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Ecologie, Diversité Et Évolution Des Moustiques (Diptera Culicidae)

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Ecologie, Diversité Et Évolution Des Moustiques (Diptera Culicidae) Ecologie, diversité et évolution des moustiques (Diptera Culicidae) de Guyane française : implications dans l’invasion biologique du moustique Aedes aegypti (L.) Stanislas Talaga To cite this version: Stanislas Talaga. Ecologie, diversité et évolution des moustiques (Diptera Culicidae) de Guyane française : implications dans l’invasion biologique du moustique Aedes aegypti (L.). Médecine humaine et pathologie. Université de Guyane, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016YANE0001. tel-01405425 HAL Id: tel-01405425 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01405425 Submitted on 29 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE GUYANE Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles École Doctorale Pluridisciplinaire Thèse pour le Doctorat en Physiologie et Biologie des Organismes, Populations et Interactions Stanislas TALAGA Ecologie, diversité et évolution des moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae) de Guyane française : implications dans l’invasion biologique du moustique Aedes aegypti (L.) Sous la direction d’Alain DEJEAN et de Jean-François CARRIAS Soutenu le 8 Juin 2016 à l’UMR EcoFoG, Kourou N° : Jury : Rodolphe GOZLAN, Directeur de recherche, UMR MIVEGEC, IRD Rapporteur Frédéric SIMARD, Directeur de recherche, UMR MIVEGEC, IRD Rapporteur Romain GIROD, Ingénieur de recherche, Institut Pasteur Examinateur Alain DEJEAN, Professeur, UMR EcoFoG Directeur Jean-François CARRIAS, Professeur, UMR LMGE Co-directeur REMERCIEMENTS En tout premier lieu, j’aimerais remercier mes directeurs de thèse Alain Dejean et Jean-François Carrias pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de réaliser un rêve de gosse et de mener à bien cette thèse avec autant de liberté. Je remercie également Céline Leroy pour m’avoir encadré en Guyane et pour avoir soutenu le volet moustique du projet BIOHOPSYS ainsi que le reste de l’équipe “Broméliacées” pour vos conseils et encouragements. Je pense à Régis Céréghino, Bruno Corbara, Arthur Compin et particulièrement à Andrea Yockey- Dejean pour sa patience lors de la relecture des nombreux manuscrits. Mes remerciements vont aussi à tous les collègues de l’UMR EcoFoG ; Eric Marcon (pour le package ‘entropart’), Stéphane Traissac (pour le rugby), Bruno Hérault (pour sa vision statistique), Frédéric Petitclerc (never stop exploring). Merci également à Annie Koutouan, Pascal Padolus, Carole Legrand et Josie Santini pour avoir largement facilité ma vie au sein de l’unité. J’adresse aussi toute ma gratitude à Jérôme Orivel et Christopher Baraloto pour m’avoir offert la chance de participer à la mission DIADEMA sur le Mont Itoupé ! Un grand merci à l’ensemble des membres de l’Unité d’Entomologie Médicale de l’Institut Pasteur de Cayenne pour votre accueil et votre soutien technique, avec une mention toute particulière à Romain Girod et Romuald Carinci pour m’avoir transmis le virus des moustiques ! J’aimerais aussi remercier la municipalité de Sinnamary ainsi que ses habitants pour l’accueil chaleureux dont nous avons fait l’objet lors de nos nombreuses prospections dans votre joli bourg. J’aimerais aussi rendre hommage à la mémoire d’Alice Ringuet qui m’avait gentiment permis d’installer dans son jardin à Kourou un dispositif expérimental pendant plus d’un an. Merci à Frédéric Simard et Rodolphe Gozlan d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteurs de cette thèse, bonne découverte ! D’un point de vue personnel, j’aimerais remercier tous ces joyeux guyanais à l’esprit baroud avec qui j’ai pu partager de super moments : Hadrien L, Olivier D, Marceau M, Alex S, Marina et Thibaut (yep !), Nicoco et Aurélie, fifi et KK, Patrick S, Stéphanie et Jocelyn, Claire et Nathan, Julian D, Niklas et Tim, Camille P, Liloo, Mathieu R, Simon C… À la cohorte de stagiaires, doctorants et post-doctorants que j’ai eu le plaisir de rencontrer à Kourou, dans l’attente d’une classification plus naturelle, par genre puis par ordre alphabétique : Alexandra T, Anna D, Audrey S, Barbara G, Benoît B, Caroline B, Clémence M, Clément A, Elodie A, Julie B, Mélaine A, Mélanie F, Gregoria R, Hector R, Kurt T, Romain G, Romain L et Youven G. J’aimerais finalement remercier tous les colocataires avec qui j’ai partagé mon quotidien pendant ces tranches de vie guyanaise. En particulier le Dr. Touchard et Pierre Freyre pour ces soirées mémorables à la maison bleue, et bien sûr les colocs de la plage : Thomas D (ça fit !), Ariane M (pas la fusée, quoique…), Sébastien A, Cédric L et Jansen :) Je dédie ce travail à ma famille, et particulièrement à mes parents en vous remerciant de votre soutien tout au long de cette grande aventure. AVANT-PROPOS Cette thèse a bénéficié d’un financement de feu l’Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (scindée depuis 2014 en deux entités distinctes : l’Université des Antilles et l’Université de Guyane) et du Labex CEBA (Centre d’Étude de la Biodiversité Amazonienne) à travers le volet moustique du projet structurant BIOHOPSYS (BIOdiversity and dynamic interactions in multiple HOst-Parasite SYStems). J’ai eu pour ma part la chance de travailler à l’élaboration, au traitement, à l’analyse et à la rédaction de l’ensemble des huit chapitres présentés dans ce manuscrit. Ma thématique de recherche s’inscrit dans l’amélioration des connaissances sur la biodiversité en Amazonie et de son rôle dans le phénomène d’invasion biologique, l’un des enjeux majeur de ce XXIème siècle. RÉSUMÉ L’Humanité est en train de transformer les paysages de la Terre à une échelle et à des taux encore inégalés. Les invasions biologiques sont l’une des conséquences de ces perturbations anthropiques et engagent souvent des enjeux socio-économiques importants. Ces invasions peuvent également modifier la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes investis, conduisant parfois à des bouleversements écologiques. Le moustique Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) a été introduit dans les Amériques depuis le continent africain il y a environ 400 ans. Actuellement, cette espèce est la principale responsable des épidémies de dengue et de chikungunya dans la zone pantropicale et sa large répartition a très probablement joué un rôle important dans l’expansion récente du virus Zika. La biologie d’Ae. (Stg.) aegypti est particulièrement bien connue, ce qui n’est pas le cas de son écologie, en particulier de ses interactions avec les communautés résidentes. En adoptant une démarche pluridisciplinaire je me suis intéressé à la contribution relative des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques ainsi que de certains processus évolutifs dans la distribution de cette espèce à différentes échelles en Guyane française. Dans un premier temps j’ai participé à la révision des connaissances fondamentales sur la diversité des moustiques de Guyane. En alliant la taxonomie classique et moléculaire, cette étape a permis de découvrir plusieurs nouvelles espèces et de mettre en place des outils adaptés à la gestion de ce type de données, notamment pour une utilisation future. Dans un second temps la structuration spatio-temporelle des communautés résidentes de macro-invertébrés aquatiques a été étudiée en milieu urbain. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’interactions antagonistes et mutualistes avec les taxons des communautés résidentes. En particulier, le moustique autochtone Limatus durhamii Theobald 1901 semble empêcher l’établissement durable d’Ae. (Stg.) aegypti dans les milieux faiblement urbanisés via un mécanisme d’exclusion compétitive. Cependant, il apparaît que les interactions avec les communautés résidentes demeurent relativement limitées dans l’espace et dans le temps. À travers l’étude de la spécialisation d’hôtes chez les moustiques associés aux phytotelmes, cette étude suggère que l’histoire évolutive des espèces autochtones pourrait fortement influencer la diversité et la composition des communautés urbaines actuellement en place. Mots-clés : Amazonie, Biodiversité, Broméliacée à réservoirs, Culicidae, Invasion biologique, Interaction trophique, Moustiques, Phytotelmes, Spécialisation, Urbanisation, Vecteur. ABSTRACT Ecology, diversity and evolution of Guianese mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for Aedes aegypti (L.) invasiveness Mankind is transforming the landscapes of the Earth at an unprecedented scale and rate. Biological invasions are one of the consequences of these anthropogenic disturbances and often lead to significant socio-economic challenges. These invasions can also modify the structure and functioning of the invaded ecosystems, sometimes leading to disruptions of ecological processes. The mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) was introduced into the Americas some 400 years ago from the African continent. Currently, this species is the primary agent behind dengue and chikungunya outbreaks in the pan-tropical area and its widespread distribution has likely played an important role in the recent expansion of the Zika virus. The biology of Ae. (Stg.) aegypti is particularly well known, which is not the case for its ecology. By adopting a cross-disciplinary approach I attempted to understand the relative contribution of biotic and abiotic factors
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