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Profiling New Zealand's Scots Migrants, 1840-1920

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Profiling New Zealand's Scots Migrants, 1840-1920 FROM ALBA TO AOTEAROA: PROFILING NEW ZEALAND’S SCOTS MIGRANTS, 1840-1920 Rebecca A. Lenihan A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2010 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for a degree at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information derived from the published and unpublished work of others has been duly acknowledged in the text. Rebecca Lenihan, January 2010 ii ABSTRACT While New Zealand has been described as more Scottish than any other country beyond Scotland, and Scots consistently made up nearly 20 per cent of the immigrant population of New Zealand to 1920, as a group New Zealand’s Scots migrants have remained relatively blurred. The distinctive national backgrounds of New Zealand’s British migrants have seldom been recognised in general histories or in specialist studies of migration to the country, migrants having tended to be categorised as ‘British’ and ‘Non-British’, leading to what Akenson aptly described as the ‘lumping of all white settlers into a spurious unity.’ This thesis, conceived as part of a larger research project investigating the experiences and contributions of Scots in New Zealand, seeks to establish key characteristics of the Scottish migrants arriving between 1840 and 1920. Five core questions are addressed: ‘from where in Scotland did they come?’, ‘who came?’, ‘when?’, ‘in what numbers?’, and ‘where did they settle?’. While previous studies have suggested partial answers to some of these questions, the present research offers a more full and detailed profile of New Zealand’s Scots migrants than has previously been available. Critically, it takes the earlier findings further. Though the investigation has been based primarily upon statistical analysis of a genealogically-sourced database of 6,612 migrants, quantitative analysis has been supplemented by qualitative case studies. Comparison with a second set of data derived from death certificates has enabled a testing of the validity of genealogical data as a source for migration studies. In addition to the five central questions around which the thesis is structured, the study also addresses issues of internal migration within Scotland, emigration to other destinations prior to arrival in New Zealand, individual and generational occupational mobility, chain and cluster migration among Shetland migrants, and return migration. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many debts of gratitude small and large are accrued over the course of a PhD thesis. Thanks must first and foremost go to my supervisors, Dr Brad Patterson and Dr Rosalind McClean for their time, their comments, and their encouragement throughout the thesis process. Further very special thanks are due to Associate Professor Jim McAloon, not least of all for reading and commenting upon several drafts over the final few months. Sincere thanks is also owed to the following people, in no particular order, for reasons they know and need not be recited here: Fellow members of the ‘New Zealand Scots’ Marsden Funded research team; Maureen West; Dr Marjory Harper; Elizabeth Angus and everyone else at the Shetland Family History Society; Brian Smith, Angus Johnson, Joanne Wishart and Blair Bruce at the Shetland Archives; Michelle Gait from the reading room of the special library at Aberdeen University; Professor Cairns Craig, Jon Cameron, Dr Rosalyn Trigger, Dr Michael Brown, and, especially, the late Professor George Watson, at the Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies, Aberdeen University; the Stout Centre for New Zealand Studies, not least of all for providing an office with such an inspiring view. Thank you too to Dr Steve Behrendt for his advice and pearls of wisdom regarding, among other things, data entry, storage, and analysis; to Dr Jock Phillips for allowing me the use of the PNZ data, and for the very useful discussions with him early in my own data collection and analysis process. A thesis such as this one is relies very heavily on the kindness and enthusiasm of strangers. Thank you to all those who contributed to the NZSG Scottish Interest Group’s Register of Immigrants arriving in New Zealand prior to 1 January 1921, and to the people who coordinated that register. Also to the many family historians who have published their family trees and other information on such websites as ‘roots.web’, their own personal family history pages and (especially) bayanne.co.uk; without such information being so readily available this study would have been quite different. Special thanks goes to the many kind people (too many to name) who provided me with their family material and research personally, for taking an interest in my research and assuring me it is of interest to someone beyond myself and my supervisors! Especially notable among these kind folk are Bobbie Amyes, Spin and Joan Sutherland, Janette Godfrey, and Theodora Wickham. On a more personal level, thank you to: Mum, Dad, Tara and Gucciana for my sanctuary away from my thesis work. Special thanks to Mum whose steady hand made the maps possible, and who made sure I was eating properly, and generally being taken care of during the final phases of the thesis writing especially. Margaret McIver, formerly of Portnaguran, Isle of Lewis, for a roof over my head, for providing me with a family far away from home, for her friendship, her encouragement and her wisdom. My fellow ‘Full Swing’-ers, for regular doses of sanity preservation. iv To Tanja Bueltmann and Gerard Horn must go my final thanks. Thank you both for your comradeship, for listening attentively when I needed to rant, and for joining in those rants when appropriate. Thank you for chatting excitedly with me when a ‘lost’ migrant was found or a table worked out just as planned and for sharing your moments of research triumph with me. Thank you for being my stalwart companions through the usual and not so usual tribulations that came with the thesis. Thank you for the laughter (albeit some of it hysterical), and the contemplative silences. These four years would have been much more difficult without having you both here beside me going through the same things. Thank you. One hundred times thank you. v CONTENTS List of Maps ix List of Tables x List of Figures xii Abbreviations xiii Chapter One Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Why investigate New Zealand’s Scots? ....................................................................................... 2 Scottish emigration: an overview ................................................................................................. 7 Scottish migrant flows to New Zealand ..................................................................................... 13 Research objectives and data sources ........................................................................................ 19 Outline of contents ..................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter Two ‘Farewell, the bonie banks of Ayr!’: The Scottish origins of New Zealand’s immigrants ................................................................................................................. 30 New Zealand’s Scottish immigrant’s regional and county origins ............................................ 31 An outline of several characteristics of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Argyll, Glasgow and the Western Lowlands ..................................................................................................................... 41 Edinburgh and Midlothian .................................................................................................. 42 Aberdeen ............................................................................................................................. 44 Argyll .................................................................................................................................. 45 Glasgow and the Western Lowlands .................................................................................. 48 Migration within and outside of Scotland prior to emigration to New Zealand ........................ 51 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 55 Chapter Three From ‘the Land of Heather and Thistle’ to ‘the Land of Kauri and Fern’: Patterns of Scottish settlement in New Zealand ........................................................ 58 New Zealand provincial patterns of Scottish settlement ............................................................ 59 New Zealand county patterns of Scottish settlement ................................................................. 75 Scottish settlement in Wellington Province: case studies .......................................................... 82 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter Four Who were New Zealand’s Scots?: Analysis of age, gender, and marital status at arrival by origin, settlement and period of arrival ..................................................... 98 Gender, age and conjugal condition in Scotland, in the New Zealand population, and among Scots immigrants to New Zealand ............................................................................................
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