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Home , Block (Internet), Freegate, Great Firewall, Joseph Kahn (journalist), Psiphon

Social Education 71(3), pp 158–162 ©2007 National Council for the Social Studies

Looking at the Law The Great of Shawn Healy

Senators John McCain and John Kyl, both Arizona Republicans, argue that Of the websites blocked by Chinese the by its very nature promotes grassroots democracy. In an op-ed piece they censors, pornographic sites lead the wrote, “By enabling discussion, debate and criticism of our governments, the Internet list (39 percent), followed by mention allows us to practice in cyberspace the essence of democracy.” 1 Their comments were of major historical events (14 percent), directed toward the Communist Party in China and American technology companies hate speech (13 percent), gay and lesbian that enable and execute government in the digital realm. sites (11 percent) and email providers (10 percent). Sex education sites (8 percent), Although China has made notable preferred path isn’t paved in black and gambling sites (8 percent), those that progress in liberalizing its economy over white, although the information super- sell provocative attire (6 percent), news the past three decades, the Communist highway itself may ultimately provide outlets (6 percent) and sites enabling the Party maintains a stranglehold on politi- the answers. China appears to be fighting circumvention of censors (5 percent, see cal freedom, and in no place is this more a losing battle in an increasingly inter- below) complete the list.11 apparent than the roadblocks it places on connected world that outwits the censors In the second half of 2004, for example, the Information Superhighway. Indeed, from near and afar. police closed more than 1,400 porno- according to Reporters Without Borders, graphic websites and arrested 420 people China stands as “... the world’s most The as a result. Another 700 gambling suspects advanced country in Internet filtering.”2 Dubbed the “Golden Shield,” the were arrested in a similar crackdown in Of the 55 online dissidents imprisoned Chinese system does 2005.12 Last June, homosexual websites worldwide, 48 are detained in China.3 not aim for complete control, but only were purged by a mainland domain China has an estimated 137 million to prevent “major breaches in the fire- company under pressure from the police. citizens who access the Internet, sec- wall.” Specifically, the Chinese National One administrator protested: “It is great ond only to the United States.4 While People’s Congress claims it is criminal to humiliation to classify all gay forums ... as 92 percent of Chinese citizens have not “incite subversion,” “divulge state secrets” , adult-only, and sex forums.” gone online, analysts predict 400 mil- or “organize cults” on the Internet. Such Many such sites are dedicated to sex edu- lion mainland web users over the next laws are necessary “to promote the good cation, providing methods for condom decade.5 From 2001 through 2004 alone and eliminate the bad, encourage the usage and HIV knowledge.13 the percentage of the Chinese population healthy development of the Internet Sites that reveal official corruption are accessing the Internet nearly tripled, from (and) safeguard the security of the State also targeted by state censors. On January 2.57 percent to 7.23 percent.6 and the public interest.”7 8, 2007, Xiamen police blocked access The essay that follows describes in Policies target pornographic websites to a site that revealed local corruption detail China’s censorship machine, the along with sites critical of the Communist and monitored city politics. It reportedly reaction of its citizenry to this arsenal and Party, including other governments, published “bad information.”14 the complicity of American companies religious groups and political organi- The censorship regime is executed in enabling the process. Does admit- zations.8 This extends to sites related by both public and private entities. The tance to the world’s largest market trump to freedom in Tibet, Taiwanese inde- Chinese government, through nine state- concerns about unencumbered access pendence and the Tiananmen Square licensed companies, employs between to information? Some companies have Massacre.9 Moreover, one encounters 30,000 to 35,000 members of an Internet struck deals with the proverbial devil an error message when trying to access police force who effectively access (, Microsoft, Yahoo), while others or BBC to thousands of sites.15 Additionally, 11 have stuck to their guns (Wikipedia). The news service.10 leading news websites in China enforce

S o c i a l E d u c a t i o n 158 the principles established by President and Secretary General Hu Jintau, a new concept of socialist morality labeled the “Eight Honors and Disgraces.” The policy states, “We are in stern opposition to indecent on- messages that under- mine public morality and the cultures and fine traditions of the Chinese people. No indecent texts and photos, no search engines for such content, no links to inde- cent websites, and no games involving sex and violence.” 16 Chinese Internet patrols secured pledges of self-censorship from 43 Beijing-based websites resulting in the closure of more than 200 chat rooms and the deletion of 1.5 million comments in April 2005 alone. 17 According to New York Times writer Olive Thompson, “One mistake Westerners frequently make about China is to assume that the government is furtive about its censorship. On the contrary, the party is quite matter- of-fact about it—proud, even.” The government went so far as to introduce two anime-style cartoon characters, “Jingjing” and “Chacha,” in order “to publicly remind all ‘Netizens’ to be conscious of safe and healthy use of the Internet, self-regulate their online behavior and maintain harmonious Internet order together.” This places A sign posted at the entrance of an Internet cafe reads: “You should not spread antisocial the burden of censorship on the users material on the Internet” (top), and “Please come with me because you published materi- als to harm the unity of the nation” (bottom), in Beijing, China, July 20, 2006. themselves, and reinforces the classic (AP Photo /Elizabeth Dalziel) truth that “self-censorship is always far more comprehensive than formal one such locale. Zhang Guobia, party According to Ji Chenchen, another censorship.” 18 secretary of the surrounding Fangshan student moderator: “Our job consists Internet cafes are immensely popular County, implemented a ban in the of guidance, not control. Our bulletin amongst China’s youth, mostly because spring of 2006 under the assumption board’s character is that of an official they are unable to afford home comput- that “Internet cafes bring more harm website, which means it represents the ers.19 The cafes themselves are a criti- than good to young people.” Zhang school. This means that no topics related cal component in the state censorship claims that “the harm to children is no to politics may appear.” machinery. The establishments employ less than drugs.”22 Students show surprise when the security guards to monitor the activity Censorship also lurks in China’s insti- details of the system are revealed. of online patrons by watching closed- tutions of higher learning. Initiated by According to one male undergraduate: circuit televisions linked to the local Shanghai Normal University and staffed “Five hundred members sounds unbe- police station. They use called by an all-volunteer corps of 500 fel- lievable. It feels very weird to think that Internet Detective to record site visits, low students, the body is known as the there are 500 people out there anony- emails, and message boards.20 Licenses “harmful-information defense system.” mously trying to guide you.” are required to operate the cafes; 47,000 Students like Hu Yingying enter online Another student was more supportive were closed in 2004 alone for failure to bulletin boards and act as “part traffic of their efforts: “A bulletin board is like meet this requirement.21 cop, part informer, part discussion mod- a family, and in a family, I want my room Moreover, local bans have resulted erator—and all without the knowledge to be clean and well-lighted, without in across-the-board closings. Gedong is of her fellow students....” dirty or dangerous things in it.” 23

A p r i l 2 0 0 7 159 Web Logs Bloom formidable companies as , This coziness with the Chinese censors China’s surveillance of the Internet Sun Microsystems and 3Com for filter- invoked the wrath of the United States reaches into the exploding world of web ing purposes.30 More extensive relation- Congress last February. Representative logs. All bloggers must register with the ships exist between Yahoo, Microsoft Tom Lantos (D-CA) was among the fierc- government and filter tools block sub- and Google, and this is where the true est critics. During congressional hearings, versive word strings.24 Moreover, private controversy lies. he opined, “I simply don’t understand companies that host these web logs are Yahoo was the first American Internet how your corporate leadership [Cisco, pressured to maintain a level of decorum company to enter the Chinese market Microsoft, Yahoo, and Google] sleeps managed by a staff of site moderators.25 in 1999. They misunderstood Chinese at night.”35 Yet 17.5 million Chinese citizens blog culture from the beginning, failing to real- Representatives of the cornered nonetheless, and 75 million consult these ize that Chinese citizens rarely rely on companies insisted that their actions sites for information relevant to pop cul- email, finding such messages impersonal. are based upon two suboptimal choices. ture and occasionally political stories. Instead, they prefer cell phones and text Michael Callahan, senior vice president Qiao Ho, a Chinese teacher, reads and messaging along with live chat rooms. and general counsel for Yahoo, argued, contributes to web logs to learn “... about , a Chinese search engine launched “Ultimately, U.S. companies in China face things that are hot, like pop stars or new in 2001, capitalized upon this. a choice. Comply with , or movies, and I can tell other people what Google launched a Chinese version leave.”36 A spokesman for the Chinese I think. I can speak my own mind, and of its home page in 2000. By the end Foreign Minister, Liu Jianchao, cemented maybe somebody will reply.” of 2002, it amassed 25 percent of the the dilemma. “Any cooperation on Hong Bo, another blogger, recognizes search engine market in China, far sur- economy and trade should be conducted the futility of government censorship of passing Yahoo despite maintaining its within the framework of the law. We also this domain: “The government still really location in California. The Chinese gov- hope relevant companies operating and wants to control opinions in the blogo- ernment blocked Google for a couple of developing business in China can abide sphere, but the essence of the blog phe- weeks, perhaps to benefit its competitor, by Chinese law.”37 Given this predica- nomenon is that it is uncontrollable.”26 Baidu. Google is still slowed by the Great ment, Jack Krumholz, Microsoft associ- The futility of censoring web logs Firewall and blocked 15 percent of the ate general counsel, asked rhetorically, is evidenced by the plethora of recent time due to data jams. “Would the Chinese citizen be better off revelations ultimately impacting the Google eventually opened a Chinese without our services?”38 political process. Blogs have unveiled a office, censoring sites on google.cn, while Google took perhaps the most heat toxic chemical spill in Northeast China maintaining access to its California-based for its actions in China given the com- and a crackdown on protesters in rural site. Google signed an agreement as a pany’s slogan “Don’t Be Evil.” Andrew Guangdong that left 20 dead.27 More Chinese Internet service in December McLaughlin, head of global public policy impressively, bloggers prompted gov- 2005 and opened on January 27, 2006. at Google, offered the following defense: ernment action in 2003 when they pro- The company does not offer email and “We’ve made an empirical judgment ... tested police treatment of a young man blogging services inside of China.31 that being able to hire Chinese employees in Guangzou that ultimately led to his Google’s censorship practices did not and have them be part of the Google cul- death. As a result, a new law protected begin in China. The company is forced ture and be free-thinking, freewheeling the rights of homeless people.28 to play by the rules of each respective Internet people ... when you add it all up, Li Xinde is one such brave blogger. He market it wishes to penetrate. For exam- we think we’re helping to advance the reports on corruption and human rights ple, Google first filtered a search engine cause of change in China.”39 abuses, changing web addresses to stay on a state’s behalf to comply with hate However, in the aftermath of the ahead of Chinese censors. “They keep speech codes in Germany, France, and global scorn heaped upon them, Google closing sites, but they never catch up,” Switzerland.32 In China, Google.cn omits and Microsoft have since reconsidered claims Li. “You can’t stop the Yellow content the Communist government their presence in China. Fred Tipson, River from flowing, and you can’t block finds objectionable. Democracy, human Microsoft’s senior policy counsel, admit- the bloggers.”29 rights, religion, and political dissent are ted, “Things are getting bad. Perhaps we among the topics blocked, and they are have to look at our presence there. We Don’t Be Evil? not alone in their complicity. Microsoft have to decide if the persecuting of blog- Perhaps the most controversial aspect of has excluded the words “freedom” and gers reaches a point that it’s unacceptable the Internet censorship regime employed “democracy” from titles and postings on to do business.”40 by the Chinese government is the com- its blog service, Chinese MSN Spaces.33 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was plicity of major American companies in Yahoo went so far as to provide data from even more conciliatory. “We felt that facilitating the process. On the most basic a personal email account that helped to perhaps we could compromise our prin- level, China uses U.S. products from such convict Chinese dissidents.34 ciples but provide ultimately more infor-

S o c i a l E d u c a t i o n 160 Teaching Activities Michelle Parrini

1. Internet Filtering Abroad a. What did CIPA seek to accomplish? Who was directly In the United States, efforts to “filter” or block access to certain affected by the legislation? Who else might have been Internet websites are subject to the First Amendment, which affected by it? protects citizens’ freedoms of speech, religion, and expression. b. Several companies make Internet filtering software. Freedoms of speech, religion, and expression vary from nation to nation. Many countries grant their citizens rights similar to Research the Internet filtering software offered by at least those found in the First Amendment, while other nations more two different companies. What are some of the content tightly restrict these rights. areas that these software programs are designed to block? Assign students, working in small groups, to research the use Describe the range. Are these content areas entitled to of Internet filtering technologies in different countries for reports First Amendment protection? Why or why not? to the class as a whole. For ideas on countries to research, visit c. What is the story leading up to the U.S. Supreme Court the Open Net Initiative’s interactive Internet Filtering Map at decision in United States v. American Library Association, 539 www.opennet.net/map. As a way to help students focus their research, suggest they U.S. 194 (2003)? Who was the plaintiff (the party initiating explore the following questions. the lawsuit) in the original lawsuit and what was the plain- a. How would you characterize the government? tiff’s interest in bringing the suit against the United States? What arguments did the original plaintiff make against the b. What types of Internet content does the country attempt CIPA? What arguments were made by the government in to make inaccessible? defending the CIPA against the challenge? What did the c. What are the reasons for blocking Internet access (political, district court decide in the original lawsuit? (Note: The religious, cultural, or others)? original lawsuit was heard in the United States District d. What technologies are used to filter Internet content? Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The district court’s decision was reported at 201 F.Supp.2d 401, 2002) e. How effective is Internet filtering technology in blocking user access to banned websites? Can users, in other words, d. What were the major questions about the CIPA that the get around the filtering technology? Do users who try to Supreme Court considered in United States v. American get around the filtering technology risk punishment for Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003)? Why did the United doing so? If so, describe the punishments. States, as petitioner, seek to reverse the ruling of the lower federal court? What arguments did the respondents make f. What effect would a law or constitutional guarantee simi- in favor in upholding the lower court’s ruling? lar to the First Amendment have on current Internet filter- ing practices in the country (if such a law or constitutional e. What do the terms “overblocking” and “underblocking” guarantee does not exist in the country you research)? mean with respect to the Internet? What First Amendment Would any of these filtering practices still be permissible? issues are raised by these terms? If problems of overblock- ing and underblocking could be fixed, would Internet filtering still raise First Amendment issues? Why or why Ask groups to deliver their reports. Note major points on the not? board for each country. After reports have been delivered, discuss similarities and f. Who is responsible for controlling access to websites differences among countries. Conclude by asking students to under the provisions of the CIPA? Do you think the provi- draw generalizations about the way underlying social, political, sions about who was responsible for controlling access to cultural or legal concerns/factors influence government policies websites under the CIPA strengthened or weakened a First about Internet filtering in countries. Amendment challenge to the law? Why or why not?

2. Internet Filtering in the United States g. Finally, what did the Supreme Court decide in the case, In 2000, Congress passed the Children’s Internet Protection Act and what was its rationale? Who dissented, and on what (CIPA), which attempted to regulate access to certain websites. grounds? Ask your students to research some of the issues surrounding the CIPA and a legal challenge to the law that was ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. American Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003). Suggest that they explore Michelle Parrini is a program manager for the American Bar Association one or more of the following issues in depth, in small groups or Division for Public Education in Chicago, Illinois. individually.

A p r i l 2 0 0 7 161 mation for the Chinese and be a more themselves contribute to this predica- This means individuals must have inter- effective service and perhaps make more ment, perhaps a product of a top-down national contacts in order to access the of a difference,” Brin said. “Perhaps now educational system and censorship that software.49 the principled approach makes more reigns over the news media.45 Zivn, a Chinese Internet user, previ- sense.”41 “We’re really unclear why we would be ously showed little animosity toward Some organizations like Human Rights (banned or censored in China),” Wales government censorship. “There were so Watch are hesitant to take technology said. “We have internal rules about neu- many lies among the facts, and I could companies at their word. They urge the trality and deleting personal attacks and not find where the truth is,” Zivn claimed. United States and European Union coun- things like this. We’re far from being a He now uses proxy sites to connect to tries to pass laws prohibiting domestically- haven for dissidents or a protest site. So an unfiltered web and admits, “I am just based companies from storing personal our view is that the block is in error and gradually getting used to the truth about data on computers in China.42 should be removed....”46 the real world.”50 Bill Xia, a Chinese immigrant to the Like other aspects of the “Great Zivn’s journey, along with those of United States who operates a proxy site Firewall,” China’s chokehold on other Chinese “netizens” that access an of his own to circumvent censorship Wikipedia centers on the issue of control. uncensored web or who criticize their in his home country (detailed below), Chinese censors blocked Wikipedia in government through blog entries, have conveyed his disgust with the collabora- October 2005, allowing Baidu to offer its served to not only circumvent, but drill tion of some American companies. Xia own version of the site. Like Wikipedia, holes in the “Great Firewall.” According wrote in an op-ed piece, “I believe that users are invited to write and edit their to Xia Qiang, director of the Berkeley information—that the truth—can change own entries, but content is censored and China Internet Project, “The fact that China. And I believe that the Communist even requires prior approval. Rules pro- Chinese officials are trying harder and regime has never really represented the hibit criticism of government, description harder means they’re actually having Chinese people. Which leaves me with of terrorist events, “negative views of life,” less and less control.” He continued, two questions for American and multina- or even entries considered “boring.” For “Between now and the Olympics, it will tional companies like Google and Yahoo: example, the Tiananmen Square protests continue to weaken. They are fighting a Which China do you want to win over? are ignored and only a negative view of losing game.”51 And which China do you really want as homosexuality is posted.47 New York Times writer Nicholas your business partner?”43 Kristof goes further. He contends that Cracks in the Wall the very existence of the Chinese govern- Wikipedia Won’t Back Down Despite the complicity of American com- ment is in peril on account of “netizens.” Wikipedia offers a notable alterna- panies and China’s seemingly endless He pontificated, “I don’t see how the tive to the collusion exercised by its firewall across the information super- Communist Party dictatorship can long American peers. , founder highway, cracks are emerging along its survive the Internet, at a time when a of Wikipedia, has an all or nothing phi- surface as the most democratic of media single blog can start a prairie fire.”52 losophy that varies 180 degrees from the increasingly outpaces the army of cen- As millions of flowers bloom in the approach adopted by Yahoo, Microsoft, sors. Proxy sites, as mentioned earlier, virtual world inhabited by Chinese citi- Google and others. “We occupy a posi- allow Chinese users to circumvent gov- zens, the Communist country stands on tion in the culture that I wish Google ernment censorship. Bill Xia’s the cusp of its next . would take up, which is that we stand is one such site. Operating out of North Although the government will continue for , and for us Carolina, Xia attracts 100,000 estimated to nip these perennials in the proverbial to compromise I think would send very users every day on Freegate and two other bud, they will return anew brighter and much the wrong signal: that there’s no sites he created. He constantly changes bolder than ever. one left on the planet who’s willing to the address of his U.S. servers to trump say ‘You know what, we’re not going to Chinese blocking efforts.48 give up.’”44 Along similar lines, the “ soft- Wikipedia has been blocked off and ware” was developed at the University on by Chinese censors. The Chinese-lan- of Toronto’s Citizen Lab and offers an guage version of the site, where mention unencumbered connection to the Internet of modern history and political issues is with a unique website, user name and effectively filtered among the estimated password and leaves no trace of the 90,000 entries “... differs so significantly connection on an individual computer. Shawn Healy is resident scholar at the McCor- from its English counterpart that it some- The notable drawback is psiphon must mick Tribune Freedom Museum in Chicago, Illi- times reads as if it were approved by the be downloaded on a computer outside nois. censors themselves.” Chinese citizens of China or other oppressive countries.

S o c i a l E d u c a t i o n 162 Notes 35. Brush, Knight, and Fang. 1. John McCain and Jon Kyl, “The Internet and the 36. Kopytoff. ‘Axis of (Censored),’” USA Today (Feb. 21, 2006): 37. Sergey Brin, “Google Must Obey Chinese Law,” San A19. Francisco Chronicle (June 9, 2006): D1. 2. “List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published,” 38. Brush, Knight, and Fang. Resources Reporters Without Borders (Nov. 7, 2006) www.rsf. 39. David Smith, “Google Defiant over Censorship in org/article.php3?id_article=19603. China,” The [London]Observer, (Oct. 29, 2006): American Library Association 3. Matthew Quirk, “The Web Police,” The Atlantic 23. Monthly (May 2006): 50-51. 40. Smith, “China Forced to Face Its Critics over Internet Office of Intellectual Freedom 4. Edward Cody, “Despite a Ban, Chinese Youth Censorship,” The [London] Observer (Nov. 5, 2006): www.ala.org/ala/oif Navigate Internet Cafes,” (Feb. 17. 9, 2007): A01. This website provides a wealth of 41. “Google Says It Compromised Company Principles 5. Evan Osnos, “Censors Losing Grip on Wired in China,” Wall Street Journal. (Brussels: June 8, information about book challenges Chinese,” Chicago Tribune (April 9, 2006): 1. 2006): 11. and banning and other intellectual 6. Quirk. 42. Paul Mooney, “Group Attacks Net Firms on freedom issues. Also useful is the 7. Geoffrey A. Fowler, “Great Firewall: Chinese Censorship,” South China Morning Post (Aug. 11, Censors of Internet Face ‘Hacktivists’ in U.S.,” The 2006): 8. section on Banned Books week. Wall Street Journal (Feb. 13, 2006): A1. 43. Bill Xia, “Foiling Beijing’s Cybercops,” Los Angeles 8. Joseph Kahn, “China Says Web Controls Follow the Times (July 3, 2006): B15. Electronic Frontier Foundation West’s Lead,” , (Feb. 15, 2006): 44. David Smith and Jo Revill, “Wikipedia Defies A6. China’s Censors,” The [London] Observer (Sept. 10, www.eff.org 9. Verne Kopytoff, “China’s Stifling of the Web 2006): 14. The website of this U.S. advocacy Detailed,” San Francisco Chronicle (Feb. 19, 2006): 45. French, “Who Did What in China’s Past?” The New J1. York Times (Dec. 1, 2006): A22. group for electronic speech, privacy 10. Fowler. 46. Smith and Revill. and other “digital” rights includes 11. Quirk. 47. Mure Dickie, “Censors Turn China’s Baidupedia information about cases, analyses of 12. Jane Cai, “Internet Patrol System Extended,” South into Closed Book,” The [London] electronic speech, privacy, and “digi- China Morning Post (May 15, 2006): 6. (May 13, 2006): 9. 13. “China Shuts Down Gay Websites in Crackdown 48. Fowler. tal world” issues. on Illegal Content,” BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific 49. Ronald Delbert, “New Tools Aim to Bypass Internet (June 15, 2006): 1. Censorship,” Turkish Daily News (Dec. 3, 2006): 1. The File Room 14. “Bad Start to Year for Online Free Expression,” 50. Fowler. Reporters Without Borders (Jan. 12, 2007), www.rsf. www.thefileroom.org 51. Mark Magnier, “A New, Computer-Generated org/article.php3?id_article=20383. Voice,” Los Angeles Times (Sept. 16, 2006): A9. This project is an ever-changing 15. Clay Chandler, “Inside the Great Firewall of China,” Fortune 153, no. 4 (March 6, 2006): 148-158; 52. Kristoff. archive of the history of censorship Kopytoff. in different contexts, countries, 16. “China’s Official News Websites Back Internet Self- The views expressed in this article are those and civilizations. The site includes Censorship,” BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific (April 11, 2006): 1. of the author and have not been approved archives of cases, a bibliography, 17. Cai. by the House of Delegates or the Board of essays, and a “submit a case” section. 18. Olive Thompson, “Google’s China Problem (And Governors of the American Bar Association China’s Google Problem),” The New York Times Magazine (April 23, 2006): 64. and, accordingly, should not be construed First Amendment Center 19. Cody. as representing the policy of the American www.firstamendmentcenter.org 20. Calum MacLeod, “Web Users Walk Great Firewall Bar Association. This website features research about of China,” USA Today (April 3, 2006): A13. 21. Silla Brush, Danielle Knight, and Bay Fang. “Learning First Amendment issues and topics to Live with Big Brother,” U.S. News and World and news, including coverage of Report 140, no. 7 (Feb. 27, 2006): 29-31. Internet issues and censorship of 22. Cody. other media, a First Amendment 23. Howard W. French, “As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching,” The New York Times (May Library, reports, and guest analyses 9, 2006): page A3. by legal experts on a variety of First 24. Fowler. Amendment topics. 25. “List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published,” Reporters Without Borders (Nov. 7, 2006). 26. Peter Ford, “China’s Growing Blogosphere Turns on McCormick Tribune Freedom U.S. Coffee Icon,” Christian Science Monitor (Jan. 23, 2007). Museum 27. Chandler. www.freedommuseum.us 28. Ford. The McCormick Tribune Freedom 29. , “In China It’s *******vs. Netizens,” Museum is the nation’s first museum The New York Times (June 20, 2006). 30. Kevin Maney, “U.S. Technology Has Been Used to dedicated to freedom and the First Block, Censor Net for Years,” USA Today (Feb. 22, Amendment. The museum’s website 2006): B.3. offers a variety of resources and 31. Thompson. activities for educators and students. 32. Quirk. 33. McCain and Kyl. 34. Kahn.

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