DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Cropland Expansion on Temperature Extremes in Western India from 1982 to 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Cropland Expansion on Temperature Extremes in Western India from 1982 to 2015 land Article Effects of Cropland Expansion on Temperature Extremes in Western India from 1982 to 2015 Jinxiu Liu 1, Weihao Shen 1 and Yaqian He 2,* 1 School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (W.S.) 2 Department of Geography, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72035, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-304-777-3037 Abstract: India has experienced extensive land cover and land use change (LCLUC). However, there is still limited empirical research regarding the impact of LCLUC on climate extremes in India. Here, we applied statistical methods to assess how cropland expansion has influenced temperature extremes in India from 1982 to 2015 using a new land cover and land use dataset and ECMWF Reanalysis V5 (ERA5) climate data. Our results show that during the last 34 years, croplands in western India increased by ~33.7 percentage points. This cropland expansion shows a significantly negative impact on the maxima of daily maximum temperature (TXx), while its impacts on the maxima of daily minimum temperature and the minima of daily maximum and minimum temperature are limited. It is estimated that if cropland expansion had not taken place in western India over the 1982 to 2015 period, TXx would likely have increased by 0.74 (±0.64) ◦C. The negative impact of croplands on reducing the TXx extreme is likely due to evaporative cooling from intensified evapotranspiration associated with croplands, resulting in increased latent heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux. This study underscores the important influences of cropland expansion on temperature extremes and can be applicable to other geographic regions experiencing LCLUC. Citation: Liu, J.; Shen, W.; He, Y. Effects of Cropland Expansion on Keywords: cropland expansion; climate extremes; western Indian; land cover and land use change; Temperature Extremes in Western GLASS-GLC; maxima of daily maximum temperature India from 1982 to 2015. Land 2021, 10, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land10050489 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Nir Krakauer Climate extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, and flooding, are among the most Received: 24 March 2021 ecologically and economically significant hazards that affect millions of people globally [1]. Accepted: 1 May 2021 India, located in South Asia (Figure1), is one of the most populous countries and has experi- Published: 5 May 2021 enced intensified climate extremes over the last four decades [2–4]. Between 1950 and 2015, central India has experienced a three-fold rise in extreme precipitation events [2], affecting Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the food and water security of the country’s more than one billion people, especially the with regard to jurisdictional claims in poor [5]. In 2010, India faced a severe heat wave, with temperatures reaching as high as ◦ published maps and institutional affil- 46.8 C[6], resulting in the deaths of 269 people [7]. Such deadly consequences emphasize iations. the importance of improving our understanding of the causes of climate extremes in India. Among the factors driving climate extremes [8], greenhouse gas (GHG) emission- induced global warming is a first-order contributor [9,10]. Climate change can affect climate extremes through both dynamic (linked to the atmospheric circulation) and thermodynamic Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. (linked to atmospheric water vapor content) processes [10]. However, climate change Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. alone cannot completely explain the dynamics of climate extremes [11]. Another key This article is an open access article factor influencing climate extremes is land cover and land use (LCLU) [12]. To date, distributed under the terms and approximately 41% of the Earth’s surface has been changed, with natural vegetation such conditions of the Creative Commons as forest and grassland replaced by other land cover and land use types such as cropland Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and built-up areas [13]. Such extensive LCLUC is likely to influence both weather and creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ climate, as the land surface sets the prescribed conditions for the overlying atmosphere 4.0/). Land 2021, 10, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050489 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land Land 2021, 10, 489 2 of 17 through biogeophysical processes that affect soil moisture, energy balance, boundary layer development, and biogeochemical processes that alter carbon emission [14–18]. Considerable evidence indicates that LCLUC has affected regional climate in In- dia [19–21]. More than 25% of the warming from 2001 to 2010 in the Eastern state of Odisha, India, was associated with urbanization [22]. This urbanization-induced warm- ing also shows in other cities in India. From 2008 to 2016, the mean surface temperature in Surat and Bharuch has increased at a rate of 2.42 ◦C/decade and 2.13 ◦C/decade, respectively [23]. In contrast, Nayak and Mandal (2019) suggested that the conversion of shrubs to agricultural areas increased transpiration in India, contributing to a cooling by ~0.02 ◦C/decade during 1981 to 2006 [24]. The LCLUC also affects Indian rainfall patterns. Irrigation-induced evaporative cooling during the pre-monsoon season has caused decreased July surface temperature and a reduced land–sea thermal contrast, which has resulted in a weak summer monsoon in India [25]. A similar conclusion was revealed by a modeling study showing that deforestation in India resulted in decreasing evapotranspiration and subsequently decreased the recycled component of precipitation, leading to a weakening of the India summer monsoon [26]. While the impacts of LCLUC on mean climate in India have been widely explored, LCLUC is rarely studied as a causing factor for climate extremes [12]. However, re- cently, several modeling studies have claimed that LCLUC could influence climate ex- tremes [14,27,28]. Sy and Quesada (2020) used five Earth system models to identify LCLUC impacts on 20 extreme weather indices over the 21st century. They found that in Southern Asia, LCLUC can lessen projections of very wet days (annual total precipitation from days >95th percentile) by 38%, and enhance projection of the annual maxima of daily maxi- mum temperature by 1.11% [29]. Nevertheless, such model-based studies have produced inconsistent results. For instance, Christidis et al. (2013) found that daily temperature extremes are less severe with deforestation [30], while Strack et al. (2008) claimed the enhanced severity of June extremes [31]. This spread of model response in extreme climates is presumably due to the fact that the models differ in terms of their dynamical cores, numerical schemes, parameterizations, and simulation periods [16,32]. In addition, most modeling studies employed extreme sensitivity experiments by completely replacing one land cover and land use type with another type (e.g., replacing forests with bare ground for deforestation experiments). Such extreme experiments are likely to be unrealistic, as regional vegetation changes are usually gradual, and rarely involve total change to an entire landscape [33]. Therefore, observational studies are critical to confirm the model results and quantify the real-world LCLUC impacts on climate extremes. We address some of these aforementioned limitations by using novel 34-year land cover and land use data derived from satellite data to empirically quantify cropland expansion effects on temperature extremes in India. As one of the first attempts, this study aims to address the following questions: (1) What are the spatiotemporal patterns of croplands in India during the last three decades? (2) How does cropland expansion in India affect temperature extremes? and (3) What are the physical mechanisms underlying the influences? Land 2021, 10, 489 3 of 17 Figure 1. Study area of India with the land cover and land use information in the year 2015 from the Global Land Surface Satellite global land cover (GLASS-GLC) dataset [34] (The map is made using ArcGIS Pro 2.8 with geographic coordinate system of WGS 1984, angular unit of Degree, prime meridian of Greenwich, datum of D_WGS_1984, spheroid of WGS 1984, semimajor axis of 6378137.0, semiminor axis of 6356752.3, and inverse flattening of 298.3). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The land cover and land use data used in this study is the Global Land Surface Satellite Global Land Cover (GLASS-GLC) dataset downloaded from https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1 594/PANGAEA.913496 (accessed on 23 March 2021) [34]. This newly released annual-scale LCLU data from 1982 to 2015 was generated using a random forest classifier based on multisource remotely sensed datasets, including a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) from GLASS climate data records (CDRs), and elevation data from Global Multi- resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) [34]. Based on a comparison with more than 2000 reference samples, the overall accuracy of the GLASS-GLC dataset was estimated at ~82.81%, which is higher than that of the widely used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover product (~73.9%) and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) land cover data (~80.38%) [34]. The spatial resolution of GLASS-GLC data is 5 km with seven classes: cropland, forest, grassland, shrubland, tundra, barren land, and snow/ice. We use the “raster” package in R [35] to extract the GLASS-GLC for India (Figure1). To be consistent with the meteorological data described below, we aggregate the 34-year LCLU maps from 5 km to 0.25◦ over 1982 to 2015 using a fractional method following He et al. [33], to generate maps of the fraction of the area in India covered by cropland for each year. The temperature data is obtained from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA5) (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/ cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form (accessed on 23 March 2021)) [36].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Pleistocene Climatic Changes in Western India
    Abstract submitted for Mini Workshop “Future of the Past” to held at Gateway Hotel, Manglore, November 21 to 26, 2011 Pleistocene Climatic Changes in Western India: A Geoarchaeological Approach S.N. Rajaguru, Sushama G. Deo and Sheila Mishra Deccan College, Pune Recently Dhavalikar in his A. Ghosh memorial lecture titled “Indian Archaeology in the 21st Century” delivered on 25th September 2011, in New Delhi, strongly emphasized the need of understanding past cultural changes in terms of palaeoenvironment. He has suggested that growth and decay of protohistoric and historic cultures in India have been largely influenced by changes in the intensity of monsoonal rainfall during the Holocene, approximately last 10,000 years. In the last 25 years considerable new scientific data have been generated for the Holocene climatic changes in India (Singhvi and Kale 2009). It is observed that the early Holocene (~ 10 ka years to 4 ka years) was significantly wetter than the late Holocene (< 4 ka years). These changes in summer rainfall of India have been mainly due to global climatic factors. In the present communication we have attempted to understand prehistoric cultural changes against the background of climatic changes of the Pleistocene, approximately covering time span from about 2 Ma years BP to about 10 ka BP. Recently Sanyal and Sinha (2010) and Singhvi et al (2011-12) have attempted reconstruction of palaeomonsoon in Indian subcontinent by using data generated through multidisciplinary studies of marine cores, continental- fluvial, fluvio- lacustral, aeolian, glacial and littoral deposits- preserved in different parts of India. However, there is no input of prehistoric cultural changes in these publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay Basin, Gujarat, Western India V.21, No.5, Pp: 371-383
    J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( September 2017 ) Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India v.21, no.5, pp: 371-383 Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India Vasu Pancholi*1, Girish Ch Kothyari1, Siddharth Prizomwala1, Prabhin Sukumaran2, R. D. Shah3, N. Y. Bhatt3 Mukesh Chauhan1 and Raj Sunil Kandregula1 1Institute of Seismological Research, Raisan Gandhinagar, Gujarat 2Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat 3Department of Geology, MG. Science College Ahmedabad, Gujarat *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTracT The study area is a part of the peri-cratonic Sabarmati-Cambay rift basin of western Peninsular India, which has experienced in the historical past four earthquakes of about six magnitude located at Mt. Abu, Paliyad, Tarapur and Gogha. Earthquakes occurred not only along the two major rift boundary faults but also on the smaller longitudinal as well as transverse faults. Active tectonics is the major controlling factor of landform development, and it has been significantly affected by the fluvial system in the Sabarmati- Cambay basin. Using the valley morphology and longitudinal river profile of the Sabarmati River and adjoining trunk streams, the study area is divided into two broad tectono-morphic zones, namely Zone-1 and Zone-2. We computed stream length gradient index (SL) and steepness index (Ks) to validate these zones. The study suggests that the above mentioned structures exert significant influence on the evolution of fluvial landforms, thus suggesting tectonically active nature of the terrain. Based on integration of the morphometry and geomorphic expressions of tectonic instability, it is suggested that Zone-2 is tectonically more active as compared to Zone-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Peasants, Famine and the State in Colonial Western India This Page Intentionally Left Blank Peasants, Famine and the State in Colonial Western India
    Peasants, Famine and the State in Colonial Western India This page intentionally left blank Peasants, Famine and the State in Colonial Western India David Hall-Matthews © David Hall-Matthews 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-4902-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-52538-6 ISBN 978-0-230-51051-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230510517 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Exhibition | Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture | 2020
    Online Exhibition | Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture | 2020 Stepwells of Ahmedabad The settlement pattern of north central Gujarat evolved in response to its undulating terrain and was deeply influenced by the collection, preservation, and use of water (see Gallery 1). The travel routes that linked these settlements also followed paths charted by the seasonal movement of water across the region’s wrinkled, semi-arid landscape. The settlements formed a network tying major cities and port towns to small agricultural and artisanal villages that collectively constituted the region’s productive hinterland. The city of Ahmedabad, which emerged on the Sabarmati River, was an historic center of this network. The Sabarmati river originates in the Aravalli hills in the northeast, meanders through the gently undulating alluvial plains of north central Gujarat, and finally merges with the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat in the south. About 50 miles north of the port city of Khambhat, Sultan Ahmad Shah, the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate, built a citadel along the Sabarmati in 1411, formally establishing the city of Ahmedabad. The citadel was strategically situated on the river’s elevated eastern bank, anticipating the settlement’s future eastward expansion.1 Strategic elevations in the undulating terrain were identified as areas for dwelling.2 As a seasonal river, the Sabarmati swells during the monsoon and contracts in the summer, leaving dry large swathes. During its dry period, the riverbed became an expansive public space, bustling with temporary markets, circuses, and seasonal farming, as well as a variety of human activities such as washing, dyeing, and drying textiles.3 Soon after its establishment, Ahmedabad emerged as the region’s administrative capital and as an important node in the Indian Ocean trade network.
    [Show full text]
  • Idea of Emancipation and Discourse on Caste in Colonial Western India (Maharashtra)
    Idea of Emancipation and Discourse on Caste in Colonial Western India (Maharashtra) Santosh Pandhari Suradkar Résumé L’idée d’émancipation et les discours sur les castes dans l’Inde occidentale coloniale (Maharashtra), denière partie partie du XIXème siècle. De vifs débats sur les castes eurent lieu à la fin du 19ème siècle Maharashtra entre les nationalistes, les mouvements des castes inférieures, les missionnaires britanniques, les orientalistes et les idéologues. Aussi, cette période dans le Maharashtra peut être caractérisée comme un âge d’ouverture des masses aux idées de démocratie, de liberté, d’égalité et de fraternité. La caste a toujours été au centre de la politique moderne indienne même si cette structure du pouvoir remonte à l’Inde médiévale. La caste fut exploitée en tant que principe central dans la distribution du pouvoir et des ressources matérielles durant la période coloniale. Mais dans le même temps, le colonialisme créa un espace démocratique et moderne; néanmoins cet espace fut monopolisé par les castes supérieures. La lutte nationaliste contre le pouvoir impérial avait alors pour but d’établir l’hégémonie de classe. Les mouvements des non-brahmanes et des basses castes, actifs pendant la période coloniale, avaient deux objectifs : une plus grande mobilité de caste-classe et l’éradiction du système de caste. Celui-ci joua un rôle important dans la détermination du contenu de la mobilisation politique et l’institutionnalisation de la démocratie moderne. La dynamique de caste et de classe reste la caractéristique de la complexité de la politique indienne. Le système de caste et le patriarcat brahmanique ont toujours travaillé de concert dans le maintien du système de caste et de la distribution inégale des ressources.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal in India Adjusting to Transition
    Coal in India Adjusting to transition Rahul Tongia and Samantha Gross PAPER 7 MARCH 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the generous support of the David M. Rubenstein Special Initiative Fund for enabling this joint effort between the Brookings Institution and Brookings India. This report builds on existing Brookings India research on the future of Indian coal—a study supported by a grant from Tata Steel. We also thank researchers at Brookings India for their help in data gathering and analysis, including Abhishek Mishra, Puneet Kamboj, Anurag Sehgal, Sahil Ali, and Tanmay Verma, and editorial help from Sydney Bartone, Rohan Laik, and Zehra Kazmi. We also thank participants at an author workshop at Brookings, and anonymous reviewers. We also acknowledge helpful comments and inputs from David G. Victor and Rohit Chandra. INDEPENDENCE The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and pol- icy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its au- thor(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Rahul Tongia is a fellow with Brookings India, and his work focuses on technology and policy, es- pecially for sustainable development. He leads the energy and sustainability group at Brookings India, and also is active in broader issues of technology. Tongia’s work spans the energy landscape, especially electricity, with focuses on supply options including renewable energy (covering finance, grid integration, etc.); smart grids, which use innovative information and communications technol- ogy to improve management of the electric utility grid; issues of access and quality; and broader issues of reforms and regulations, including electricity pricing.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Between the British and the Indian States
    THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND THE INDIAN STATES 1870-1909 Caroline Keen Submitted for the degree of Ph. D. at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, October 2003. ProQuest Number: 10731318 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731318 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the manner in which British officials attempted to impose ideas of ‘good government’ upon the Indian states and the effect of such ideas upon the ruling princes of those states. The work studies the crucial period of transition from traditional to modem rule which occurred for the first generation of westernised princes during the latter decades of the nineteenth century. It is intended to test the hypothesis that, although virtually no aspect of palace life was left untouched by the paramount power, having instigated fundamental changes in princely practice during minority rule the British paid insufficient attention to the political development of their adult royal proteges.
    [Show full text]
  • Droughts and Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Region of Maharashtra, Western India
    OCTOBER 2019 T O D M A L 741 Droughts and Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Region of Maharashtra, Western India RAHUL S. TODMAL Department of Geography, Vidya Pratishthan’s Arts, Science & Commerce College, Baramati, Pune, India (Manuscript received 11 December 2018, in final form 18 June 2019) ABSTRACT In the prevailing climate change scenario, to cope with drought, it is necessary to understand the charac- teristics of meteorological droughts in water-scarce regions to formulate judicial plans for the utilization of water resources. The present investigation, therefore, endeavored to assess the intensity and frequency of droughts over the five semiarid river basins in Maharashtra during the past (1980–2013) and future (2015–50). The study was carried out with the application of standardized precipitation index (SPI) methodology. The agricultural and satellite [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)] data were analyzed to understand the effects of meteorological droughts. Although the study area experienced three severe rainfall droughts in 1985/86, 2002/03, and 2011/12, higher frequency of low-intensity droughts is observed, particularly after 2000. The estimation suggests occurrence of moderate, severe, and extreme droughts once in 6, 28, and 50 years, respectively. Among the selected basins, the Agrani, the Karha, and the Man are expected to experience intense droughts and hence require special attention in drought management. The study also highlights that El Niño events considerably retard the monsoon rainfall. However, the occurrence of the positive phase of the Indian Ocean dipole in the El Niño years reduces the intensity of droughts. As agricultural productivity and cropped areas heavily depend on the monsoon rainfall, the meteorological droughts result in agricultural droughts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fcth Annual Report • O 2007-2008
    SANSCO SERVICES - Annual Reports Library Services - www.sansco.net A fcth Annual Report • O 2007-2008 rm www.reportjunction.comy/J SANSCO SERVICES - Annual Reports Library Services - www.sansco.net WESTERN INDIA SHIPYARD LIMITED Board of Directors Shri. R. S. Nakra (Nominee of ICICI Bank Ltd) (as on 01.04.2008) Shri. T. Asokraj - (Nominee of ICICI Bank Ltd) Shri. P. Nagaraju - (Nominee of IDBI) Shri. Rajiv Ranjan (Nominee of Bank of India) Shri. Anil Malhotra - (Nominee of ICICI Bank Ltd) Shri. I.D.Agarwal - (Nominee of UTI) Shri. S. V. Kshirsagar (Nominee of Western India Trustee & Executor Co. Ltd, Debenture Trustees) Shri. P. B. Gadgil. Cdr. S. K. Mutreja (Retd) Whole Time Director & Chief Executive Officer. Company Secretary Shri. J. C. F. Sequeira Statutory Auditors M/s. V. V. Kale & Co, Chartered Accountants, New Delhi. Internal Auditors M/s. M. P. Chitale & Co, Chartered Accountants, Mumbai. Financial ICICI Bank Limited Institutions & Banks Stressed Assets Stabilization Fund (IDBI) Industrial Investment Bank of India State Bank of India Bank of India Syndicate Bank Axis Bank Limited Federal Bank Limited UTI. Debenture Trustees Western India Trustee and Executor Company Limited C/o IDBI Trusteeship Services Limited, Asian Bldg, Gr. Floor, 17, R. Kamani Marg, Ballard Estate, Mumbai 400001. Registrars Intime Spectrum Registry Ltd. C 13, Pannalal Silk Mills Compound, L.B.S. Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai 400 078 Registered Office, P. B. No. 21, Share Department Mormugao Harbour, & Shiprepair Yard Mormugao, Goa 403 803 www.reportjunction.com SANSCO SERVICES - Annual Reports Library Services - www.sansco.net WESTERN INDIA SHIPYARD LIMITED NOTICE The 16th Annual General Meeting of the members of Western India Shipyard Limited will be held at the Registered Office & Shiprepair Yard of the Company at P.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologists and the British Raj, 1870-1910
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2016 Geologists and the British Raj, 1870-1910 Aja B. Tolman Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Tolman, Aja B., "Geologists and the British Raj, 1870-1910" (2016). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4989 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOLOGISTS AND THE BRITISH RAJ, 1870-1910 by Aja B. Tolman A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ____________________ _____________________ Dr. Tammy Proctor Dr. Leonard Rosenband Major Professor Committee Member ____________________ _____________________ Dr. Charlie Huenemann Dr. Mark McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Aja Tolman 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Geologists and the British Raj, 1870-1910 by Aja Tolman, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2016 Major Professor: Dr. Tammy Proctor Department: History The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was a government institution that was created to map the geography and mineral resources of colonial India. British geologists Thomas Oldham and Valentine Ball used the GSI in order to affect policy changes regarding museum ownership, environmental conservation, and railroad construction.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodying Embroidery: Researching Women's Folk Art in Western India
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2000 Embodying Embroidery: Researching Women's Folk Art in Western India Michele Hardy University of Calgary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons, and the Art Practice Commons Hardy, Michele, "Embodying Embroidery: Researching Women's Folk Art in Western India" (2000). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 787. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/787 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Embodying Embroidery: Researching Women's Folk Art in Western India Michele Hardy Introduction South Asia is home to an incredibly rich variety of embroideries that include folk, courtly, ritual, and commercial traditions. The scholarly literature on South Asian embroidery has been meagre however and historically emphasised professional embroideries at the expense of the folkl. With few recent exceptions2 folk embroidery in the Sub-Continent has most often been described and classified without reference to the women who make it or the specific cultural traditions that support and give meaning to ie. These 'characterising' accounts of folk embroidery are likely the result of historic circumstance and ancient bias\ but they are also the result of certain methodological shortcomings. My research attempts to counter these shortcomings through the use of embodiment and focusing not strictly on embroidery, but embroidering-the processes involved, their contexts, change, and women's perceptions of meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Archives Teaching Indian Colonial History Through Photographs by Rachel M
    India: Past, Present, and Future RESOURCES TEACHING RESOURCES ESSAYS Digital Archives Teaching Indian Colonial History Through Photographs By Rachel M. Ball-Phillips Digital Photography however, contain the most extensive in the Classroom collection of Johnson’s photographs e often use photographs in the world. All three volumes are in a history classroom to digitized and include photographs of illustrate a point rather people, buildings, and scenery. Wthan as a foundation for our cours- Context Matters: Visual Culture es. I coteach an interdisciplinary Analysis in the Classroom course that integrates visual culture Photography came to India short- and history into an undergraduate ly after its introduction in Europe class titled On the Edges of Em- in 1839,3 though the new technol- pire: India and Mexico/American ogy did not become popular in the Southwest at Southern Method- subcontinent until the 1850s.4 The ist University. I was surprised to advent of this new technology co- stumble upon a unique digital incides with the 1857 Indian Re- collection at the SMU DeGolyer bellion, the most important event Special Collections Library, which in nineteenth-century India. Indian is known for its archives related soldiers rose up in a rebellion that to the US west, borderlands, and spread throughout north India and transportation. Despite their array were brutally suppressed by the Brit- of digitized photographs, I did not ish in 1858. The rebellion resulted expect to find one of the most ex- in the dissolution of the East India tensive collections of William John- Company, which had ruled India son’s photographs of India from since the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the mid-nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]