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Factors Influencing the Construction of Individuals' Subjective Meaning When Visiting Pilgrimage Shrines. a Study of Pilgrims

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Factors Influencing the Construction of Individuals' Subjective Meaning When Visiting Pilgrimage Shrines. a Study of Pilgrims FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS’ SUBJECTIVE MEANING WHEN VISITING PILGRIMAGE SHRINES. A STUDY OF PILGRIMS AND TOURISTS AT LOURDES IN SOUTH WEST FRANCE Simon Thomas A submission presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of South Wales for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PhD September 2013 Declaration This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Name: Simon Thomas Signature:………………………………………………………… Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the contributions of a small number of people to this thesis. I want to firstly thank my wife Esther and my daughters Rebecca and Catrin for their patience, support and encouragement. This thesis would not have been possible without the direction, contribution and support of my director of studies, Professor Anne Marie Doherty, and my supervisor Dr Brychan Thomas. I am grateful for the support of the Glamorgan Business School for funding this study. Finally I would like to thank the pilgrimage community at Lourdes who accepted me as an equal and were willing to share their stories with me. My hope is that they find this study interesting. Abstract This thesis addresses the research question ‘what factors influence the construction of individuals’ subjective meaning when visiting pilgrimage shrines?’ The context of the study centres on the pilgrimage shrine at Lourdes in south west France. The review of the literature is set out in three sections. Part One critiques the traditional definitions, approaches, theories and concepts in the study of pilgrimage and religious tourism. The seminal literature in the study of pilgrimage and religious tourism places emphasis upon the objectivity (external and generalised) of the pilgrimage experience. Part Two considers the intermediate, or bridging, literature in the study of pilgrimage and religious tourism. The intermediate literature is dominated by the work of Smith (1992), Stoddard (1996), Santos (2003) and the opposing Turnerian theoretical position of Marnham (1980), Sallnow (1981), Eade and Sallnow (1991), Eade (1991), Eade (1992) (competing discourses) and Reader and Walter (1993) (pilgrimage and popular culture). Part Three presents the contemporary theoretical perspective of pilgrimage and religious tourism which advocates a shift from objective to subjective theory. The main proponents of this view are Dora (2012), Andriotis (2011) and Collins-Kreiner (2010). The epistemological position of this study is grounded in the philosophy of interpretivism. The methodological position of this study is qualitative adopting an inductive view. The data collection consisted of convenience sample pilot interviews followed by conversational interviews as part of a larger micro-ethnographic study. The analysis of the data was conducted using the thematic analysis technique. The findings in this study are organised around four emergent themes; 1. The authority of the church and pilgrimage conflict 2. The contestation of dual space 3. The pull factors - experiencing Marian mysticism, cures and miracles - the meaning of pilgrimage 4. The testimonies of pilgrims – a confession of truth This study presents an alternative theoretical paradigm that has emerged from the traditional (objective), intermediate (bridging) and contemporary (subjective) literature. The response to the research question claims that ‘the construction process at Lourdes is multi-dimensional, multi-layered and influenced by self-constructed narratives which underpin multiple factors associated with belief, duty, observance, ritual, control, conflict, authority and most importantly, return’. This claim presents a new theoretical framework which embraces the multi-dimensional and multi-layered influences upon the construction process; both literal and metaphorical. The literature in the study of pilgrim-touristic construction supports a shift from the objective to the subjective - this study proposes a hybridisation of existing theory that supports three dominant paradigms/frameworks; 1. Meaning is not one-dimensional 2. Objectivity and subjectivity are not polarised concepts 3. The paradigmatic shift from objectivity to subjectivity is not a ‘whole concept’ A new definition of pilgrimage devised from this study is; ‘The process of pilgrimage (pre-visit, visit, post-visit) is a multi-dimensional activity constructed with symbiotic actions (objective and subjective) and present in the form of complex narratives that are experienced, interpreted and applied to form/construct an individual subjective meaning that has internal and external influence’. Glossary of Religious & Related Terms Allegory – The simplest form of allegory consists of a story/picture or situation written/painted or presented in such a way as to have two coherent meanings Apparition – an appearing; an appearance; re-appearance e.g. of a heavenly body after occultation; that which appears Basilica – Roman Catholic Church with honorific privileges Brancardier – Male Lay Helpers; specifically at the Grotto and Baths at Lourdes Communitas – a relational quality of full unmediated communication, even communion with other individuals, which combines the qualities of lowliness, sacredness, homogeneity, and comradeship; Turner (1978) “social antistructure – a relational quality of full unmediated communication, even communion, between definite and determinate identities, which arises spontaneously in all kinds of groups, situations, and circumstances. It is a liminal phenomenon which combines the qualities of lowliness, sacredness, homogeneity, and comradeship. The distinction between structure and communitas is not the same as that between secular and sacred; communitas is an essential and generic human bond” Ecclesiastical – relating to the church Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; the elements of the sacrament, bread and wine Hierophanic - a direct manifestation of a deity on earth Liminal – meaning threshholdness, or the sense of crossing a threshold or portal from one mode of existence to another in which you live by different rules; derived from the Latin ‘limen’ meaning threshold the term liminal aptly describes the condition of ritual participants who have symbolically exited one social space or state but have not entered a new one; they are figuratively poised over the threshold, or betwixt and between, two social worlds Liturgy – the form of service or regular ritual of a church Marian – relating to the Virgin Mary – a devotee, follower, or defender of Mary Marker – external influence; tourism operator/ecclesiastical authority Penance – the act of humiliation or punishment either self-imposed or imposed by a priest, to express or show evidence of sorrow for sin; the sacrament by which absolution is conveyed; expiation; hardship – also penitent – suffering or pain or sorrow for past sin and feeling a desire to reform; contrite; repentant; undergoing penance. - a person who repents of his or her sin; someone who has confessed sin, and is undergoing penance; a member of one of various orders devoted to penitential exercises Profane – not sacred; secular; showing contempt of sacred things; uninitiated; unhallowed; vulgar or irreverent; to treat with contempt or insult in spite of the holiness attributed; to desecrate; to violate; to put to an unworthy use Sacrament – a Christian religious rite variously regarded as a channel to and from God or as a sign of grace – amongst Protestants generally Baptism and the Lord’s Supper – amongst Roman Catholics also Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Matrimony and Extreme Unction; the Lord’s Supper especially; the bread or wine taken in celebration of the Lord’s Supper; a symbol of something spiritual or secret; a sign, token or pledge Secular – pertaining to the present world, or to things not spiritual; civil, not ecclesiastical; lay, not concerned with religion; not bound by monastic rules Semiotics – The study of signs. A method for the analysis of messages, both verbal and non- verbal. Explores the wider societal meanings of, and functions of, sign systems Shrine – a casket for relics or an erection over it; a place hallowed by its associations Symbol – an emblem; that which by custom or convention represents something else; a type; a creed; or a typical religious rite Symbolism – representation by symbols or signs; a system of symbols; use of symbols; use of symbols in literature or art; a late 19th-cent movement in art and poetry that treated the actual as an expression of something underlying Theophanic - an event where a deity will give a message to a second party who will then interpret to others Theophany – a manifestation or appearance of deity to man Source: Turner and Turner (1978); Holy Bible (1996); Catholic Encyclopaedia Online (2011) Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction Page No. 1.0 Introduction - Rationale and Justification for the Study 1 1.1 The Background and Context of the Research 3 1.1.1 Religious tourism, pilgrimage and the new secular movement 3 1.1.2 Pilgrimage growth and motivations – From the general to the 8 specific – The Shrine at Lourdes 1.1.3 Lourdes 11 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives 14 1.3 Research Design and Methodology 15 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 15 1.4.1 Chapter 2 – Literature Review 15 1.4.2 Chapter 3 – Methodology 16 1.4.3 Chapter 4 – Findings 16 1.4.4 Chapter
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