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Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Incognita) Interaction with Selected Asteraceae Plants and Their Potential Use for Nematode Management

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Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Incognita) Interaction with Selected Asteraceae Plants and Their Potential Use for Nematode Management Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) interaction with selected Asteraceae plants and their potential use for nematode management Sydney Mwamba A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of a Master of Science in Research methods in the department of Horticulture of Jomo Kenyatta university of Agriculture and Technology 2016 DECLARATION This dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other University. Signature.................................................. Date........................................ Sydney Mwamba This dissertation has been submitted with our approval as supervisors Signature……………………………….Date…………………… Dr. Lucy Kananu Murungi Department of Horticulture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya Signature………………………………...Date…………………… Prof. Losenge Turoop Department of Horticulture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya Signature Date: June 16, 2016 Prof. Baldwyn Torto Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my son Mapalo Mwamba and my wife, Chilufya Musendeka Mwamba, my brother James Mulenga Muloshi, for spiritual and emotional support rendered to me during my studies at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) in Kenya. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank Africa SHARE Capacity for Graduate Training in African University for the scholarship and my employers the Ministry of Agriculture through the Department of Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI) for granting me the authority to study leave for this program. I thank the Capacity Building and Institutional Development (CB & ID) at icipe who facilitated for the award of a scholarship through the Dissertation Research Internship Programme (DRIP) scholarship for this work. I also wish to thank the Department of Horticulture in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) where I secured an admission as a Master of Science in research methods student. I appreciate my academic supervisors; Dr. Lucy Kananu Murungi, Prof. Losenge Turoop and Prof. Baldwyn Torto. Their training, encouragement and mentorship had great positive impact in my personality as well as empowered me into becoming a young scientist. I am also indebted to my icipe colleagues; Ruth Kihika, Dr. Daisy Salifu, Onesmus Wanyama, Hillary Kirwa, and Xavier Cheseto for their moral and technical assistance. I’m also eternally grateful to my mother and siblings for their moral support, love and prayers. My special appreciation goes to my wife Chilufya Musendeka Mwamba. Her unveiling support has always been a source of encouragement and inspiration. Finally, I thank the Almighty God for enabling me complete what he started in me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION...................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ x LIST OF PLATES.............................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Justification............................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 9 1.5 General Objective ..................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Specific objectives ............................................................................................. 9 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................... 11 2.1 Distribution of root knot nematodes ....................................................................... 11 2.2 Host plants .............................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Host Location ......................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Life cycle of Root Knot Nematodes ....................................................................... 13 2.5 Symptoms of root knot nematodes ......................................................................... 16 2.6 Management Root Knot Nematodes ...................................................................... 17 2.6.1 Antagonistic plants........................................................................................... 17 v 2.6.2 Chemical control .............................................................................................. 18 2.6.3 Cultural methods .............................................................................................. 18 2.6.4 Crop rotation and cropping sequences ............................................................. 19 2.6.5 Phytotherapy and organic amendments ........................................................... 20 2.5.6 Resistance Breeding ......................................................................................... 20 2.5.7 Biological control............................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................... 23 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................... 23 3.1 Study site............................................................................................................. 23 3.2 Plant materials ........................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Root knot nematodes .............................................................................................. 23 3.4 Dual choice soil olfactometer bioassays................................................................. 24 3.5 Collection of root volatiles.................................................................................. 29 3.4 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................... 32 4.0 RESULTS................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Nematode response to root volatiles of asteraceae plants relative to a control (sand) ............................................................................................................................ 33 4.3: Nematode response to root volatiles of Asteraceae plants combined with tomato versus a control (sand) .................................................................................................. 35 4.4: Nematode response to root volatiles of Asteraceae plants combined with tomato versus tomato (host plant) ............................................................................................ 36 4.5 Chi-square analysis of nematode dual–choice bioassay......................................... 36 4.1.0 Chemical analysis of Asteraceae plants .............................................................. 38 vi 4.1.1 Identification and quantification of volatile components in Asteraceae plant species........................................................................................................................... 38 4.1.2 Discriminant analysis of volatile composition in Asteraceae plant species ........ 42 CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................. 43 5.0 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................ 47 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 47 6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 47 6.2 Recommendation’s ................................................................................................. 47 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 48 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................
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