS

E.J. BRILL LEIDEN • NEW YORK • K0BENHAVN • KOLN 1990 Contents

Preface viii Editor's Note x List of Contributors xi

PART ONE 1. Research on the History of Chinese Alchemy 3 NATHAN SIVIN 2. The Discrepancy between res and verba in Greek Alchemy 21 BRIAN VICKERS 3. Michael Maier (1569-1622): New Bio-Bibliographical Material 34 KARIN FIGALA & ULRICH NEUMANN 4. Iatrochemistry and the Chemical Revolution 51 ALLEN G. DEBUS 5. The Chemical Revolution of the Eighteenth Century and the Eclipse of Alchemy in the 'Age of Enlightenment' 67 MAURICE CROSLAND

PART TWO: Three Interludes 6. Chaucer: The Canon's Yeoman's Tale 81 J. D. NORTH 7. Early Humanism in Groningen 89 F. AKKERMAN 8. Alchemical Music by Michael Maier 98 C. EIJKELBOOM

PART THREE Indian, Greek and Arabic alchemy 9. Religion and the Development of an Alchemical Philosophy of Transmutation in Ancient India 101 RAJG. RAJAN vi CONTENTS

10. The Problem of Cohesion between Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: from Unctuous Moisture to Phlogiston 107 GAD FREUDENTHAL 11. Alchemy and Linguistics: Connections in Early Islam 117 KARIN CHRISTINA RYDING 12. Project for a New Edition of Zosimus of Panopolis 121 MICHELE MERTENS 13. The Establishment of Islamic Alchemy in the Iberian Peninsula 127 A. M. ALFONSO-GOLDFARB

Alchemy in Europe 14. La theorie de la matiere de 'Geber' 133 H. H. KUBBINGA 15. The Authorship of the Introitus Apertus ad Occlusum Regis Palatium 139 WILLIAM NEWMAN 16. The Hierosgamos Theme in the Images of the Rosarium Philosophorum 145 KAREN VOSS 17. Alchemy and Mediaeval Art Technology 154 A. WALLERT 18. The Alchemical Tracts of Gratheus Filius Philosophi in Codex Vindobonensis 2372 162 H. BIRKHAN 19. The 'Son of Heaven'. The Middle Netherlands Translation of the Latin Tabula Chemica 171 MARIANNE MARINOVIC-VOGG 20. L'Alchimie a la Cour de Come Premier de Medicis 175 A. PERIFANO 21. Alchemy in the Society of Jesus 182 MARTHA BALDWIN 22. Mersenne and Alchemy 188 W. L. HINE 23. Robert Boyle and the English Helmontians 192 ANTONIO CLERICUZIO 24. The Gold Process: Directions in the Study of Robert Boyle's Alchemy 200 LAWRENCE M. PRINCIPE 25. La reception de la pensee de Van Helmont dans l'oeuvre de Pierre Jean Fabre 206 BERNARD JOLY 26. Consumption and Credit: the Place of Alchemy in Johann Joachim Becher's Political Economy 215 PAMELA H. SMITH CONTENTS vii

27. J. J. Becher and Alchemy 222 MIKULAS TEICH 28. Defensor Alchymiae. Gabriel Clauder versus Athanasius Kircher. Defence Strategies of Alchemists in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century 229 CLAUS PRIESNER 29. The Alchemy of the Gold- und Rozenkreuz 239 CHRISTOPHER McINTOSH 30. The Collection of Alchemical Books and Manuscripts in Hamburg 245 JULIAN PAULUS 31. An Approach to the Theme of the Golden Fleece in Alchemy 250 ANTOINE FAIVRE

Selected bibliography on alchemy 259 Index 277