Geographical Information Systems
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HEYWOOD_0131293176.qxd 30/3/06 12:33 Page 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO AN INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHICAL AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS AN INTRODUCTION TO THIRD EDITION GEOGRAPHICALGEOGRAPHICAL The third edition of this highly regarded and successful text continues to INFORMATIONINFORMATION provide a clear and accessible introduction to the world of GIS for students and professionals. With an increased focus on the practical applications of GIS, this edition features a wealth of new multi-disciplinary case studies and examples of SYSTEMSSYSTEMS GIS in practice, demonstrating how it is used worldwide and within a variety of dif- ferent industries. IAN HEYWOOD Furthermore, the third edition has been substantially revised and updated to SARAH CORNELIUS include coverage of the latest advances in GIS such as location-based services, STEVE CARVER time-based GIS, web mapping, data supply and 3D visualization. About the authors THIRD EDITION Ian Heywood Features & CORNELIUS HEYWOOD CARVER was previously Director of • A striking new full-colour design enriches the artwork and photographs to Learning for UK BusinessLab provide a highly visual illustration of GIS output and applications; Ltd., Director of Open and Distance Learning for Robert • A selection of new international case studies written by both specialists Gordon University, Aberdeen, and practitioners provides a detailed picture of how GIS is used across a and a Senior Lecturer in GIS variety of different disciplines and industries; at Manchester Metropolitan • Practice boxes demonstrate how GIS tools and techniques are applied in University and is now the real world across a range of sectors including business, environmental Director of Skills and Learning for Scottish management, tourism and planning; Enterprise Grampian. • Theory boxes provide consolidation of important issues and concepts; Sarah Cornelius • Reflection boxes – included at the end of each main section – enable is a trainer and Lecturer in you to check your progress and further explore the key issues; the School of Education at • A dedicated Companion Website (www.pearsoned.co.uk/heywood) that the University of Aberdeen includes: and an Associate Lecturer at the Open University. • Self-test multiple-choice questions and extension activities Steve Carver • Weblinks for further investigation is a Senior Lecturer in the • Datasets offering practice and extension opportunities Department of Geography at • PowerPoints containing the main images from the text. the University of Leeds. He was the Director of Leeds’ An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems is suitable for students successful MSc in GIS for twelve years and is now BSc of Geographical Information studies at all levels, from Programme Manager. undergraduate to professionals retraining in GIS. THIRD EDITION An imprint of Additional Student Support at www.pearson-books.com www.pearsoned.co.uk/heywood HEYWOOD_0131293176.qxd 30/3/06 12:33 Page 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO AN INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHICAL AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IAN HEYWOOD SARAH CORNELIUS STEVE CARVER THIRD EDITION HEYWOOD CORNELIUS & CORNELIUS HEYWOOD CARVER THIRD EDITION IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page i AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Visit the An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, Third Edition, Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/heywood to find valuable student learning material including: • Activities and revision questions for self-study or discussion • Multiple choice questions to test understanding • Weblinks for further investigation • Datasets offering practice opportunities IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in geography, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. 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To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page iii IAN HEYWOOD SARAH CORNELIUS STEVE CARVER AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1998 Second edition published 2002 Third edition published 2006 © Pearson Education Limited 1998, 2002, 2006 The rights of Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius and Steve Carver to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN: 978-0-13-129317-5 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heywood, D. Ian An introduction to geographical information systems / Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius, Steve Carver.--3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-129317-6 (pbk) 1. Geographic information systems. I. Cornelius, Sarah. II. Carver, Steve. III. Title. G70.212.H49 2006 910.285--dc22 2005056378 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 09 08 07 Typeset in 11/13pt Spectrum by 30 Printed and bound by Mateu-Cromo, Artes Graficas, Spain The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page v Brief contents List of figures x Preface xv Guided tour xx Case studies xxii Acknowledgements xxiv Publisher’s acknowledgements xxvi Abbreviations and acronyms xxviii About the authors xxx G Part 1 Fundamentals of GIS 1 What is GIS? 2 2 Spatial data 31 3 Spatial data modelling 71 4 Database management 108 5 Data input and editing 133 6 Data analysis 170 7 Analytical modelling in GIS 221 8 Output: from new maps to enhanced decisions 252 G Part 2 Issues in GIS 9 The development of computer methods for handling spatial data 280 10 Data quality issues 299 11 Human and organizational issues 333 12 GIS project design and management 355 13 The future of GIS 376 References 400 Glossary 412 Index 420 IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page vi IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page vii Contents List of figures x Modelling the fourth dimension 101 Preface xv Conclusions 105 Guided tour xx Revision questions 106 Case studies xxii Further study – activities 106 Acknowledgements xxiv Further study – reading 106 Publisher’s acknowledgements xxvi Web links 107 Abbreviations and acronyms xxviii About the authors xxx 4 Database management 108 Learning outcomes 108 G Part 1 Fundamentals of GIS Introduction 109 Why choose a database approach? 111 1 What is GIS? 2 Database data models 114 Learning outcomes 2 Creating a database 116 Introduction 3 GIS database applications 120 Defining GIS 18 Developments in databases 128 Components of a GIS 19 Conclusions 130 Conclusions 28 Revision questions 131 Revision questions 28 Further study – activities 131 Further study – activities 29 Further study – reading 131 Further study – reading 29 Web links 132 Web links 30 5 Data input and editing 133 2 Spatial data 31 Learning outcomes 133 Learning outcomes 31 Introduction 134 Introduction 32 Methods of data input 135 Maps and their influence on the Data editing 151 character of spatial data 35 Towards an integrated database 164 Thematic characteristics of Conclusions 168 spatial data 52 Revision questions 168 Other sources of spatial data 53 Further study – activities 168 Conclusions 67 Further study – reading 168 Revision questions 68 Web links 169 Further study – activities 68 Further study – reading 68 6 Data analysis 170 Web links 69 Learning outcomes 170 Introduction 171 3 Spatial data modelling 71 Measurements in GIS – lengths, Learning outcomes 71 perimeters and areas 172 Introduction 72 Queries 175 Entity definition 74 Reclassification 176 Spatial data models 77 Buffering and neighbourhood Spatial data structures 79 functions 177 Modelling surfaces 87 Integrating data – map overlay 184 Modelling networks 94 Spatial interpolation 194 Building computer worlds 97 Analysis of surfaces 202 Modelling the third dimension 99 Network analysis 213 IGIS_A01.QXD 10/31/07 12:35 AM Page viii viii Contents Conclusions 217 Conclusions 296 Revision questions 218 Revision questions 296 Further study – activities 218 Further study – activities 297 Further study – reading 219 Further study – reading 297 Web links 220 Web links 298 7 Analytical modelling in GIS 221 10 Data quality issues 299 Learning outcomes 221 Learning outcomes 299 Introduction