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MONGOLIA CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS a Diagnostic Study of the Most Binding Constraints to Economic Growth in Mongolia
The production of this constraints analysis was led by the partner governments, and was used in the development of a Millennium Challenge Compact or threshold program. Although the preparation of the constraints analysis is a collaborative process, posting of the constraints analysis on this website does not constitute an endorsement by MCC of the content presented therein. 2014-001-1569-02 MONGOLIA CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS A diagnostic study of the most binding constraints to economic growth in Mongolia August 18, 2016 Produced by National Secretariat for the Second Compact Agreement between the Government of Mongolia and the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the USA With technical assistance from the Millennium Challenge Corporation i Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vi Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................................................... viii 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. -
Strategic Nodes and Regional Interactions in Southern Eurasia
MARLENE Laruelle STRATEGIC editor NODES Central Asia Program REGIONAL Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies and INTERACTIONS Elliott School of International SOUTHERN A airs The George Washington University in EURASIA STRATEGIC NODES AND REGIONAL INTERACTIONS IN SOUTHERN EURASIA Marlene Laruelle, editor Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Central Asia Program, 2017 www.centralasiaprogram.org The volume provides academics and policy makers with an introduction to current trends in Southern Eurasia. At the collapse of the Soviet Union, Western pundits celebrated the dramatic reshaping of regional interactions in Southern Eurasia to come, with the hope of seeing Russia lose its influence and be bypassed by growing cooperation between the states of the South Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as the arrival of new external powers. This hope has partially failed to come to fruition, as regional cooperation between the South Caucasus and Central Asia never started up, and cooperation within these regions has been hampered by several sovereignty-related and competition issues. However, a quarter of century after the disappearance of the Soviet Union, strategic nodes in Southern Eurasia have indeed deeply evolved. Some bottom-up dynamics seem to have taken shape and the massive involvement of China has been changing the long-accepted conditions in the wider region. Islamic finance has also emerged, while external actors such as Turkey, Iran, the Gulf countries and Pakistan have progressively structured their engagement with both Central Asia and South Caucasus. Another key node is centered in and around Mongolia, whose economic boom and strategic readjustments may help to shape the future of Northeast Asia. -
The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history. -
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations Ron A. PORTER Ritsumeikan Asia Pacifi c University Abstract The United States has, in recent years, touted the accomplishment of Mongolian democracy as a positive example to other nations in the region. The shift from socialism to democracy on the part of the Mongolians has dominated both academic discourse and political speeches alike on the growing friendship between these two countries. This article argues, however, that the growing relationship between the United States and Mongolia is one based on practical benefi ts to both parties instead of the ideals of liberal democracy. Hence, US- Mongolia relations are based in realpolitik, not ideology. Keywords: Independence, strategic interests, liberal economy, democracy, realpolitik. Introduction Mongolia’s declaration of independence from the Qing (Manchu) dynasty of China in 1911 was founded on Mongol nationalism that, at that time, fostered dreams of a comprehensive nation made up of Mongol inhabitants of territories that stretched from Manchuria in the east, to Tuva in the west, and what is now Inner Mongolia south of the Gobi desert.1 However, this comprehensive pan-Mongolian state never materialized and only what is known as Khalkha Mongol territory (excluding Inner Mongolia) was carved out and successfully made into an independent nation-state. Nevertheless, since its initiation in 1911 and its subsequent successful independence in 1924, the Mongolian state has been founded on the principal of Mongol “national” unity. Even the socialist revolution of 1924 refl ected Mongolia’s unique situation for social reform that was aided along, but not completely in line with, the Soviets’ world social revolution scheme. -
China, Das Chinesische Meer Und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia
China, das Chinesische Meer und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia Horses of the Xianbei, 300–600 AD: A Brief Survey Shing MÜLLER1 iNTRODUCTION The Chinese cavalry, though gaining great weight in warfare since Qin and Han times, remained lightly armed until the fourth century. The deployment of heavy armours of iron or leather for mounted warriors, especially for horses, seems to have been an innovation of the steppe peoples on the northern Chinese border since the third century, as indicated in literary sources and by archaeological excavations. Cavalry had become a major striking force of the steppe nomads since the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, thus leading to the warfare being speedy and fierce. Ever since then, horses occupied a crucial role in war and in peace for all steppe riders on the northern borders of China. The horses were selectively bred, well fed, and drilled for war; horses of good breed symbolized high social status and prestige of their owners. Besides, horses had already been the most desired commodities of the Chinese. With superior cavalries, the steppe people intruded into North China from 300 AD onwards,2 and built one after another ephemeral non-Chinese kingdoms in this vast territory. In this age of disunity, known pain- fully by the Chinese as the age of Sixteen States (316–349 AD) and the age of Southern and Northern Dynas- ties (349–581 AD), many Chinese abandoned their homelands in the CentraL Plain and took flight to south of the Huai River, barricaded behind numerous rivers, lakes and hilly landscapes unfavourable for cavalries, until the North and the South reunited under the flag of the Sui (581–618 AD).3 Although warfare on horseback was practised among all northern steppe tribes, the Xianbei or Särbi, who originated from the southeastern quarters of modern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, emerged as the major power during this period. -
Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis
J Archaeol Res DOI 10.1007/s10814-011-9053-2 Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis J. Daniel Rogers Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2011 Abstract By 200 B.C. a series of expansive polities emerged in Inner Asia that would dominate the history of this region and, at times, a very large portion of Eurasia for the next 2,000 years. The pastoralist polities originating in the steppes have typically been described in world history as ephemeral or derivative of the earlier sedentary agricultural states of China. These polities, however, emerged from local traditions of mobility, multiresource pastoralism, and distributed forms of hierarchy and administrative control that represent important alternative path- ways in the comparative study of early states and empires. The review of evidence from 15 polities illustrates long traditions of political and administrative organi- zation that derive from the steppe, with Bronze Age origins well before 200 B.C. Pastoralist economies from the steppe innovated new forms of political organization and were as capable as those based on agricultural production of supporting the development of complex societies. Keywords Empires Á States Á Inner Asia Á Pastoralism Introduction The early states and empires of Inner Asia played a pivotal role in Eurasian history, with legacies still evident today. Yet, in spite of more than 100 years of scholarly contributions, the region remains a relatively unknown heartland (Di Cosmo 1994; Hanks 2010; Lattimore 1940; Mackinder 1904). As pivotal as the history of Inner Asia is in its own right, it also holds special significance for how we interpret complex societies on a global basis. -
CHAPTER 9 National Security Concept of Mongolia: Basic Principle
CHAPTER 9 National Security Concept of Mongolia: Basic Principle Damba Ganbat It’s been over 21 years since Mongolia has declared that the nation will ensure its security in the ways of political democratization and economic development. Fundamental change of the authoritarian regime, centralized economy, and highly ideologized social mentality presents systematic challenges and it is not an easy task we witness. Nevertheless, basic political and economic systems have successfully and irreversibly changed in the last two decades; moreover, democracy has eventually become the best guarantee of the independence and development of Mongolia. These radical changes in Mongolia on the very edge of the two millenniums continue under the influence of globalization. Development of an open democratic society requires not only domestic political efforts but also favorable external conditions. To keep the synergy of external and internal factors for its development, Mongolia’s endeavors are aimed at creating conditions for carrying out independent policies and becoming an active player, both in the regional and international arena. I recall the adoption of the very first fundamental document, related to democratic Mongolia’s national security, foreign policy, and military doctrine as if it was yesterday, although two decades have passed since that. The paces of external and internal developments were so fast and today’s new condition requires the fundamental revision of those documents. Mongolia’s role in and the content and scope of her participation in international affairs is gradually increasing, which mainly contributed to this need. From 2011, Mongolia is leading the Community of Democracy. It did not happen accidentally. -
Mongolia: Issues for Congress
Mongolia: Issues for Congress Susan V. Lawrence Specialist in Asian Affairs September 3, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41867 Mongolia: Issues for Congress Summary Mongolia is a sparsely populated young democracy in a remote part of Asia, sandwiched between two powerful large neighbors, China and Russia. It made its transition to democracy and free market reforms peacefully in 1990, after nearly 70 years as a Soviet satellite state. A quarter of a century later, the predominantly Tibetan Buddhist nation remains the only formerly Communist Asian nation to have embraced democracy. Congress has shown a strong interest in Mongolia since 1990, funding assistance programs, approving the transfer of excess defense articles, ratifying a bilateral investment treaty, passing legislation to extend permanent normal trade relations, and passing seven resolutions commending Mongolia’s progress and supporting strong U.S.-Mongolia relations. Congressional interest is Mongolia has focused on the country’s story of democratic development. Since passing a democratic constitution in 1992, Mongolia has held six direct presidential elections and six direct parliamentary elections. The State Department considers Mongolia’s most recent elections to have been generally “free and fair” and said that in 2013, Mongolia “generally respected” freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and association. It raised concerns, however, about corruption and lack of transparency in government affairs. On the economic front, Mongolia’s mineral wealth, including significant reserves of coal, copper, gold, and uranium, offers investment opportunities for American companies. Foreign investors and the U.S. government have criticized Mongolia’s unpredictable investment climate, however. In the fall of 2013, Mongolia passed a new investment law and, after years of negotiations, signed a transparency agreement with the United States. -
Oyu Tolgoi Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Cultural Heritage
Protecting the Past, Preserving the Present Report on Phase 1 Activities of the Oyu Tolgoi Cultural Heritage Program Design for Ömnögovi Aimag Edited by B. Gunchinsuren, Jeffrey H. Altschul, and John W. Olsen Submitted by: SSustainabilityustainability East Asia LLLLCC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona OYU TOLGOI LLC CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM – PHASE ONE REPORT Document No. IMM033_CHP_201102 PHASE 1 REPORT_ENG_REV0.DOC EDITED BY B. GUNCHINSUREN, JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL, AND JOHN W. OLSEN CONTRIBUTORS: B. GUNCHINSUREN CH. AMARTUVSHIN S. CHULUUN J. GERELBADRAKH KH. TSOGTBAATAR JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL WILLIAM E. HAYDEN JEFFREY A. HOMBURG Submitted By: In Collaboration With: Sustainability East Asia LLC Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology Statistical Research, Inc. University of Arizona MIHT: MONGOLIAN INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE TEAM TABLE OF CONTENTS _Toc295825927 List of Tables................................................................................................9 List of Figures .............................................................................................10 1. Introduction........................................................................................13 1.1 What Is Cultural Heritage? ..................................................................13 1.2 The Stuff of Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Resources......................15 1.3 The Mongolian International Heritage Team .........................................16 1.4 Project -
Mongolia's “Third Neighbor Policy”
Social and Economic Aspects of Education in Modern Society MONGOLIA’S “THIRD NEIGHBOR POLICY” Oyuntsetseg Densmaa, Chief of Department, National Defence University of Mongolia [email protected], [email protected] Gerelchimeg Kaliinaa, Lecturer of National Defence University of Mongolia [email protected], [email protected] Norovsuren Nanzad, Lecturer of National Defence University of Mongolia [email protected], [email protected] Tsogzolboo Otgonbayar, Lecturer of National Defence University of Mongolia [email protected], [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7365 Abstract. Geographically Mongolia has two neighbors. Mongolia’s existence today depends largely on mutually friendly relationships with two big neighbors. The main pillars of Mongolia’s new international strategy were incorporated in Mongolia’s National Security Concept adopted on June 30, 1994. This document, approved by the Mongolian Parliament, emphasizes a balanced policy towards the country’s two giant neighbors, underlines the importance of economic security in protecting Mongolia’s national integrity, and warns about too much dependence on any one country for trade. In today’s world of globalization and interdependence, Mongolia has to engage with other countries beyond these two neighbors, Russia and China. This is fundamental thing of the Mongolia’s searching third neighbor. Mongolia needs more friends to ensure its national security interests and achieve economic prosperity its ‘Third Neighbor Policy’1 is a policy of extending its friends all around the world. Two immediate neighbors of Mongolia, Russia and China, remain the foreign policy priority and this priority is not contradictory to the policy of having more friends. -
Journal of Political Issues Mongolia's Assertive and Pragmatic Role In
Journal of Political Issues Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2021, pp. 28-35 ISSN:2685-7766 Mongolia’s assertive and pragmatic role in India’s Connect Central Asia Policy: Current trajectory and Future Ahead Subhash Kumar1, Souvik Chatterjee1* 1Department of Politics and International Relations, Central University of Jharkhand, Jharkhand 835205, India Article Info ABSTRACT Received: Jul 05, 2021 Abstract: Mongolia’s uniqueness and importance in contemporary world politics lie in Revised: Jul 17, 2021 its geographical situating, demography, and economy. Geographically landlocked and Accepted: Jul 31, 2021 situated in the Eurasian intersection, Mongolia has the lowest population density of any sovereign country on the planet. Sandwiched among Russia and China Mongolia's Keywords: harsh environment limit its economic interests. However, Mongolia's geostrategic Asia; China; India; position, unexplored energy assets, and democratic governance have expanded its Mongolia; importance in global politics. Because of such Mongolia holds a key position in India's Act East and Connect Central Policy to counter China's expansionist policies in North- Correspondent: East Asia. With regards to India-Mongolia relations, the two nations share a rich Souvik Chatterjee historical legacy. Tibetan Buddhism the most prevailing religion in Mongolia makes Department of Politics and social linkages, Democracy solidified further connections between India and Mongolia. International Relations, Central Because of these old and profoundly established linkages, India-Mongolia are 'spiritual University of Jharkhand. neighbors'. However, China still has an overreaching control over Mongolia’s trade, commerce, and other sectors. China also dominates intra-regional trade in North-East Email: Asia. Under India’s Connect Central Asia India attempts to counter Chinese [email protected] encirclement by delving into close strategic, economic, and energy relations with m China's neighbors like Mongolia and CAS. -
Sample Thesis Title with a Concise and Accurate
ANTI-CHINESE ATTITUDES IN POST-COMMUNIST MONGOLIA THE LINGERING NEGATIVE SCHEMAS OF THE PAST by Jargalsaikhan Mendee B.A., Defense University, 1994 M.A., Naval Postgraduate School, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS ASIA PACIFIC POLICY STUDIES in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2011 © Jargalsaikhan Mendee, 2011 Abstract This thesis examines “anti” attitudes in general and anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia in particular, to answer the puzzle: Why do anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia still persist after both nations have enjoyed friendly, neighborly state-to-state relations for more than two decades? The argument is made that anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia are persistent because of lingering impacts of artificially-consolidated negative schemas about China, Chinese people, and their culture from the 1960s-1980s. Mongolian political elites at that time institutionalized anti-Chinese attitudes, introducing only negative schemas, while blocking all other sources for positive or neutral schemas about China. Nevertheless, Mongolian political elites‟ attitudes toward China became noticeably positive since mid-2000 due to increased interactions, information, and the changing economic reality despite of the fact that unfavorable views of China and the anti-Chinese attitudes have still dominated the media, blogosphere, and public discourses. The main reason for the gap between attitudes of the political elites and the public can be explained by a reluctance of the political elites and intellectuals to de-construct the past schemas because of its diacritic purpose to differentiate Mongolian identity in addition to material realities.