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Visualisation of Kurdayetî

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Visualisation of Kurdayetî Visualisation of Kurdayetî - The discursive construction of a Kurdish cultural and political identity in the visual arts. Gizem Toprak Student ID: 12272787 Submitted to the University of Amsterdam 15 August 2019 Master’s Thesis for Department of Sociology Track: Migration and Ethnic Studies Supervisor: Mw. Dr. Sonja Fransen Second reader: Prof. Dr. Jan Willem Duyvendak 1 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Summary .......................................................................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 A brief historical background of the Kurds ........................................................................................ 5 Literature review: .................................................................................................................................... 9 Conceptualisation of Statelessness........................................................................................................ 13 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................... 15 Conflict Model: ................................................................................................................................. 16 Anderson’s Imagined Communities: ................................................................................................ 16 The Kurdish Diaspora ........................................................................................................................... 19 Critical Discourse Analysis:.................................................................................................................. 21 Methods and Methodology ................................................................................................................... 22 Findings ................................................................................................................................................ 24 General findings ................................................................................................................................ 24 Kurdish Culture Findings ............................................................................................................... 26 Kurdish Politics Findings ................................................................................................................ 28 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 35 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 37 2 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to begin by thanking my thesis supervisor for guiding me through this complicated thesis period and patiently listening to my many confusing ideas. I’d also like to thank my second reader for his time and knowledge. Many thanks to my peers in my thesis group for the countless times they gave me feedback and allowed me to articulate my abstract thoughts, until I finally found my footing with my thesis topic. I would like to thank my sister Didem for being the embodiment of love and support through my whole master’s experience. Thank you for believing in me! Last but most importantly, I present my gratitude for the Kurdish diaspora for engaging me with their art, inspiring and encouraging me to go ahead with this thesis. I couldn’t have written this paper without their creative contributions. Additionally, I express my eternal love and appreciation to all of those who have lost their lives and freedom in the struggle for Kurdish rights. We, as the Kurdish population, are here today because of your efforts. Gelek spas. 3 Abstract This thesis aims to address the question: “In which ways are Kurdish culture and politics discursively constructed in the visual arts?” by assessing the role of Kurdish nationalism in the construction of a Kurdish identity. Nationality and national identities are often framed in a political discourse, despite this I will aim to demonstrate that these concepts will also benefit being studied from a sociological perspective. The Kurds exist as a stateless nation in the Middle East, and their lack of an independent state has created an interesting situation where elements of the Kurdish identity, including Kurdish culture, have become heavily politicised; thus, likening an ethic identity with a political one. This situation is examined through visual arts consisting of photographs, drawings and paintings and approached with literature on theories of nationalism and identity. More specifically, it will look at the ways that Kurdish nationalism acts as a positive instrument in constructing and keeping alive a Kurdish identity. Visual arts shed light on how the Kurdish community represents itself from their own perspective, thus creating a more authentic portrayal of Kurdish culture and politics. Introduction The aim of this thesis is to understand how Kurdish people express their Kurdish identity in visual arts. But as this research progressed, it became clearer that identity is not a straightforward concept to interpret, this is also true to a group like the Kurds because of the multiple factors that influence and shape the formation of a Kurdish identity. One determinant being the statelessness of the Kurdish people, this lack of an official state has created an interesting situation where the politicised version of a Kurdish identity has become the dominant way of expressing “Kurdishness”. Hence, to understand this occurrence, close attention should be bestowed upon the historical processes that have created this heavily politicised situation. These processes, as will be thoroughly discusses in this thesis, have revealed that nationalism has played a significant role in the construction of this so-called politicised identity. To understand the development of Kurdish nationalism and the influence it has had on the building of a Kurdish identity, this thesis will approach the question “What is the role of Kurdish nationalism in the construction of a Kurdish identity as depicted in visual arts?” The sociological and theoretical relevance of my work is that nationalism is predominantly approached in the context of far right movements and the detrimental consequences nationalism has, however, I will be contributing towards literature on how nationalism can be used in a “good” way and how the Kurds have used this to keep their Kurdish identity alive amidst the bombardments of Arab, Turkish and Persian nationalism and oppression they have faced. 4 A brief historical background of the Kurds In this thesis, the use of the term “Kurd” is in reference to ethnically Kurdish people who inhabit Kurdistan. There are many other ethnic groups who live in Kurdistan, but this thesis is exclusively focused on Kurds. Kurds number at an estimated at 30 – 40 million, yet the amount of information available on this group of people remains relatively modest (McDowall, 2004). The displacement of Kurdish people, whether as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), forced migrants or refugees, is deeply rooted in history. Kurdish peoples’ migration is a unique example because Kurdistan is divided into four major parts, occupied by Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria (McDowall, 2004). Therefore, their lack of an official nation state has triggered their migration within the borders of said countries as well as internationally. Hence, studying Kurds as forced migrants helps with understanding identity, politics and culture development among forced migrants. The end of the First World War saw the collapse of empires and the construction of new nation-states. The French and British had a stronghold over the Middle East, and with the fall of the Ottoman Empire these two nations played a huge decisive role in the formation of new nation-states in the Middle East (Bajalan, 2019). During this period, the Kurds, very briefly, had an opportunity for statehood however this brief opportunity was quickly annihilated. There were two main treaties that played a momentous part in the downfall of the chance of a Kurdish nation in the Middle East. The first treaty, the Treaty of Sevres, was signed in 1920 and it marked the beginning of the division of the Ottoman Empire (Kaya, 2012). However, the treaty incited feelings of hostility among Turks because they were not pleased with the agreed upon division of the territories. Consequently, the Turkish nationalist movements resisted the previously agreed division arrangement which were devised in the Treaty of Sevres, and this resistance ensured that the Turkish statehood was achieved as an undivided nation-state (Bajalan, 2019). The Treaty of Sevres also contained
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