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Translation 2664 VES FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA NacW Translation Séries No. 2664 Diatomaceae (siliceous algae) by Friedrich Hustedt Original title: Kieselalgen (Diatomeen) From: Sammlung: Einführung Kleinlebèwelt' (SerieS:; . Introduction tb the world.ofjnicrci-organisms), 1-7(),. 1965 Translated by the Translation Bureau(ËS) Multilingual Services Division' Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries Research Board of Canada Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratory Burlington, Ont. 1973 114 pages typescript DIATOMACEAE (SILICEOUS ALGAE) FRIEDRICH HUSTEDT ^ 1 ^ --). ^1^Z/ ^. DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE %.^^ SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU (?'r . N) BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS t,, A. MULTILINGUAL SERVICES f:..<<: ^f DIVISION DES SERVICES CANADA DIVISION _ MULTILINGUES TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN German English AUTHOR - AUTEUR Friedrich Hustedt TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Diatomaceae (siliceous algae) TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ETRANGERE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS) Kieselalgen (Diatomeen) REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. REFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ETRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET., TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS. Sammlung: EinfUhrung in die Kleinlebewelt REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - REFERENCE EN ANGLAIS Series: Introduction to the world of micr6-organisms PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL °UBLISHER - EDITEUR DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMEROS DES PAGES DANS Kosmos Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL Franckh'sche Veriagsbuchhandlung 70 YEAR ISSUE ,NO. VOLUME PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNÉE NUMÉRO NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIEES Stuttgart (Germany) 1965 114 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Environment TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 141260 MINISTÈRE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NO ES BRANCH OR DIVISION ^t: •- "L ^^•-^-^^• s TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DIRECTION OU DIVISION Ir.land Waters TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) PERSON REQUESTING M. Nlunatuar, Burlington, Ont. DEMANDÉ PAR UNEDITED TRANSLATION YOUR NUMBER For information only VOTRE DOSSIER NO TRADUCT;OM NON REVPSEL Information seulement DATE OF REQUEST 21.07.72 DATE DE LA DEMANDE SOS-200-1 0-6 (RE V. 2/6B) 7 630-21-02 D-5333 ti 4 [4rPARTMEN•T OF' THE SECRETARY OF S.TATE 4ECRETAR(ATD'ÉTAT cr +n TRANSLATION BUREAU . J. BUREAU D'ES TRADUCTIONS }^•'N^^ .r ^,. ll AMU,1'..71I!LINGt1A• L SERVICES ^•^^ki^5 ^ r t>LIV'16I:ON' DES- SERVICES D'rV`ISIAN CANADA IH^I'J LICNLCN'GUES GGIÈNrt'S N0. UEPARTMENT 01 KISI ON/ BRANCN NO [1U GLIENT N4INISTERE nIRISION3 QIRECTION Eia.vironn^ent ^^c . 51.ip. viv., Lib.., i r.l. I"I zl.d Waters t3URE`kU NO. IIANGUA G E TRANSLA•TOR 1 I NI T1 A LS ) I^0'[SU OUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR ' (INlT1ALES) Ge:rnan Reference: F:iustedt, Friedrich; KieselaÎgen (Diatomeen). Stuttgart: FrancTd:i'sche Verlagshandlung W. Keller & Go., 3rd edition 1965. Diatomaceae (siliceous algae) Dr. Friedrich Hustedt Bremen (Germany) With 35 drawings throughout text and 97 illustrations on 4 Plates (Contents Page No. 0 @rig. Transl. Odhat are "'s^t liceou^s a Igae'Y? ......................... 7 2 General structure of the diatom cell .. .................... 8 4 Structure of the cell wall .. .............................. 13 15 Raphe and motility ........................................ 19 25 GeTl contents .............................................. 2.3 34 Formation of colonies ............... .......... .......... 24 36 Reproduction .............................................. 27 41 Variability ............................................... 33 52 Liâcology ................................................... 34 54 a) Hydrogen-ion concentration .......................... 34 55 b) Calcium content ..................................... 35 57 c) Salinity ............................................. 36 58 d) Nitrogen and phosphorus ... ...... ................... 36 60 e) Other chemical factors . ............................. 37 61 f) Water current ....................................... 37 61 g) TemperRture .. ..................... ........ ........ 37 62 w h) Light ................................................ 39 65Z Ln ^'lotation aids ............................................ 39 65h Nutrition and 67 <1 ^ ^ F- prLp^>.ration of cultures, ..................... 40 ^ Collection of material .................................... 42 70cn c :x ^ 727 ° O cu Inspection . ............................................... 43 - Preparation of raw material ... ............................ 44 74cs ` ^ 0 Mounting and conservation ...... ........................... 45 78 Drawings and photographs ..... ... ......................... 47 81 0 1^ 4 (a The importance of the Diatomaceae...........................• 48 83^' Tables for determining familles and genera ................ 49 84 References ................................................ 62 Inc: ;^: ^ Legends of plates :i-IV .................................... 64 108 ^-- Index .................. ................ ................. 69 aOS-zoo-I O'31 2. What are "siliceous algae" ? p. 7 The answer to this question lies already in its formulation. They simply are algae with silicified cell walls. For about one and a half century many investigators and lovers of nature have devoted themselves to the study of these unique organisms which were regarded by some to be of animal and by others to be of vegetable nature. These early investiga- tors were first intrigued by the multitude of such organisms in our waters and the capacity of independent movement, unknown in the vegetable kingdom, but observed_in some species; later, with the perfection of the microscope, they were fascinated by the structure of the cell walls which reveals the artistry and creative power of Nature in extraordinary abundanceand by which alone the living plasma is rendered viable. Soon enough,the com- plete rigidity of these cells in contrast to other plant cells,,=and their resistance to chemical reagent's was observed and it.was realized that the cell wall consists of a siliceous membrane embellished by multifaceted "adornments." On account of these siliceous walls, they were called "si- liceous infusoria," "siliceous Bacillaria," and,._finally, "siliceous al- gae." In contrast to this characteristic- German designation, the custom- ary scientific terms "Bacillariophyceae" and "Diatomaceae" give no clue as to their nature. The name"Baciliariophyceaé1 relates to the rod-shaped frustules of the first-known genus Bacillaria, while the most widely-used terml'Diatomaceae"has been derived from the genus Diatoma and is indicative merely of reproduction by cell division,which is known, however, to be the most common process in the world of organisms. The silicification of the cell walls led to a wealth of differen- tilations from other organisms to assure viability and reproductivity; hence, 3. the Diatomaceae form a rather isolated group within the vegetable king- dom although, here and there, a faint resemblance^reminiscent ofa clo- 0 ser relationship,exists.They belong to the microscopic unicellular orga- nisms which play a prominent role in the economy of our oceans and in- land waters. In numerous sediments their nearly indestructible valves bear witness (in some cases after millions of years) to growth and decay on our planet, the elevation and submergence of its land masses, and the eternal battle between the sea and the land. The most minute frust- ules measure 0.0025 mm, while the largest discoid valves measure close to 2 mm,and rod-shaped species may surpass the length of 2 mm; however, such "giants" are rare exceptions. The environment of all Diatomaceae is the water, whereby, for some species, the most minute amounts of moisture.will .suffice. Damp.mo.ss patches-on tree trunks, glass panes in greenhouses, the atmospheric moist- ure settling on mountain walls, and the damp soil,all accommodate more or less dense colonies of aerobic ("air-loving") diatoms, frequently of ex- tremely delicate structure. In our waters they populate not only the open water as floating plantswith the help of special processes, but cover also the bottom as far as light can effectively penetrate, and all substrates along the shore zone such as higher plants, wood and rocks. There, usu- •-ally-fiogether with other algae, they.frequently form a thick brownish car- pet in which numerous minute animalcules find food and shelter. Some spe- cies,especially of the genus Nitzschiaaoccupy even highly polluted waters where they provide,together with bacteria and several other organisms,the preliminary conditions essential for the biological self-purification of these waters. 4. Industry also has taken hold of the diatoms and produces dynamite, insulating material for heating systems, and filters from the fossil depo- sits known as diatomaceous earth or diatomite.* Emperor Justinian* alleged- ly used,as early as 526 A.D., the "light, floating bricks" -- again diatoma- ceous earth -- in the construction of the St.Sophia cathedral*. General structure of the diatom cell In the literature, the diatom cell is usually called "frustule" (from the Latin frustulum = small piece), or, even better, "theca" (Greek word, meaning box, capsule) since it is indeed constructed like a pillbox of two main parts, namely the lower bottom * part or "hypotheca" and the overlapping cover or "epitheca" (Fig. la). But just as the two halves of a pillbox usually again consist of two separate parts, namely bottom and top each with its connective
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