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LINZ-UNI VO Natgef-Alpin WS 2018-19 7. Himalaya.Pdf Willkommen zur VU im WS 2018-2019 an der Pädagogischen Hochschule der Diözese Linz Institut für Ausbildung, Fachbereich GW "Alpine Naturgefahren: Ursachen, Prozessabläufe, Sanierung und sozioökonomische Konsequenzen„ von Konsulent Mag. Dr. Johannes Thomas Weidinger 05.10.2018 Vorstellung „Wer ist JT Weidinger?“ Tektonische Katastrophen, Archiv-Prozess-Interpretation Meteoriten, Vulkane, Erdbeben und Tsunamis. Datenanalyse des Kultur- Geographen. Stille Zeugen, Historische Dokumente, Gutachten, Archive. 12.10.2018 Gravitative Massenbewegungen_ein Überblick Einführung mit gemischten Beispielen aus dem VL-Stoff 09.11.2018 Gravitative Massenbewegungen – Methodik, Technik, Bewertung Einführung mit gemischten Beispielen aus dem VL-Stoff 23.11.2018 Fallbeispiel: Alpen-Salzkammergut Geotechnisches System „hart auf weich“ mit den Beispielen Traunstein-Gschliefgraben, Plassen-Hallstatt, Michlhallbach-Sandling sowie Zwerchwand-Stammbach. 30.11.2018 Fallbeispiel: Massenbewegungen im Himalaya Gigantische Felsgleitungen, Bergsturzseen und GLOFs, Tsergo Ri- Felsgleitung – der 15. 8000er! Fallbeispiel: Tektonik und Massenbewegungen in Zentralasien 07.12.2018 Massenbewegungen im Tien Shan Kyrgyzstans, Bergbaualtlasten aus der Sowjetzeit Fallbeispiel: Massenbewegungen in der VR China 14.12.2018 Das Wenchuan-Erdbeben 2008 im Longmen Shan Bewässerung, Bergbau und Siedlungsdruck im Lössplateau Felslawinen im Qin Ling und der Nutzen von Bergsturzseen Fallbeispiel: Anden – Vulkane, Erdbeben, Gletscher, Bergstürze Fels- und 11.01.2019 Gletscherstürze in der Cordillera Blanca von Peru Landschafts- Tektonik Genese Seismizität im Bereich großer rezente Erdbeben Felsgleitungen Massenbewegungen Internbau Sanierung Mechanismen Ausbrüche Strukturen Prävention Präexistierende Eis-, Moränen- und Bergsturzseen „Das Wissen um die wahrscheinliche Unwiederbringlichkeit der Eindrücke, das Episodenhafte der Beobachtungsmöglichkeiten einerseits, und andererseits der Eifer, in der kurz bemessenen Zeit eine möglichst reiche Fülle geologischer Daten zu sammeln, zu ordnen, immer wieder zu ergänzen, dazu das fast ängstliche Bestreben, nichts unbeachtet zu lassen, was Bedeutung für das Ganze gewinnen könnte – das alles gibt der Tätigkeit eines Expeditionsgeologen ihren eigenen Stil und zwingt ihn zur Anwendung eigener Arbeitsmethoden.“ Stoliczka Griesbach Gattinger Fuchs aus und ergänzend dazu: Eisbacher, G.H. 1991. Einführung in die Tektonik. F.- Enke-Verlag, 310p., Stuttgart. aus : Zepp, H. 2008. Eurasien vor 60 Mill. Jahren Indien Eurasien vor 38 Mill. Jahren Indien Eurasien vor 10 Mill. Jahren Indien Morphotektonische Zonen und Überschiebungen des Himalayas in einem Süd-Nord-Profil aus und ergänzend dazu: Chatterjee 2013. + ist geschiefert (planares Parallelgefüge) + ist parallel zur Schieferung spaltbar + gleicht oft zerschertem Stapel von Gleitbrettern (Kartenstapel) + neigt daher zu Erosion und Hangrutschungen Glimmer: Muskovit/Serizit KAl 2(OH, F)2 (Si3Al010) + geschichtete oder gebankte Sedimente + gefaltet (schichtparallele Verschiebungen) + schichtparalleles Abgleiten Schneider, Strom, Abdrakhmatov Jiading Wang Christoff Andermann Monique Fort Joachim Götz Ken Hewitt Gonghui Wang Basanta Adhikari Rainer Bell Oliver Korup Abb. aus dem paper der Woche: Korup O. & Tweed F. 2007. Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 3406–3422. Alpine Naturgefahren_Himalaya_Übungs- und Prüfungsfrage_1: Auf der unten stehenden schematischen Darstellung (nach Korup & Tweed 2007) finden Sie drei der wichtigsten Prozesse, die zur Bildung von Stauseen im Hochgebirge führen können. + Benennen Sie diese Prozesse (1, 2, 3) in den freien Feldern der Skizze! + Benennen Sie die sich daraus generierenden Naturgefahren und die dabei entstehenden Ablagerungen (A, B) Antwort/Naturgefahren: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + Benenne Sie die sich im Fall von Prozess 3 ergebende geomorphologische Veränderung im Talverlauf (C)! Prozess 1: …………………………………. …………………………………. Prozess 2: …………………………………. …………………………………. Prozess 3: Ablagerung A: …………………………………. …………………………………. …………………………………. Talverlauf C: …………………………………. Ablagerung B: ………………………. …………………………………. Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Niesner et al. 2011 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Niesner et al. 2011 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Niesner et al. 2011 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Niesner et al. 2011 Alpine Naturgefahren_Himalaya_Übungs- und Prüfungsfrage_2: Auf der unten stehenden Abbildung (aus Niesner et al. 2011) sehen Sie ein Szenario aus dem Bhutanesischen Himalaya. + Welche Naturgefahr könnte sich ganz allgemein im Zuge des globalen Klimawandels daraus für die talabwärts lebenden Bewohner generieren/ergeben? Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + Was ist die Besonderheit dieser möglichen Naturgefahr in diesem sehr speziellen Fall? Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + Wie könnte ein mögliches Katastrophenszenario im schlimmsten Fall aussehen? Skizzieren Sie dieses in der Abb.! Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + Welche geophysikalische Methode würde sich hier besonders gut eignen, um Aussagen über einen möglichen Ab- bzw. Verlauf treffen zu können? Warum ist das so? Zeichnen Sie Ihre geplanten Messprofile ein! Antwort: ….…………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… .…………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… Alpine Naturgefahren_Himalaya_Übungs- und Prüfungsfrage_3: Auf der unten stehenden Abbildung (Weidinger 1988) sehen Sie im Hintergrund eine Sedimentfüllung über Anstehendem im Industal bei Lamayuru/Ladakh. + Um welche Sedimente könnte es sich möglicherweise handeln? Nennen Sie 3 davon! Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + An welchen 3 besonderen Eigenschaften erkennen Sie, dass es sich aber um Seesedimente handeln müsste? Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + War der ehemals gestaute See Ihrer Meinung nach eher kurz- oder langlebig, und kommen Sie zu Ihrem Schluss? (Personen als Größenvergleich!) Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. + Welche Möglichkeit hätten Sie, auf relativ einfache Art und Weise zu einer realistischen Zahl an Existenzjahren zu kommen? Antwort: ….…………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… …….………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Weidinger 2011 http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2014/09/08/the-sunkoshi-landslide-dam-breach/ 19 36 19361995 Foto: JTW 1994 Foto: JTW 2014 Foto: JTW 2014 Foto: JTW 1994 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu: Korup & Tweed 2007: Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 3406–3422 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu Evans & Delaney 2011 Annapurna III (7.555m) Annapurna IV (7.525m) Machhapuchhre (6.990m) Paläo- Gletschersturz Felsgleitung 5.5.2012 ? (+ C-14 Datierungen: O. Korup, W. Schanghart, Ch. Andermann, B.R. Aufschluss Adhikari und J.T. Weidinger, 2012) Laharchouck Tatopani-Flut (+ C-14 Datierungen: M. Fort 1987) (+ C- 5.5.2012 14 Datierungen: H. Yamanaka et al. Bhim Kali 1982) Murblock Uni-Campus Sarangkot (1.592m) Bijaypur Fluss 1150-1700 calAD, 390-530y +- 140y BP, 590-700y +- 100y BP Phewa-See Pokhara Phusre-Fluss City 850-1650 calAD Begnas-See 750-970y +- 100y BP Rupakot-See ca. 10km Editiert: J.T. Weidinger, 2013 Bhim Kali Gemälde der Murblock Seti Khola Terrassen Uni-Campus und des Einzugsgebiets (+ C-14 Datierungen: O. Korup, W. Schanghart, Ch. Andermann, B.R. Adhikari und J.T. Weidinger, 2012) Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu: Korup & Tweed 2007: Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 3406–3422 Abb. aus und ergänzend dazu: Korup & Tweed 2007: Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 3406–3422 Dragpoche ca. 8.000m Langthang Lirung 7.234m Shisha Pangma 8.027m Dhaulagiri Annapurna Shisha Pangma Mt. Everest Kanchenjunga Dhaulagiri 8.167m max. 6000m Dhaulagiri 8.167m Abb. aus und ergänzende dazu Weidinger 2011 Flusslängsprofil (graue Linie) verdeutlicht das räumliche Zusammentreffen von hohem Steilheits-Index (weiße Kreise) und einer großen Massenbewegung/Felsgleitung (grau schattierter, senkrechter Balken); (aus: Korup et al. 2006). Annapurna 8.091m max. 6000m Toni Hagen Abb. aus Davis & McSaveney 2005 Fels wird durch Interaktion und mechanische Beanspruchung der Teilchen intern zerstreut. Es entsteht ein „Bett“ aus zerrüttetem Gestein, auf dem der Rest der stürzenden und gleitenden Blöcke wie ein Rückenschild „schwimmt“. Dieser progressive Vorgang hat auch Konsequenzen, was die Reichweite betrifft (long-run-out). Alpine Naturgefahren_Himalaya_Übungs- und Prüfungsfrage_6: Unten stehende Abbildung (aus Davis & McSaveney 2005) zeigt im Profilschnitt den Ablauf/die Phasen einer klassischen Felsgleitung im Hochgebirge. + Welche 2 Materialen (A, B) treffen grundsätzlich aufeinander? + Wie heißt der mechanische Prozess, der zur sukzessiven Zerstörung von Material B führt? Antwort: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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