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Die Raumwirksame Tätigkeit Indischer Voluntary Organisations, Dargestellt Am Beispiel Ausgewählter Landkreise (Mandals) Des Bundeslandes Andhra Pradesh

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Die Raumwirksame Tätigkeit Indischer Voluntary Organisations, Dargestellt Am Beispiel Ausgewählter Landkreise (Mandals) Des Bundeslandes Andhra Pradesh Die raumwirksame Tätigkeit indischer Voluntary Organisations, dargestellt am Beispiel ausgewählter Landkreise (Mandals) des Bundeslandes Andhra Pradesh vorgelegt von Diplom-Ingenieur Günter Nest aus Berlin Fakultät VII Architektur Umwelt Gesellschaft der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing. - Genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuß: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Schäfer Berichter: Prof. Dr. Peter Herrle Berichter: Prof. Dr. Lutz Lehmann Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 16. September 2001 Berlin 2001 D 83 Für Finchen, Gerhard, Marisa und Ruth "Wenn ich für selbständige Dörfer plädiere, so meine ich damit komplette Republiken, die in bezug auf die eigenen vitalen Bedürf- nisse von ihren Nachbarn unabhängig sind und unvermeidliche Abhängigkeiten allen- falls als gegenseitiges Aufeinander-ange- wiesen-Sein zulassen. Die wichtigste Ange- legenheit im Dorf wird der Anbau der eige- nen Lebensmittel sein sowie die Baumwoll- produktion für die Kleidung. Aber es muß auch unbebautes Land als Viehweide und Erholungsort für Kinder und Erwachsene übrigbleiben. Sollte darüber hinaus noch mehr Land zur Verfügung stehen, kann die- ses für den Anbau von Marktprodukten ge- nutzt werden; ausgenommen sind Marihua- na, Tabak, Opium und ähnliches. Das Dorf soll ein Theater, eine Schule und eine Ver- sammlungshalle besitzen. Ein eigenes Was- serwerk stellt die Versorgung mit gesundem Trinkwasser sicher, aus dem Dorfteich etwa oder öffentlichen Brunnen. Es besteht Schulpflicht bis zum Abschluß der Grund- kurse. Soweit wie möglich sollen alle Aktivi- täten auf kooperativer Basis organisiert werden. Das Kastensystem in der heutigen Form, als Stufenleiter der Unberührbarkeit, wird verschwinden. Die Strafmaßnahmen der Dorfgemeinschaft werden gewaltfrei sein, ganz im Geiste Satyagraha und der Nicht-Zusammenarbeit. Daher werden Dorf- wächter verpflichtet, die nach einem Rotati- onssystem aus dem Gemeinderegister aus- gewählt werden. Die Regierung des Dorfes ist das Panchayat (traditioneller Dorfrat), bestehend aus fünf Personen, die einige Mindestvoraussetzungen erfüllen müssen und jährlich von den Frauen und Männern des Dorfes neu gewählt werden. Ihre Ämter sind mit allen nötigen Bedürfnissen und Kompetenzen ausgestattet. Da es ein Straf- recht im herkömmlichen Sinne nicht geben wird, ist das Panchyat während seiner ein- jährigen Amtszeit Gesetzgeber, Gerichtbar- keit und Executive in einem. Jedes Dorf kann ohne größere Umbrüche schon heute solch eine Republik bilden." Mahatma Gandhi, Socialism of My Concep- tion, Bombay 1957, S. 145-146. (Überset- zung: Hörig, R., in: Indien ist anders, Berlin 1987, S. 141. - 4 - Vorwort und Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in dem Zeitraum zwischen 1989 und 2000 entstanden und glie- dert sich zeitlich in drei Phasen: Phase I (1989 - 1991) das Aufstellen von Thesen auf- grund gemachter Erfahrungen in Indien im Kontext des Stadt- und Regionalplanerstudi- ums; Phase II (1992 - 94) empirische Untersuchungen vor Ort; Phase III (1994 - 2000) reflektierenden Betrachtung anhand der Entwicklungen und Veränderungen in den neun- ziger Jahren (Globalisierung, Paradigmenwechsel etc). Die Aufenthalte in Indien, die zu kontroversen Diskussionen an indischen Hochschulen und Universitäten führten, wie auch die "Kämpfe" in den Büros der lokalen Behörden um Statistiken und Pläne, haben Spuren hinterlassen und ohne die Unterstützung vieler Freunde wäre die Arbeit nicht zu einem erfolgreichem Ende gelangt. An dieser Stelle möchte ich allen danken, die mir mit Rat und Tat zur Seite standen: J. Ranga Rao (AS- SIST, Chilakaluripet), K.S.R. Murthy (ASSIST; Ongole), G. Padmaja (ASSIST, Chilakalu- rupet), SJ. M.A. Windey (VRO, Pedakakani),) Jesudas (VRO, Pedakakani),) S. Devadas (CASA, Bapatla), Sivaji (SSS, Vjayawada), A.L. Narasimha Murthy (Grama Siri, Bapatla), B.S.D. Prasad (Grama Siri, Bapatla), Dr. Jakob D. Raj (Prepare, Madras), Kirtee Shah (ASAG, Ahmedabad), Pratima Panwalkar (Tata Institute of Social Science, Bombay), Mi- hir Bhatt (Foundation for Public Interest, Ahmedabad), S.P. Shorey (Hyderabad Urban Development Authotity), T.J.P.S. Vardhan (SIDUR), Sastri (ASW), Dr. D. Ravindra Prasad (Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, Osmania University), Y.Narasimhaiah (TDC), Ratna Naidu (Central University Hyderabad), Dr. D.P. Rao (Na- tional Remote Sensing Agency), Dr. Peter Bumke (Max Mueller Bhavan Hyderabad. Für die zahlreichen Diskussionen und Streitgespräche in Deutschland zum Thema Indien und Entwicklungspolitik sowie die Anregungen zu Verbesserungen der vorliegenden Arbeit möchte ich hiermit Klaus Lehmann, Vera Kätsch, Peter Grundmann, Doris Hildebrandt, Kibe Mugai, Helmut Bothe, Christoph Noack, Klaus Teschner, Thomas Kuder und Gerd de Bruyn danken. Besonderer Dank gilt Frau Ruth Kätsch, die mich auf meinen For- schungsreisen nach Indien in die abgelegensten Ortschaften begleitete; Prof. Dr. Shantilal Sarupria meinem Betreuer in Indien, der leider viel zu früh starb; Shashi Singha, die mir als Übersetzerin und Landeskennerin unschätzbare Dienste leistete; Mr. & Mrs. Wilson, die uns in Hyderabad ein neues Zuhause gaben; Gordon Dertz, der mir bei den Grafiken und Karten mit seinen Computerkenntnissen beratend zur Seite stand; Van Morrison, dessen Musik mich immer wieder aufs neue motivierte, sowie den Betreuern Prof. Dr. Lutz Lehmann und Prof. Dr. Peter Herrle. Herzlichst sei auch dem DAAD gedankt, der mir ein einjähriges Stipendium in Indien finanzierte. - 5 - Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Vorwort und Danksagung 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 1 Einleitung, Hintergrund und Fragestellung 11 1.1 Hintergrund und Fragestellung 14 1.2 Zielsetzung der Untersuchung 21 1.3 Stand der Forschung 23 1.4 Begriffe 28 1.5 Vorgehensweise, Methoden und Quellen 35 2 Entwicklungs- und Regionalplanung in Indien 42 2.1 Entwicklung und Unterentwicklung 45 2.11 Armut, soziale Entwicklung und regionale Disparitäten in Indien 45 2.12 Überlegungen zur Überwindung der Probleme 57 2.2 Regionalplanung in Indien 61 2.21 Ländliche Entwicklungskonzepte 63 2.211 Community Development Programme 64 2.212 Integrated Area Programme 68 2.213 Grundbedürfnisorientierte Regionalplanung 71 2.22 Ländliche Entwicklungsprogramme 72 2.221 Integrated Rural Development Programme 72 2.222 Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment Programme 75 2.223 National Rural Employment Programme und Rural Landless Employment Guarentee Programme 77 2.224 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana 80 2.225 Wiederbelebung des Community Development und Panchayaty Raj seit dem 7. Fünfjahresplan 82 2.226 Land Reforms und andere Programme 83 2.3 Ausblick 88 3 Andhra Pradesh als Untersuchungsregion 91 3.1 Das Bundesland Andhra Pradesh 92 3.11 Naturraum 94 3.12 Flußsysteme 96 3.13 Bodentypen 97 3.2 Der geschichtliche Hintergrund 98 3.21 Geschichtlicher Abriß bis zur Unabhängigkeit 98 - 6 - Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 3.22 Geschichtlicher Abriß seit der Unabhängigkeit 102 3.3 Die administrative Gliederung 104 3.31 'Panchayaty-Raj' 107 3.32 Der Aufbau des des 'Panchayaty-Raj' 108 3.4 Der Wirtschaftsraum 110 3.41 Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei 110 3.42 Bodenschätze, Energie und Industrie 112 3.5 Bevölkerung 114 3.51 Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung 114 3.52 Vergleich der Bevölkerungswerte Andhra Pradeshs und Indiens 116 3.521 Altersstruktur 116 3.522 Sexualproportion 118 3.523 Verstädterungsdynamik 119 3.53 Regionale Bevölkerungsverteilung 120 3.6 Gesellschaftsaufbau 122 3.61 Kastenwesen 122 3.62 Religiöse und ethnische Gruppen 126 3.63 Sozio-ökonomische Bevölkerungsstruktur 128 3.64 Bildungswesen 130 3.65 Dorfgemeinschaften 132 3.7 Zusammenfassung 135 4 Die Distrikte Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam als Untersuchungsgebiete 136 4.1 Krishna District 137 4.11 Lage, Naturraum und Klima 137 4.12 Geschichte und administrative Gliederung des Krishna Districts 139 4.13 Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Siedlungsstruktur im Krishna District 141 4.131 Bevölkerung im Krishna District 141 4.132 Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei im Krishna District 142 4.133 Bodenschätze im Krishna District 144 4.134 Industrie im Krishna District 144 4.135 Siedlungsstruktur und Infrastruktur im Krishna District 145 4.14 Charakterisierung des Krishna Districts nach Entwicklungsindikatoren 146 4.141 Alphabetisierung im Krishna District 147 4.142 Haushaltsgrößen im Krishna District 149 - 7 - Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 4.143 Sexualproportion im Krishna District 150 4.144 Scheduled castes und scheduled tribes im Krishna District 152 4.2 Guntur District 153 4.21 Lage, Naturraum und Klima 153 4.22 Geschichte und administrative Gliederung des Guntur Districts 154 4.23 Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Siedlungsstruktur im Guntur District 157 4.231 Bevölkerung im Guntur District 157 4.232 Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei im Guntur District 158 4.233 Bodenschätze im Guntur District 159 4.234 Industrie im Guntur District 160 4.235 Siedlungsstruktur und Infrastruktur im Guntur District 160 4.24 Charakterisierung des Guntur Districts nach Entwicklungsindikatoren 162 4.241 Alphabetisierung im Guntur District 162 4.242 Haushaltsgrößen im Guntur District 164 4.243 Sexualproportion im Guntur District 165 4.244 Scheduled castes und scheduled tribes im Guntur District 167 4.3 Prakasam District 169 4.31 Lage, Naturraum und Klima 169 4.32 Geschichte und administrative Gliederung des Prakasam Districts 171 4.33 Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Siedlungsstruktur im Prakasam District 173 4.331 Bevölkerung im Prakasam District 173 4.332 Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und
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