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An Axiomatic Design Based Approach to Civil Engineering

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An Axiomatic Design Based Approach to Civil Engineering An Axiomatic Design Based Approach to Civil Engineering Lindsey R. Gilbert III*, Amro M. Farid and Mohammad Omar [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Engineering Systems & Management, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE Abstract: Civil engineering projects are becoming increasingly intricate and interdisciplinary with a growing need to answer a number of complex socio-economic and environmental issues during the design process. Because each project is unique, civil engineers rarely develop formal techniques to ensure that customer requirements are properly captured and that the complex set of trade-offs affecting a building are fully understood. Understanding issues early in the design process is important, as this is when the designer is able to have the largest impact on the final product. In this paper Axiomatic Design and Product Platform Design are proposed as methods to address this issue. A case study of the design of a temporary housing shelter is presented to demonstrate how both methodologies can be applied to a complex civil engineering project that includes a number of socio-economic and environmental constraints. Keywords: Temporary Housing, Civil Engineering, Axiomatic Design, Modularity, Large Flexible Systems Introduction become more diverse and segmented and more stakeholders have a role in the creation of the project. There is a growing trend in the civil engineering Since traditional civil engineering design community to embrace new design methodologies to methodologies are not adapted to assist in the design handle mounting project complexity. Today, a civil of the conceptual phase of a project, engineers are engineer needs to consider life-cycle issues such as beginning to look into other engineering fields for a constructability, durability, life-cycle maintenance, solution. As is noted by Marchesi et al. (2013), “[t]he energy efficiency, environmental impact and design of architectural systems has to be optimized social-economic impact in addition to traditional with respect to a large number of different concerns such as structural integrity and initial cost (sometimes conflicting) requirements and constraints, (Albano and Suh 1992). “The increasing complexity and the solution has to be selected from different of architectural design entails the need for a more available alternatives.” It is the contention of this rational and systematic approach to the design paper that Axiomatic Design (AD) and Product process, especially in the conceptual design phase Platform Design will improve the conceptual design when decisions with fundamental and extensive of complex civil engineering projects, ultimately effects on appearance, performance and cost are resulting in a more appropriate and less expensive made” (Marchesi et al. 2013). In fact, there is a clear solution. need to find a way to identify faulty design decisions The remainder of the paper will proceed as as early in the design process as possible. Civil follows. Section 2 introduces the concept of AD. engineering work typically starts with a broad Section 3 discusses another design methodology conceptual design performed by an experienced civil called Product Platform Design that works well in engineer. Generally the engineer uses his/her past complement with AD. Section 4 presents a case study experiences to develop the conceptual design that is where AD and Product Platform Design are applied then brought into a detailed design phase. However, to the conceptual design of a temporary housing unit. “[r]igorous analytical methods and optimization Section 5 concludes the paper and introduces ideas schemes are used for decisions that impact project for future work. cost plus or minus 7% (detailed design phase), while decisions that impact project costs plus or minus 30% Axiomatic Approach to Design (conceptual design phase) are internalized” (Albano and Suh 1992). Axiomatic Design (AD) is proposed as a Although past experience plays an important methodology to develop a new approach for the role in design, the growing complexity of design conceptual design of complex civil engineering problems makes it nearly impossible for all but the projects. AD is a well-established methodology from most gifted engineers to adequately capture all of the mechanical engineering design that is quickly moving problems in the conceptual design phase. This into other design oriented engineering fields. Section problem is further compounded as customer demands 2.1 briefly introduces the fundamental axioms that govern Axiomatic Design, while section 2.2 delves 30 Second International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering, June 28-29, 2013, WPI into the Axiomatic Design approach for larger in terms of functional requirements (FRs), constraints flexible systems. For more detailed information (Cs) and non-functional requirements (nFRs). FRs regarding Axiomatic Design, the reader should refer are defined as the minimum number of independent to Suh (2001) or Suh (1995). For examples of the requirements that entirely illustrate a design goal, and application of AD to other Architecture, Civil or represent the objective and intent of the designer (Suh Transportation Engineering projects, see Marchesi et 2001, Thompson 2013). Cs set a hard limit on al. (2013), Albano and Suh (1992) or Baca and Farid specific qualities, and nFRs describe characteristics (2013) respectively. of the final product or system, often in terms of aesthetics or durability. Thompson (2013) provides an Fundamental Concept of Axiomatic Design in depth breakdown of the different elements of the The heart of Axiomatic Design is the axioms upon functional domain. Maintain shape, prevent erosion, which it is built. An axiom is a “truth that cannot be and manage expectations are possible FRs. Examples derived but for which there are no counterexamples of constraints include cost, weight, and density. Lastly, or exceptions” (Suh 2001). There are two axioms that nFRs include descriptions such as durable, easy to make up Axiomatic Design. They are known as the use, or aesthetically pleasing. independence axiom and information axiom. These The third domain is called the physical domain are formally stated by Suh (2001) in the following and is the home of the design parameters (DPs) that manner: were devised to fulfill the FRs within the specified Cs. Axiom 1: The Independence Axiom. Maintain the Examples of DPs are rebar reinforced concrete walls independence of the functional requirements. or double paned glass. Axiom2: The Information Axiom. Minimize the The last and final domain is the process domain. information content of the design. It is in the process domain that the process variable Both of these axioms will be discussed in further (PV) used to achieve a specified DP is identified. depth in the following section. However, in order to This could include using wooden forms to create better understand these axioms, the reader should first concrete pillars or steel rollers to form a W section. understand the concepts of domains and the One of the most important elements of mathematics that support each axiom. Axiomatic Design is the mapping of properties from one domain to the next. Though mapping occurs from one domain to the next as in figure 1, another important process that occurs in Axiomatic Design is the zigzag. The zigzag process between the FRs and DPs is shown in figure 2Error! Reference source not found.. Though a similar zigzag process happens between the DPs and PVs, the primary focus is generally on the interaction between the FRs and DPs. The zigzag process works by first specifying a high-level FR. This is mapped onto the physical Figure 1. Domains of Axiomatic Design (Suh 2001) domain to create a high-level DP. The high-level DP is used to decompose the high-level FR into lower According to Suh (2001), there are four level FRs. The lower level design decision must domains that make up the world of design: the remain consistent with the higher level design customer domain, the functional domain, the physical decisions. The FR should be defined without thinking domain and the process domain. Domain about an already existing design solution. This is relationships are shown in figure 1 above. As can be important because it allows the designer to be seen in the figure, each domain has a direct effect on creative throughout the design process and possibly the domain to its right. This is a graphical way of allows for the creation of innovative design solutions. displaying the concept that the domain on the left is “what” the designer wants to achieve, and the domain on the right is “how” this will be achieved. The customer domain is where the customer attributes (CAs), or needs, are defined. CAs are characterized by the attributes that the stakeholders are looking for in the product, process or system. For instance, the CAs for a building may include keep space safe from intruders, or create an area large enough to provide living space for five people. The second domain is called the functional Figure 2. Zigzagging between FRs and DPs (Suh domain. This is where the customer needs are defined 2001) 31 Second International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering, June 28-29, 2013, WPI Though figure 2 above shows the visual success of achieving the FRs with the selected DPs. It domain hierarchy, it can also be represented is defined by mathematically using matrices. If the generalized vector form of the functional requirements and the I log2 (1/ p) (5) design parameters are represented by {FR} and {DP} respectively, then the matrix relationship can be where p is the probability of success. However, the expressed using the following equation (Suh 2001): information axiom plays a minor role in this paper. For additional information regarding the information axiom, the reader should refer to either the Axiomatic {FR} [A]{DP} (1) Approach to Structural Design (Albano and Suh In this equation, [A] is the design matrix that 1992), or Axiomatic Design: Advances and shows the relationship between the functional Applications (Suh 2001).
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