Materials to the Biology of the Turkestan White Stork - Ciconia Ciconia Asiatica in Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

Mamashukurov A. U. Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Zhabborov A. R. Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Abstract The article provides materials on the distribution, nutrition, biology and protection of the Turkestan white stork in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan. The dates of spring and autumn migrations are established, the nesting sites of white storks in this region are studied. In the Fergana Valley, white storks are found mainly in settlements, around rice fields, and sometimes in mountain zones. Currently, white storks most often nest on objects built by humans: poles of high voltage power lines (47,3%), poles of low voltage power lines (15,4%), telephone and telegraph poles (24,2%) and water towers (13,2%). The dates of nesting, laying and incubation of eggs, hatching of chicks and features of growth and development of chicks, as well as the importance of white storks in fish farms and electric grid enterprises are given. Keywords: migration, habitat, nesting, laying of eggs, hatching of chicks, nutrition, value.

Introduction In the middle of the 20th century, the Turkestan white stork was one of the most common and even numerous birds in the cultural landscapes of Uzbekistan (Meklenburtsev, 1974). In recent years, as a result of human activities, the natural habitat of white storks began to decline. For example, in 1950, several nests of a white stork were planted on trees in the Zeravshan River Valley. By 1959-1960 storks left this area as a result of development for rice cultivation (Abdusalyamov, 1961). Previously common for most of Uzbekistan, by the beginning of the 1980s, this species had practically disappeared from the central and southeastern parts of the country due to the negative consequences of intensive agricultural development - the degradation of Adyrs, the dominance of cotton monoculture in agriculture and the modernization of the irrigation system (Mitropolsky, 2007 ) For this reason, in 1983, the Turkestan white stork was included in the Red Book of the Uzbek SSR (1983) as "an oppressed subspecies, the number and range of which is continuously declining." In the first edition of the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2003), the white stork is listed as “close to vulnerable Turan subspecies of the West Palaearctic migratory species - 3 (NT)”, in the second edition (2006) - as “vulnerable, shrinking, locally distributed species - 2 (VU ; D). " In the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2009), the white stork received the status “close to vulnerable Turkestan subspecies of the migratory species - 3 (NT)” (Kashkarova et al., 2016). However, it is worth noting that in eastern Uzbekistan, that is, in the Ferghana Valley, there are tens and hundreds of nests of Turkestan white storks in almost every city and region. Data on the nesting of white storks in the Ferghana Valley in recent years are given in the works of E. Shernazarov and M. Turaev (1995), R.D. Kashkarov and others (2016), G.P. Tretyakov (2017). Material and research methods Materials for this article were collected from 1995 to 2018 in the Ferghana Valley. The collection was carried out throughout the season. To determine the pre-seasonal characteristics of birds, seasonal dynamics and distribution in biotopes, field observations were carried out and 14 route calculations were performed for a total of 326 km along 12 routes. The nesting ecology of the white stork was studied according to generally accepted methodologies (Novikov, 1953). Research Results and Discussion Being a Red Book species, Turkestan white storks in the Ferghana Valley are found mainly in settlements, around rice fields, and sometimes in mountain zones. A Turkestan white stork arrives in the Ferghana Valley in early spring. Its spring migration occurs in early March with melting snow cover. The appearance of white storks in Uzbekistan indicates spring. However, the weather during this period is variable. According to A.N. Bogdanov (1961), white storks

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

will arrive in Uzbekistan in early March. Z. Sataeva (1937) met white storks around Tashkent on April 18, the first storks in Samarkand were met by A.N. Bogdanov (1961) on March 3-6, and on February 28 and March 3, E.L. Shestoperov (1936) noted in Margilan. According to I.A. Abdusalyamov (1961), the spring arrival of white storks in the Zeravshan valley was observed on March 3, 1968, March 5, 1969, and March 8, 1970 (Sagitov A.K., Gulmuradov, 1972). In recent years, a mass wintering of white storks has been observed in the Ferghana Valley (Shernazarov, Turaev, 1995). According to G.P. Tretyakov (2017), in the Ferghana Valley, the white stork remains for the winter in the floodplain of the Syr Darya river in areas where open marshy areas are preserved, as well as in vast rice fields. The most favorable conditions for wintering storks in the area of Urganchi and Pungana. Significant areas here are occupied by rice fields. Wintering of white storks is also observed in the Payaryk and Akdarya districts of the Samarkand region. Starting from 2008-2009 individual wintering of white storks is noted here. Therefore, the timing of their spring arrival is difficult to determine. Nevertheless, at the end of February and in the first ten days of March there is an increase in the number of white storks. Therefore, we can assume that the spring migration of white storks occurs in late February - early March. The appearance of white storks in the nests was observed by us on March 8–11. Autumn migration of white storks occurs in September. According to A.N. Bogdanov (1961), in the vicinity of Tashkent, the autumn departure of white storks begins in late August and early September. According to A.I. Ivanov (1969), in the autumn, storks fly away from the end of August and their migration continues until the end of September. According to our observations, for white storks, preparations for autumn migration begin in the first ten days of September, while white storks gather in flocks of 30-40 individuals and begin to soar high in the sky. After that, their number is significantly reduced in the nesting area. White storks mostly winter in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. According to E.P. Spangenberg (1951), they winter in India, Thailand and eastern Iran. The distribution of white storks in the nesting territory is associated with the presence of river valleys, oases, swamps and rice fields. The southwestern border of the white stork nesting in Uzbekistan is the border of Bukhara-Chorghou. In 1958, M.I. Lebedeva listed 11 nests in Bukhara, two of which were empty, in 1970 only two pairs nested here, and in 1980, one pair of storks, in 1982, storks did not nest at all. In total, 558 nests of white stork were recorded in Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Ferghana, Kashkadarya regions, of which 242 were in the Samarkand region (Lebedeva, 1960). According to S.E. Fundukchiev and L.E. Belyalova (2016), white stork is unevenly distributed in Uzbekistan. In the Kashkadarya region in the 60s of the last century, this bird was common nesting in the Kassan region, flocks of 10, 17 or more individuals were recorded at temporary reservoirs of st. Nishan. Stork nesting in the middle course of Zerafshan was noted in the following places: Samarkand, the vicinity of Samarkand, the villages of Chardzhi, Laish, Taylyak Eski Jambai, Bagrinkul, Urgut, Karatepa, Daul, Guz, and the vicinity of Katta-Kurgan (Sagitov, 1987). The densest settlements were observed in the vicinity of Samarkand (Bogdanov, 1956), in the Pai-Aryk region (Lebedeva, 1960), and in the Bulungur regions (Sagitov, Gulmuradov, 1972). In the future, there was a steady decline in numbers and by 1980 it had already reached 63 breeding pairs, and by 2015 only 41 pairs had survived. In the Ferghana Valley, the number of white storks is currently significantly higher than other regions of Uzbekistan. According to our calculations, at a distance of 35 km from the village of Urmanbek to the Andijan fish farm, 8 individuals were encountered; at a distance of 12 km from the village of Urmanbek to the village of Chinabad - 5; at a distance of 4 km from the village of Sarysuv to the village of Dustlik - 9; at a distance of 26 km from the village of Urmanbek to the village of Takali - 23; at a distance of 29 km from the village of Urmanbek to the city of Namangan - 25 individuals. On July 31, 2014, at a distance of 6 km from the village of Dzhidakapa to the Uychi regional center, 21 nests of a white stork were recorded. Nesting biotopes of white storks are diverse. They build their nests in cities, settlements, irrigation systems, near ponds, mountainous areas, on wetlands. A colony of white storks in the Zaamin district is located almost on irrigated land with mulberry trees (Abdusalyamov, 1961).

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

The habitats of the white stork are landscapes with tall trees and tall buildings (mosques). According to A.I. Ivanov (1969), white storks nest mainly on high poplars, maples and birches, as well as in settlements in mosques and madrassas. According to A.K. Sagitov and S. Gulmuradov (1972), in the Zeravshan valley, white storks nest mainly on fruit trees, acacia trees, poplars, mulberries and willows. White storks sometimes live in colonies with other birds. E.L. Shestoperov (1936) in Ferghana observed the nesting of storks along with gray herons. On the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, most populations of Turkestan white storks are in the Ferghana Valley. In 1969, R.N. In 1984, A.P. Nazarov and B. B. Abdunazarov (1987) found four large nesting colonies of white storks in the Ferghana Valley. According to them, the largest breeding colony is located near the village of Chordon, where 62 nests are registered, 55 of which are occupied by storks. The second is the Tabib-Mazar colony registered by R.N.Meklenburtsev, which consists of 41 nests. The third is a colony with 34 nests in the vicinity of the village of Gulbog. The fourth with 18 nests in the forest Abdusamat. In addition to these colonies, the authors noted nesting colonies in the settlements of Pungan, Soybuyi, Okzhar. In 1984, 162 nests of white storks were recorded in the Ferghana Valley. According to the data of R.D. Kashkarov et al. (2016), the largest and most prosperous settlements are white stork settlements in Tashkent, Syrdarya and Jizzakh regions. In second place for these indicators - Samarkand and Namangan regions. The restoration of species settlements in these areas continues due to the development of a network of irrigation canals and fish ponds, and the availability of nesting structures and structures. The absence of these favorable factors explains the still low abundance of white stork in Kashkadarya region. The decrease in the number of white storks in the Ferghana Valley, as indicated by E.Sh. Shernazarov (Sernazarov et al., 1994; Shernazarov, 1999, 2013), can be explained only by planned measures to eliminate stork nests on power lines in these areas. The reason for such actions is technically justified - an excessively high number of sockets on the power lines lead to frequent short circuits. Concrete poles of active power lines (122 nests (82.4%)) are considered to be the favorite nesting sites for white storks in Uzbekistan, and only 16 (10.8) are the pillars of metal poles. A noticeably smaller number of stork nests were found on water towers, only 8 (5.4%) and 2 (1.4%) nests on a cell tower antenna (Fundukchiev and Belyalova, 2016). According to our observations, in the Ferghana Valley, white storks nest mainly in settlements, near rice fields, in cemeteries, and sometimes in mountain zones. Here they often nest on objects built by man: high-voltage power lines (47.3%), low-voltage power lines (15.4%), telephone and telegraph poles (24.2%) and water towers (13.2%). Due to the low disturbance factor, most white stork nests are located on high voltage power lines, although tall trees are found. At the Habib Buva cemetery, we noted a natural colony of white storks on turanga trees. The total area of the cemetery is 40 hectares. In the cemetery, we registered 118 nests, 89 of which were occupied by white storks. Favorable conditions have been created for the nesting of white storks. First of all, there are many trees suitable for nest building. Secondly, the cemetery is located away from residential areas. Thirdly, the cemetery is considered a sacred place, so no one here will touch the white storks. The height of the nests from the ground is from 5 to 21 m. The average dimensions of the nest are as follows: outer diameter - 110 cm, height - 54 cm, tray diameter - 94 cm, tray depth - 11 cm. Both birds are involved in the construction of the nest and this process will continue in within 8-10 days (Sagitov, Gulmuradov, 1972). According to our data, the sizes of nests of white storks are as follows: the outer diameter is 118-132 cm, an average of 121.3 cm, the height is 30-120 cm, an average of 64.0 cm, the diameter of the nest tray is 40-60 cm, an average of 52.6 cm , the depth of the nest tray is 6-7 cm, an average of 6.6 cm. Various materials are used for the construction of the nest: branches of apple, peach, walnut, poplar, willow from 1 to 0.5 cm thick, cotton wool, cotton stalks, nightshade, representatives of the family of wild and wild annual and perennial cereals, etc. The nest materials are interconnected and they are joined and fixed by laying clay between them. The nest tray is lined with cotton, straw, rags, paper and other soft materials. Nesting material is often replenished and updated during the incubation period. Both birds take part in the construction of the nest. Usually, one of the birds collects nesting material, and the second bird standing on the nest places them.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

The construction of the nest takes 7-10 days. When the nest is ready, the female white stork begins to lay eggs in it. The interval between egg laying is two days, the egg laying process itself lasts 8-10 days. Usually in a nest there are 4-5 eggs, on average 4.7 eggs. The eggs are white, oval in shape, and the shell has a rough, rough surface. The average egg weight is 102.1 g, length - 71.3 mm, width - 51.7 mm. Oological indicators of the white stork are presented in table 1. Table 1: Oological indicators of a white stork Measured value Min Маx M m  С n Length (mm) 70,5 72,0 71,3 0,12 0,53 0,74 19 Width (mm) 51,0 52,5 51,7 0,09 0,43 0,83 19 Weight (g) 100,3 103,5 102,12 0,19 0,84 0,82 19 According to A.K. Sagitov and S. Gulmuradov (1972), white storks begin to incubate eggs after complete egg laying. However, in the early days of the incubation period, the hatching bird does not sit long in the nest. Therefore, the chicks hatch at the same time. Chicks hatch for four days. The incubation period is 32-34 days. Both birds are involved in hatched eggs. In this case, the female incubates longer than the male. A.I. Abdusalyamov (1961) argues that the period of incubation of eggs in white storks occurs in mid-April and both birds incubate eggs. If the female incubates eggs, then the male is either nearby or directly on the edge of the nest. According to S.L.Sklyarenko and N.I. Berezovikov (1987), white storks begin to incubate after laying the first egg, and both birds take part in incubation. However, at the end of the incubation period, the female is often located in the nest. According to our observations, white storks incubate alternately, but the female is more involved in this process. In the early days of the incubation period, for 840 minutes, the incubation density is 96.3% of the total incubation time. At this time, the hatching bird often flips each egg. At the beginning of the incubation period, the number of eggs turning over is 30 times per hour, an average of 2.1 times per hour, which is 3.7% of the total time of incubation of eggs. At the end of the incubation period, the number of egg flips increases and is 43 times during the observed time, on average 3.1 times per hour, which is 11.1% of the total incubation time. The incubation density decreases and amounts to 89.9% due to an increase in the number of eggs turning over. During the incubation period, the eggs lose weight, namely, the evaporation of water occurs and shrinkage averages 17.83%. Chicks hatch from eggs in early May. In one of the observed nests, the first chick hatched on May 2. The skin of the newly hatched chick is covered with white embryonic fluff; the average weight is 76.1 grams (Table 2). The eyes and ear canals are open. Table 2: An increase in the mass and size of some parts of the body of white stork chicks (Balikchinsky district, Andijan region)

Age, Body mass Body length Wing length Wing length Tail length Tail length days Y % Sm % Sm % Sm % Sm % sm % 1 76,1 - 12,1 - 1,6 - 1,2 - - - 2,5 - 3 126,5 49,7 16,3 29,5 2,3 35,9 1,5 22,2 - - 2,7 7,69 5 265,3 70,8 19,1 15,8 3,5 41,3 1,6 6,45 - - 2,9 7,14 7 319,2 18,4 23,2 19,4 4,1 15,8 1,9 17,2 - - 3,6 21,5 9 460,7 36,3 30,6 27,5 4,3 4,76 2,2 14,6 - - 4,5 22,2 11 815,5 55,6 32,9 7,24 5,0 15,1 2,5 12,7 - - 5,6 21,7 13 897,2 6,26 36,5 10,3 6,2 21,4 3,4 30,5 - - 6,5 14,8 15 1045,1 15,2 41,2 12,1 7,6 20,3 3,7 8,45 1,4 - 7,1 8,82 17 1300,6 21,8 44,3 7,25 9,5 22,2 4.5 19,5 2,0 35,3 8,9 22,5 19 1480,8 12,9 48,7 9,46 12,1 24,1 4,9 8,51 3,2 46,1 10,2 13,6 21 1715,3 14,6 54,3 10.8 17,3 35,3 5,3 7,84 3,9 19,7 12,1 17,0 23 2158,2 22,8 59,2 8,63 21,6 22,1 5,7 7,27 4,7 18,6 13,6 11,6 25 2400,4 10,6 63,9 7,63 25,8 17,7 6,2 8,4 6,2 27,5 14,9 9,12

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

27 2870,9 17,8 75,2 16,2 30,9 17,9 6,7 9,23 8,9 35,7 17,5 16,0 29 3412,7 17,2 80,1 4,16 32,8 5,96 7,5 9,79 10,8 19,3 17,8 4,46 31 3585,1 4,92 83,3 3,62 35,1 6,77 7,7 2,63 11,7 8,0 19,2 4,8 33 3750,3 4.5 84,2 1,31 35,7 1,69 8,3 7,5 12,4 5,81 19,5 1,55 35 3900,8 3,93 86,8 3,04 37,1 3,84 8,6 3,55 12,9 3,95 19,8 1,52 37 4010,5 2,77 87,5 0,8 38,5 3,7 9,1 5,65 13,6 5,28 20,0 1,0 39 4050,2 0,98 88,3 0,91 40,1 4,07 9,6 5348 14,1 3,4 20,3 1,48 41 4132,7 2,01 91,1 3,12 41,3 2,94 10,3 7,03 14,9 5,52 20,4 0,49 43 4160,5 0,67 91,9 0,87 41,9 1,44 10,9 5945 15,6 4,59 20,6 0,97 45 4251,3 1,18 92,9 1,08 42,7 1,89 11,5 5,35 16,7 6,81 20,7 0,93 47 4186,5 0,58 93,7 0,85 43,5 1,85 12,3 6,72 17,5 4,67 20,9 1,85 49 4197,9 0,29 95,1 1,48 44,1 1,36 12,8 3,98 18,3 4,46 21,2 1,42 51 4170,1 0,66 96,3 1,25 45,4 2,91 13,4 4,58 19,7 7,36 21,3 0,47 53 4150,5 0,47 97,1 0,82 46,3 1,96 14,1 5,09 20,6 4,46 21,5 0,93 Both birds feed the chicks. In the first days after hatching, one of the adult birds constantly remains in the nest, protecting its chicks from direct sunlight. Only when another bird flies in does it fly away to feed. Adult birds collect food for chicks in the vicinity of the nest within a radius of 3-4 km. The food composition of the chicks is composed of insects, fish, frogs, snakes, lizards, etc. When they bring food to the nest, they drop it into the nest tray. Therefore, the chicks have to pick up food from the tray. At the same time, the strongest chicks will get more food, and the weaker day after day weaken and lag behind development, and as a result, adult birds often throw such a chick out of the nest. According to S.L.Sklyarenko and N.I. Berezovikov (1987), the feed composition of the chicks in the first days of development consists mainly of soft and small feeds - insects and earthworms. From 10 days of age, their diet includes frogs and beetles. During the first 4-5 days of development, white storks feed the chicks up to 5 times. As they develop, they receive more food, and they receive food about 9-13 times a day. According to our observations, in the early days, adult birds feed their chicks 10 times a day (an average of 0.66 times per hour). 20-24 days old chicks feed storks 18 times a day (an average of 1.2 times per hour). 36–40-day-old chicks are fed 22 times a day (an average of 1.5 times per hour), 53–57-day-old chicks are fed 27 times a day (an average of 1.8 times per hour). Each chick in the first days of development per hour receives food 0.2 times, 20-24-day-old 0.3 times, 36-40-day-old chicks 0.4 times, 53-57-day-old chicks 0.5 times. The development of chicks up to 11 days of age is intensive and amounts to 18.4-70.8%. In general, during their stay in the nest, their weight increases 54.5 times, body length 8.1 times, wing length 28.9 times, tail length 14.7 times. The average body weight of a 45-day-old chick is 4251.3 g. In the second half of June, chicks of white storks fly out of the nest. After that, they, together with adult birds, stay near the breeding territory. In late August, they leave their nesting territories and gather in large flocks in open fields and around fish farms in search of food. There is very little data on the nutrition of white storks in the literature. According to A.K. Sagitov and S. Gulmuradov (1972), white storks mainly feed on frogs, lizards, yellow-bellies, mice, earthworms and locusts. According to our data, the food composition of white storks includes both aquatic and near-water, as well as terrestrial animals. To determine the composition of the food of white storks, we analyzed 16 puzzles collected directly under the nest. Analysis showed that the feed of white storks mainly consists of aquatic animals. Their main part of the diet is bivalves. They were found in 15 (93.8%) analyzed samples. The remains of gastropods were found in 14 (87.5%) samples. Of the insects, beetles were found in 11 (68.8%) cases. They are followed by orthopterans and dragonflies (56.3%) and half-winged (12.5%). From vertebrates: the remains of fish scales are found in 10 (62.5%) analyzed samples. The remains of bird feathers were

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

found in 7, the bone remains of rodents in 4, the remains of reptiles in 2 samples, which is 43.8%, 25.0% and 12.5%, respectively. The composition of the feed of white storks is shown in table 3. Table 3: The species composition of the feed of the white stork (n = 16) Power Objects Occurrence Object quantity № asb % abs % Invertebrates 1. Mollusks 15 93,8 34 17,6 14 87,5 27 13,9 2. a) bivalve mollusks 9 56,3 21 10,9 3. b) gastropods 2 12,5 3 1,6 4. Orthoptera 11 68,8 31 16,1 6. Half-winged 9 56,3 24 12,4 Power objects 1. 10 62,5 28 14,5 2. Invertebrates 7 43,8 16 8,3 3. Mollusks 4 25,0 7 3,6 4. a) bivalve mollusks 2 12,5 2 1,1 b) gastropods 193 100 Of the total number of detected objects (193), invertebrates make up 72.5% (140), vertebrates - 27.5% (53). It should be noted that pests of crops predominate in the nutrition of white storks. They especially affect the number of harmful bugs, locusts and bears. Due to the rapid development of energy, the number of high voltage power lines has increased, which are used by birds not only as places for recreation, but also for nest building. Nesting of white storks on high-voltage electric poles causes great damage to the electric grid enterprises in the valley. For example, according to the data of Namangan electric networks, high-voltage lines of the enterprise recorded in 2012 98, 2013 87, 2014 53, 2015 64 accidents involving white storks. In 2012 alone, 55 accidents were caused by liquid droppings of white storks and 43 cases as a result of a direct collision of white storks with high-voltage lines. In addition, white storks do some harm in fish farms. The harmful activity of white storks begins in September and lasts until early spring. To catch fish from artificial reservoirs, part of the water from these reservoirs descends. After that, a large number of white storks gather around these lakes. Observations showed that from 850 to 1100 white storks visit one lake per day. Here they mainly eat fish weighing from 200 to 300, sometimes 500 grams. One stork in one day can eat about 600-800 grams of fish. On frosty days and when the water on the lakes freezes, the number of white storks arriving in the lakes increases. Because here before the start of the catch, fishermen break the ice. Fishermen try to scare storks in different ways, sometimes they shoot them. But it doesn’t help much, the birds fly over and over for food. References 1. Abdusalyamov I.A. Birds of the valley of the lake Rang-Kul in the Pamirs. Tr. IZIP AN Taj. SSR, T. 20, 1961. 2. Bogdanov A.N. Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. - Tashkent: publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, 1961. - Vol. 2, Part III. - S. 126-153. 3. Bogdanov O.P. Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. - Tashkent, 1956. - V.2, Birds. - Part II. - S. 32-122. 4. Ivanov A.I. Birds of the Pamir-Alai. - L .: Nauka, 1969 .-- 448 p. 5. Kashkarov R.D., Atakhodjaev A.A., Sudarev V.O., Belyalova L.E., Fundukchiev S.E., Gadaev Zh.M. The current state of the population of the Turkestan white stork Ciconia ciconia asiatica in Uzbekistan. Materials of the republican scientific-practical conference. Tashkent, 2016. 6. Lebedeva M.I. On the number of white stork // Ornithology. Vol. 3.M., 1960 .-- S. 413-419. 7. Meklenburtsev R.N. Stork / Vertebrate Animals of Ferghana Valley. - Tashkent: Fan, 1974.- S. 133-140.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 5340-5346

8. Mitropolsky OV White Stork // Birds of Central Asia, Vol. 1. - Almaty, 2007. 9. Nazarov A.P., Abdunazarov B.B. About the number of white stork in some regions of Uzbekistan // Mammals and birds of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 1987. 10. Novikov G.A. Field studies of the ecology of terrestrial animals. - M.: Soviet Science, 1953. - 502 p. 11. Sagitov A.K. Ciconiiformes / Birds of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, Fan, 1987, T. 1. - S. 29-54. 12. Sagitov AK, Gulmuradov S. On the biology of reproduction of a white stork // Tr. SamSU. - Samarkand, 1972. - Issue. 211. - S. 1-7. 13. Salikhbaev H.S., Bogdanov O.P. Fauna of the Uzbek SSR, T.II, Part 4. Birds. - Tashkent: Fan, 1967 .-- 183 p. 14. Sataeva Z.L. Change of seasonal aspects of the air fauna in Tashkent and its environs // Tr. SAGU, series VIIIa, zool. - Vol. 29.- Tashkent, 1937.- S. 74. 15. Sklyarenko S.L., Berezovikov N.N. Storks - Ed. “Kaynar”, Alma-Ata, 1987. 16. Tretyakov G.P. Wintering of the white stork Ciconia cionia in the Ferghana Valley. Tashkent, 2017. 17. Fundukchiev S.E., Belyalova L.E. The dynamics of the number of white stork in the south-west of Uzbekistan. Modern problems of conservation of rare, endangered and poorly studied animals of Uzbekistan: Materials of the Republican scientific-practical conference. Tashkent, 2016.S. 163-165. 18. Shernazarov E.Sh., Tўraev M.M. On the harmful activity of a white stork on power lines and fish ponds of the Ferghana Valley // Biology and ecology ҳ ир ир ги ги зам зам зам му му ам ам И:: Ilmiy conference maruzarining tezislari. - Toshkent, ToshDU Nashri, 1995 .-- B. 191. 19. Shernazarov E., Turaev M.M., Kuchkarov A.Kh. The current abundance of white stork in the Ferghana Valley // Rare and poorly studied birds of Uzbekistan and neighboring territories. Tashkent, 1994. 20. Shestoperov E.L. Materials on the issues of hunting and fishing facilities in the Tashauz district // Bull. Turkmenistan. NO zoo. Station 1. 1936. 21. Shernazarov, E. Assesment of the current status of the White Stork Ciconia c. asiatica in Uzbekistan. In: White Stork populations across the world. 2013, NABU, Germany.