DOCSLIB.ORG

Word and Confinement : Subjectivity in "Classical" Discourse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Word and Confinement : Subjectivity in Title: Word and confinement : subjectivity in "classical" discourse Author: Tadeusz Rachwał Citation style: Rachwał Tadeusz. (1992). Word and confinement : subjectivity in "classical" discourse. Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski Word & Confinement Subjectivity in ‘Classical’ Discourse Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach nr 1165 TADEUSZ RACHWAŁ ord & Confinement Subjectivity in ‘Classical’ Discourse Uniwersytet Śląski Katowice 1992 Editor of the Series: History of Foreign Literatures ALEKSANDER ABŁAMOWICZ Reviewer ANDRZEJ KOPCEWICZ Preface ......... 7 PART I: Introductory ....... 21 PART II: Milton’s Temple ...... 44 PART III: From Swift to Pope ...... 60 PART IV: Kit Smart’s Writing . .115 Postscript: (A Conclusion) 150 Bibliography .152 Summary in Polish . .157 Summary in French . .158 The difference between entities (prose and poetry, man and woman, literature and theory, guilt and innocence) are shown to be based on a repression of differences within entities, ways in which an entity differs from itself. (Barbara Johnson — The Critical Difference) reface If it is at last possible to speak of power, of sexuality, of the body, of discipline [...] and about their slightest metamorphoses, it is because, somewhere, all this is already over and done with. (Jean Baudrillard, Oublier Foucault) In writing about discourse, about the irregular network of texts that constitute the archives not only of human knowledge, not only of what people know, but which are also the record of the ways people think and know the world, there are always a number of risks whose reduction is actually unthinkable. In reading a text, in writing about it, one cannot confine oneself to its seemingly safe and unquestionable totality, to the ideal totality of the book as the fullness of the signified — whatever name the signified is given: meaning, intention, reference — and thus to evade the “intrusion” of something from the outside of the text into the reading. Hence the risk of what one might call a “misreading,” of reading “into” the text what is not there.1 The faith that there is some safe and stable space in writing, the faith that the risk of misreading a text can be avoided and must be avoided actually consists in a reduction of the text to its inside, to a pure and simple presence with its beginning and an end. Jacques Derrida, the French thinker whose name will frequently appear in these (but why not those?) pages, calls this faith a “meta­ physics of presence,” a tendency to treat all kinds of writing as only a means which is controlled and regulated by the truth beyond it. A small change of perspective, however, a certain deconstruction of the obviousness of this 1 Cf. P. de Man, “Nietzsche’s Theory of Rhetoric,” Symposium 28 (Spring 1974), p. 50; H. Bloom, A Map o f Misreading (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); R. Crosman, “Is there Such a Thing as Misreading,” in J. Hawthorn, ed., Criticism and Critical Theory (London, 1984); F. Lentricchia, After the New Criticism (Chicago, 1980), pp. 185— 186. metaphysics, renders the absolute distinction between the text and its outside, the “main body” and its margins, footnotes and supplements, what there is and what there is not, at least questionable. With the acceptance of this new perspective the risk of the error of misreading becomes a practice o f that error, a practice in the midst of uncertainty. This different perspective is not a simple “relativization” of the text and its truth. To say that something is relative is to necessarily introduce some stable basis of comparison, a something to which the relative something is relative. This is the case, among others, of what is called “subjectivism,” the mode of thinking whose particular readings, or interpretations, are relative, but whose relativity poses at least two unquestionable entities: that of the true meaning of the text which only gets distorted in the act of interpretation, and that of the human subject. In the perspective which accepts misreading, in which all reading is misreading, all the mysterious insides and depths are located on the surface, on the page of the text on which the whiteness of paper, the unwritten, can be read as well as what is written. The margin, “the written’s” other, becomes equally worth looking at as the words, and the space is thus opened where also the outsides of the margins — the margins of the margins — intervene. Within this perspective the totality of the text, of the book, is not so much beyond one’s reach as it is unthinkable.2 This is one of the reasons why I could not decide whether the pages I wrote about above should be “these” or “those.” This is also why to say that “the present text is about...” is not a simple statement of a text’s aim or content, but a statement dictated by a certain silence, by the silent and uncritical assumption that there is a presence. To write that “the present text is about ...” is also a gesture in which one mistrusts what one actually wrote. Such a statement promises, and simultaneous­ ly summarizes, what there is in the text, but it also assumes the possibility of there being an error in the language of the text, in the writing which might fail to properly render the “real” thought of its author. The author knows that his language might fail him, but he also confidently believes that there is something that in fact speaks by itself; some unique truth he really wants to communicate. Error is thus relegated to the sphere of potential absence, to the sphere of something corrigible and adjustable to the requirements of a truth or of a meaning. This error is something to be eradicated and never to be positively affirmed. With the change of perspective, with its deconstruction, it is not error in opposition to truth that is being embraced, but error inscribed within any idea of totality, within any presence or completeness pure and simple, and discernible upon the erroneous surface of writing, of the signifier, of the word. “There will be no unique name,” says Derrida, 2 “The idea of the book is the idea of a totality, finite or infinite, of the signifier, this totality of the signifier cannot be a totality, unless a totality constituted by the signified preexists it, supervises its inscriptions and its signs, and is independent of it in its ideality.” J. Derrida, O f Grammatology, trans. G. Spivak (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 18. even if it were the name of Being. And we must think this without nostalgia, that is outside the myth of a purely maternal or paternal language, a lost native country of thought. On the contrary, we must affirm this, in the sense in which Nietzsche puts affirmation into play, in a certain laughter, and a certain step of dance.3 The nostalgia for a presence, for a meaning as natural as the human voice, dematerializes all human expression, expels, or erases, writing from the realm of the primary human concern as the secondary system of signs. For Terry Eagleton it is in this refusal of the materiality of the sign, the uneradicable nostalgia for a transcendental source of meaning anterior to, and constitutive of all sign systems, that Derrida finds the Western tradition most deeply marked by idealism. The speaking voice [...] opens a passage to the equivalent “naturalness” of its signata — a passage blocked by the materiality of script, which (for this lineage) is thus destined to remain external to the spontaneous springs of meaning.4 The whole history of philosophy, “from Plato to Nato,” renders philosophy as a struggle against its necessarily being written. “Philosophy,” as Richard Rorty notices, “is a kind of writing which would like not to be a kind of writing [...] philosophers would like not to write, but just to show.” 5 Writing about discourse, writing about writing, about word and its confinement one cannot avoid writing about philosophy, about confinement to truth. One cannot thus write the truth of this confinement, but can only trace the history of its truths, the history of the ways in which the error of writing was censored, paradoxically, by and in writing, in texts and books which now must be looked at without the silent assumption that they are texts or books about something obvious and easily classifiable — philosophy or literature — without the assumption that they can speak to us only as wholes classified into proper genres. This history cannot thus be a history of philosophy, or a history of literature because in what this history looks at all such categories must be questioned — not in order to be denied, but in order to trace how their existence has become thinkable. Discourse is thus not a stable object of one’s gaze, an object within which such categories as philosophy, literature, politics, truth, fiction, etc., have been established once and for all, but it is a space upon whose surface there is something more. This “more,” according to Michel Foucault, can be made available if we no longer treat discourses as 3 J. Derrida, Margins o f Philosophy, trans. A. Bass (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 27. 4 T. Eagleton, Walter Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism (London, 1981), p. 13. 5 R. Rorty, “Philosophy as a Kind of Writing: An Essay on Derrida,” New Literary History. 10 (1978), p. 156. groups of signs [...] but as practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak. Of course, discourses are composed of signs, but what they do is more than use these signs to designate things. It is this more that renders them irreducible to language (longue) and speech (parole).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of Post-War French Psychiatry
    The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of post-war French Psychiatry Thesis submitted to the University of London for the award of Doctor of Philosophy By, David Reggio Goldsmiths College, Department ofHistory, University of London November 2005 1 Abstract of Thesis The thesis seeks to examine the ethical, phenomenological and diagnostic renewal of psychiatry in post-war France. The particular focus of study will be to bring to light (1) the emergence of a psychiatric movement that was to become known as Institutional Psychotherapy in 1952, (2) the inauguration of a particular post-war clinical sentiment of sympathy, (3) and the more specific developments of the psychopathology of schizophrenia undertaken by Dr. Franyois Tosquelles and Dr. Jean Oury. The thesis is composed of three chapters: The first chapter of the thesis, presents a bi-focal analysis of a philanthropic politic characterising two significant moments of medical reform, where psychiatry finds its Hippocratic and Apostolic definition as a vocation addressing the imperial need of man. The first moment, is that of Philippe Pinel in a Post­ Revolutionary France, who urged for more specialised spaces employing the non-violent treatment of the insane. The second, is the German Occupation of France, where the psychiatrist's personage in the questionably 'free' Vichy South is one that is dramatic and resistant. This historical study is conducted in order to bring to light the methodological shift within the history of European psychiatry: what was the art of medicine and alienation for Pinel of the Paris Pitie Salpetriere, is extended and redefmed as the art ofsympathy and dis-alienation for those of the clinical fraternity of Saint-Alban.
    [Show full text]
  • Thorben-Peter-Simonsen-Phd-Series
    The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’ Simonsen, Thorben Peter Document Version Final published version Publication date: 2020 License Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Simonsen, T. P. (2020). The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice: A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD Series No. 03.2020 Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ PRACTICE: A SITUATED OF PSYCHIATRIC ORGANIZATION THE SPATIAL SOLBJERG PLADS 3 DK-2000 FREDERIKSBERG DANMARK WWW.CBS.DK ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-93956-16-2 Online ISBN: 978-87-93956-17-9 Thorben Peter Simonsen THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A SITUATED INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies PhD Series 03.2020 PhD Series 03.2020 THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A situated inquiry into ‘healing architecture’ Thorben
    [Show full text]
  • History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF by The diagnose, prevent Brainstorms & treat mental disorders Scientific PSYCHIATRY related to mood, behaviour, cognition and perceptions. th century BCE th Explaining mental illness with demonic - century BCE possession or the supernatural. Exorcism is a trusted treatment (1). In some cultures such Hippocrates and Democritus believed beliefs are still present (2). that mental disorders have physiological rd causes and experimented on animals (1). century BCE nd First hospital for mentally ill was - century BCE built in India (3). Century Aryurveda explained mental illness as imbalance of th bodily fluids or karma (3). First bimaristan (Islamic hospital) in Baghdad with separate ward for mentally ill (4). Robert Burton published 'The Anatomy of Melancholy', the first known medical textbook describing clinical depression. William Battie wrote 'Treatise on Madness'. He believed mental disorders are caused by dysfunction of the brain and body. Marguerite & Jean-Baptiste Pussin established the "moral treatment" of psychiatric patients. - Straitjackets were still in use but dark dungeons Johann C. Reil coins the term psychiatry (5). were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms. Philippe Pinel first describes dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs first psychosurgery. He removes brain parts of six chronic schizophrenic patients. Sigmund Freud publishes 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.' John Cade discovers the effects of lithium in the treatment of mania. onwards The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual With the discovery of the first antipsychotic of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published to affecting schizophrenics (chlorpromazine) the standardise psychiatric diagnosis. term psychopharmacology was introduced. - s The American Psychiatric Association Brain scanning (CT, PET, MRI,...) is declassifies homosexuality as a established which allows to view the living mental disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Fitz Randolph
    The Descendants of EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH and ELIZABETH BLOSSOM 1630 - 1950 By Q Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph 1950 Copyright 1950 Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph EXPLANATION OF NUMBERING. 110. KATHERINE5 FITZ RANDOLPH (44). The first number is the individual descendant's own number; the number in parenthesis after the name is the number of that person's father; thus making it simple to trace lines back to Edward1 Fitz Randolph, the progenitor. Numbers in brackets [], refer to the list of authorities at the end of the volume. ,./ ., ., ; • .,, .. ~ t'.... < ""'"•" ~/ •• ,.- ~ " ••• ,, ;... ,.. , ... ( •• ;1/4 :·,.~·.·_,. C. "' /.,:/.~, .. ~.•If - QUAKER MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE, 1745 The Marriage of NATHANIEL FITZ RANDOLPH to his second wife MARY SHOTWELL, October 22, 1745 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank those who have helped me so generously with their valuable records: Mrs. Harry Scidmore Fitz Randolph of Jackson Heights, N. Y.; Mr. John Insley Coddington of Arlington, Va.; Mr. Willis Freeman of Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Charles Carroll Gardner of Maplewood, N. J.; and Mr. John P. Dornan of Havertown, Pa. Thanks are also due to the editors of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for permission to include Mrs. Christian's article, "Nathaniel2 Fitz Randolph of Woodbridge, New Jersey, Quaker, and His Descendants," - with many additions and corrections - in this genealogy of the entire family, and to Mrs. Joseph W. Greene of the New Jersey Historical Society, and Mr. Arthur S. Maynard of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. H. S. F. R. THE DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH, the Pilgrim, and the progenitor of the Fitz Randolph family in America, was undoubtedly the "Edward Fitzrandall," son of Edward Fitz., Randolph or Randall and his second wife Frances Howis or Howes, baptised at Sutton -in-Ashfield, co.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals
    Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:59 29 November 2016 The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals From their beginnings as the asylum attendants of the nineteenth century, mental health nurses have come a long way. This is the first comprehensive history of mental health nursing in Britain in over twenty years, and during this period the landscape has transformed as the large institutions have been replaced by services in the community. McCrae and Nolan examine how the role of mental health nursing has evolved in a social and professional context, brought to life by an abundance of anecdotal accounts. The nine chronologically ordered chapters follow the development from untrained attendants in the pauper lunatic asylums to the professionally qualified nurses of the twentieth century, and, finally, consider the rundown and closure of the mental hospitals from nurses’ perspectives. Throughout, the argument is made that while the training, organisation and environment of mental health nursing has changed, the aim has remained essentially the same: to nurture a therapeutic relationship with people in distress. McCrae and Nolan look forward as well as back, and highlight significant messages for the future of mental health care. For mental health nursing to be meaningfully directed, we must first understand the place from which this field has developed. This scholarly but accessible book is aimed at anyone with an interest in mental health or social history, and will also act as a useful resource for policy- makers, managers and mental health workers. Niall McCrae is a lecturer in mental health nursing at Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, King’s College London.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychiatrist Fellows of the Royal Society
    HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY Psychiatrist Fellows of the Royal Society Thomas Bewley The Royal Society is the oldest scientific society in William Battie was physician to St Luke's Great Britain and one of the earliest in Europe. It is hospital and was also proprietor of a large private usually considered to have been founded in 1660, asylum. His practice dealt exclusively with though a nucleus had been in existence for several insanity. In 1785, he published A Treatise on years before that date. From Charles H's reign Madness in which he made some censures on onwards, British Governments have constantly the practices formerly pursued at Bethlem. This appealed to the Royal Society for advice in connec led to a sharp rejoinder by Dr John Monro in a tion with scientific undertakings. The Society elects pamphlet the same year. some 32 Fellows annually, who have been proposed In 1763, he was examined before the House of by six or more existing Fellows. Foreign Members, Commons on the State of Private Madhouses, not exceeding 50 in all, may be selected by the and received, in the printed report, "testimony Council from among "men of the greatest scientific highly honourable to his professional attain eminence" abroad. From this it can be seen that ments". He resigned from St Luke's in 1764 Fellows of the Royal Society are among the most and died following a paralytic stroke in 1776. In distinguished scientists in the country. It is not Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of widely known that several psychiatrists have been London, it was reported of him that Fellows of the Royal Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine at Cambridge 1660-1760*
    MEDICINE AT CAMBRIDGE 1660-1760* by ARTHUR ROOK 'MosT LEARNED sIR, A great light arose upon the medical world when your "History of Acute Diseases" was given to it . .'. With these words Henry Paman, Fellow of St. John's College and Public Orator of the University of Cambridge, begins his Epistle, dated from Lambeth Palace, 12 February 1679,1 addressed to his good friend Dr. Thomas Sydenham, M.D. The epistle invites Sydenham to give an account of his views on the treatment ofvenereal disease: 'Kindly and openly explain the method by which an afflicted patient may be easiest relieved. To suffer at the hands of GOD is enough; no need that the physician torture him as well'. In 1670, Robert Brady, writing from Gonville and Caius College, of which he was Master, sought the advice of 'the Most Illustrious Doctor Thomas Sydenham M.D.' on the use of bleeding in the treatment of rheumatism. 'Proceed then as you have begun. Scorn the sarcasms of sciolists. Excite the spirits of honest men. It is you who have pointed out the way. Let those who dislike it find a better'. In all his writings Sydenham emphasized the fundamental importance ofknowledge gained by the meticulous observation of the natural history of disease. He rarely mentioned other medical writers with the exception of Hippocrates and was sceptical of traditional theories and practices. In therapeutics however the tyranny of false doctrine (Dodds, 1960) was too strong for him. The humoral theory provided him with the original foundations of his therapeutic practice, but steadily, in the light of experience, he modified his methods and developed a critical empiricism.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of George Fox and William Tuke
    QUAKERISM AND APPROACHES TO MENTAL AFFLICTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEORGE FOX AND WILLIAM TUKE by AMANDA LAWRENCE A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Theology Department of Quaker Studies The University of Birmingham September 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people for their support. The Friends and staff at Woodbrooke study centre for the warm and welcoming environment and especially the library staff for their courtesy and expertise. The staff at Borthwick Archives for unfailing helpfulness and providing a reader- friendly research area. The staff at Birmingham University library for a consistently high quality service. Dr. Nancy Cho, and Dr. Ariel Hessayon, for allowing access to their work and for subsequent guidance. Thanks to my long-suffering parents and especial thanks to my sisters for sharing their IT skills with me and controlling their exasperation at my inabilities. Above all to my tutors Ben Pink Dandelion and Edwina Newman for all their patience, encouragement, scholarly advice and enthusiasm and for making Quaker Studies so exciting.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories of Experts and Influence: a Discourse Analytic Approach to Bureaucratic Autonomy in the Cold War Era
    Stories of Experts and Influence: A Discourse Analytic Approach to Bureaucratic Autonomy in the Cold War Era Jessica Snow Wirgau Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Public Administration and Public Affairs Brian J. Cook, Chair Karen M. Hult Laura S. Jensen Patrick S. Roberts May 14, 2014 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: bureaucratic autonomy, discourse analysis, narrative, storyline, Cold War Copyright, 2014 Stories of Experts and Influence: A Discourse Analytic Approach to Bureaucratic Autonomy in the Cold War Era Jessica Snow Wirgau Abstract Government agencies exercise bureaucratic autonomy when they are able to pursue their goals independent, and sometimes in defiance, of political superiors. Over the last three decades, research in the area of bureaucratic autonomy has provided numerous examples of relatively autonomous agencies and has generally recognized the desire of administrators to carve out greater autonomy for their organizations, but the question of how administrators consciously or unconsciously pursue autonomy remains a rich and largely unexplored area of research. Most theories of bureaucratic autonomy typically fall into two categories: an autonomy based on task-specificity that is contingent on the function and expertise of the organization and the ability of the agency to accept or reject new tasks; and a reputation-based autonomy contingent on the ability of the agency to build and maintain a constituency and to secure a reputation for effectiveness that makes it politically difficult for elected officials to influence agency action. This study applies a discourse analytic approach to the study of autonomy in two agencies established during the Cold War whose primary function is the distribution of federal grants-in-aid: the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Institute of Mental Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Revising the Clinic
    Revising the Clinic Revising the Clinic Vision and Representation in Victorian Medical Narrative and the Novel T Meegan Kennedy The Ohio State University Press Columbus Copyright © 2010 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kennedy, Meegan, 1966– Revising the clinic : vision and representation in Victorian medical narrative and the novel / Meegan Kennedy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1116-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1116-X (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-9214-3 (cd-rom) 1. Literature and medicine—19th century. 2. Medicine in literature—19th century. 3. Medical writing—19th century—History and criticism. 4. Fiction—19th century—History and criticism. I. Title. PN56.M38K46 2010 823'.8093561—dc22 2009025707 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978–0–8142–1116–8) CD-ROM (ISBN 978–0–8142–9214–3) Cover design by Mia Risberg Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Caslon Pro Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 4 3 2 1 C o n t e n t s T List of Figures / vii Acknowledgments / ix Introduction Vision, Representation, and the Production of Knowledge / 1 Chapter One Curious Observations, Curious Sights: The Eighteenth-Century Case History / 30 Chapter Two Staging Clinical Realism in the Victorian Periodical / 54 Chapter Three The Sentimental Eye in Dickens and Gaskell / 87 Chapter Four George Eliot’s Realist Vision: Mechanical Observation and the Production of Sympathy / 119 Chapter Five Speculation and Insight: Experimental Medicine and the Expansion of Realism / 148 Chapter Six Mapping an Unnavigable River: Freud, Rider Haggard, and the Imperial Romance / 168 Conclusion / 203 Notes / 206 Works Cited / 230 Index / 247 List of Figures T Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1743-45) by DOCTOR ROBERT JAMES (1703-1776
    A MEDICINAL DICTIONARY (1743-45) by DOCTOR ROBERT JAMES (1703-1776) By ALEXANDER DAVID WRIGHT A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Social Studies in Medicine Institute for Applied Health Research College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham October 2020 i University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract A Medicinal Dictionary was written by Dr Robert James (1703-1776) and published by Thomas Osborne (1704?-1767) in London in three folio volumes between 1743 and 1745. The circumstances that resulted in James and his school friend, Samuel Johnson (1709- 1784), writing important dictionaries within ten years of each other in London are examined. The background of James in the Midlands and his training in Oxford and possibly in Leiden are explored. Samuel Johnson’s move to London has been well documented but the reasons for James’s move in mid-career are less obvious. The introduction of James to Osborne was a key event leading to the invitation to compile A Medicinal Dictionary.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychiatry 2.0 NEW!
    Psychiatry 2.0 NEW! Psychiatry 2.0: Experiencing psychiatry’s new challenges together Helen M. Farrell, MD “It is beyond a doubt that all our knowledge establishing a start-up company for health begins with experience.” care, working on policy reform, and innovat- - Immanuel Kant ing new approaches to achieve social justice. edicine, a highly experiential pro- fession, is constantly evolving. The A history of challenge and change Mconsistency of change and the psy- Developing variables and expectations in Helen M. Farrell, MD chiatrist’s inherent wonder offers a paradox- this Millennial Age makes it an exciting time Department Editor ical sense of comfort and conundrum. for psychiatrists to explore, adapt, and lead As students, we look to our predecessors, into the future. Fortunately, the field has had associations, and peers to master concepts ample practice with challenge and changes. both concrete and abstract. And once we Social constructs of how individuals with achieve competence at understanding mech- mental illness were treated altered with anisms, applying biopsychosocial formula- William Battie, an English physician whose tions, and effectively teaching what we’ve 1758 Treatise on Madness called for treat- learned—everything changes! ments to be utilized on rich and poor men- We journey through a new era of medi- tal patients alike in asylums.1 Remember the cine together. With burgeoning technology, days of chaining patients to bedposts on psy- intense politics, and confounding social chiatric wards? Of course not! Such archaic media, we are undergoing new applica- practices thankfully disappeared, due in tions, hurdles to health care, and personal large part to French physician Philippe exposure to extremes that have never been Pinel.
    [Show full text]