Examples of Ir Verbs in French
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Morphology of Creole Languages Tracing the Origins of Inflection
Morphology of creole languages Tracing the origins of inflection Fabiola Henri University of Kentucky [email protected] LSA Summer Institute July 7th, 2017 Partly in collaboration Olivier Bonami, Ana R. Luís Henri (Lexington) Morphology of creole languages July 2017 1 / 70 Review Outline Review On Creole morphology Comparing lexifier to creole Organization of the French paradigm Quantitative take on paradigm opacity Verb form alternation in FLC Mauritian Verb form alternation in FLC Indo-portuguese Henri (Lexington) Morphology of creole languages July 2017 2 / 70 Review Basic assumptions Ï Creoles emerged in a particular context Ï Multiple factors participate in its development Ï Creoles are not nativized pidgins + Developmental sciences: examine the ingredients that contribute to the outcome Henri (Lexington) Morphology of creole languages July 2017 3 / 70 Review Language ideology “Anomaly” doesn’t exist in language, rather, lurk- ing behind it are anomalous presumptions and convictions that obtain in linguistic theory. ACKERMAN & NIKOLAEVA 2010, 304 [QUOTE FROM A. E. KIBRIK] Henri (Lexington) Morphology of creole languages July 2017 4 / 70 On Creole morphology Outline Review On Creole morphology Comparing lexifier to creole Organization of the French paradigm Quantitative take on paradigm opacity Verb form alternation in FLC Mauritian Verb form alternation in FLC Indo-portuguese Henri (Lexington) Morphology of creole languages July 2017 5 / 70 On Creole morphology The inflectional complexity of Creoles Ï Long history of claims on the morphology of Creole languages: Ï Creoles have no morphology (Seuren 1986) Ï Creoles have simple morphology (McWhorter 2001) Ï Creoles have simpler inflection than their lexifier (Plag 2006) Ï Belongs to a larger family of claims on the simplicity of Creole languages (Bickerton 1988) + Claims on Creoles need to be substantiated by quantitative analysis and deeper examination of the data. -
French Grammar Kindle
FRENCH GRAMMAR PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Rich Marino | 6 pages | 01 Mar 2001 | Barcharts, Inc | 9781572225282 | English, French | Boca Raton, FL, United States French Grammar PDF Book Take your language learning to the next level with our popular e-book. Every single sentence in French needs to have a verb. For masculine singular adjectives that end in — al , drop the — al and replace it with — aux to form the plural. But, never cram. Here are the corresponding reflexive pronouns for each personal pronoun:. These are the words that replace a noun in a sentence. All Rights Reserved. Grammar Conjugations for the French Verb "Assister". This post goes over the basics of adjective agreement , and this one goes more in-depth. Adjectives have comparative forms, and in French they agree with the grammatical gender of the noun they are describing. The majority of nouns which end in s, z or x do not change when they become plural and can instead be identified by their article. Some adverbs have comparative forms as well. Instead, try these methods to learn French grammar easily:. Verbs are the words that show the action. Settings can help you refine the correction and show more suggestions. Grammar lessons do require a little planning and organization, but once you take the plunge and start learning, everything will start to link up and make sense, probably much more quickly than you had imagined. Start using FluentU on the website with your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes or Google Play stores. As mentioned before, articles are influenced by the gender and number of the noun they represent. -
La Conjugaison Du Verbe En Début De Scolarisation
Are Second Language Learners Just as Good at Verb Morphology as First Language Learners?* Alexandra Marquis1,2 and Phaedra Royle2,3 1Department of Linguistics, United Arab Emirates University 2CRBLM–Centre for Research on Brain, Language & Music 3École d’orthophonie et d’audiologie, Université de Montréal [email protected] [email protected] Abstract We addressed whether children learning French as a first (L1) and multilingual children (MUL, for whom French is a second or third language) are sensitive to sub-regular verb conjugation patterns (i.e., neither default, nor idiosyncratic) (e.g., Albright, 2002; Clahsen, 1999). Some argue that children with other first languages have more difficulty learning verb conjugation patterns due to their lesser exposure to the language (e.g., Nicoladis, Palmer, & Marentette, 2007). We hypothesized that older children would perform better than younger children and that L1 and MUL children learning French would process verb inflection patterns differently based on their default status (-er verbs), and reliability (e.g., sub-regular -ir verbs), with MUL children showing weaknesses in non-default types (Royle, Beritognolo, & Bergeron, 2012). We elicited verbs in 169 children (aged 67 to 92 months) attending preschool (n = 105) or first grade (n = 64), who were L1 or MUL learners of Québec French, using 24 verbs with regular, sub-regular, and irregular participle forms (6 of each, ending in /e/, /i/, /y/ or IDiosyncratic) in the passé composé (perfect past). Using our Android application Jeu de verbes, verbs were presented with images (see Figure 1) to each child in an infinitival form (infinitival complements or the periphrastic future, e.g., Marie va cacher ses poupées ‘Mary will hide her dolls’) and present tense contexts (e.g., Marie cache toujours ses poupées ‘Mary always hides her dolls’). -
I. Qu'est-Ce Qu'une Langue Créole ? L
I. Qu'est-ce qu'une langue créole ? l. Définition historique Aucune définition substantielle n'ayant réussi à emporter l'adhésion générale des spécialistes, nous considérerons d'abord les langues créoles comme une classe historique que l'on peut caractériser ainsi: Créoles (définition historique): Langues apparues entre les seizième et dix- neuvième siècles en conséquence de la conquête du monde par cinq nations européennes: Espagne, France, Grande-Bretagne, Pays-Bas, Portugal. Cette définition peut paraître simpliste, mais elle a le mérite d'être indiscutable. Le qualificatif "apparues" est essentiel: il veut dire que ces langues n'existaient pas du tout avant le terminus a quo indiqué. On verra plus tard ce que cela implique. L'expression "conquête du monde" est volontairement vague et polémique: elle recouvre les "grandes découvertes" (terme ethnocentrique s'il en est); la première colonisation du seizième au dix-huitième siècle, dont l'esclavagisme négrier, pour reprendre le terme de Pétré-Grenouillot (2004), est l'élément crucial; et la seconde colonisation du dix-neuvième siècle, qui voit apparaître de nouveaux acteurs, Etats- Unis, Allemagne, Italie, et pendant laquelle l'esclavagisme n'est plus qu'une formation rémanente, en voie d'abolition. La liste des nations conquérantes donne à penser que les langues de ces nations sont impliquées dans l'apparition des créoles, ce qui est vrai, sans dire pour autant qu'elles seules le sont, ce qui serait faux. Cette délimitation temporelle a en outre un but négatif. on a soutenu que les processus à l'oeuvre dans la formation des langues créoles se retrouvent dans l'évolution de langues qui lui échappent. -
Program S Grammars Arguments
1 PROGRAM S GRAMMARS ARGUMENTS Joachim Lambek 2 Contents 1 Calculations on an abacus 7 1.1 What is a calculation? . 7 1.2 Calculable functions . 11 1.3 Primitive recursive functions are calculable . 15 1.4 Some primitive recursive functions . 20 1.5 The minimization scheme . 22 1.6 Recursive functions and relations . 24 1.7 How to calculate the nth prime . 27 2 More about calculability 31 2.1 What is a program? . 31 2.2 Calculable functions are recursive . 33 2.3 Digression: enumerations . 35 2.4 Example of a noncalculable function . 38 2.5 Turing programs . 40 2.6 E®ective procedures . 43 3 Syntactic types and semigroups 47 3.1 A simple grammar using types . 47 3.2 Analysis of the English verb phrase . 50 3.3 Syntactic calculus . 53 3.4 Multiplicative systems . 56 3.5 Semigroups and monoids . 61 4 Context-free grammars 65 4.1 Grammars for some fragments of English . 65 4.2 Production grammars and deductive systems . 68 4.3 Grammars of some formal languages . 72 4.4 New languages from old . 77 4.5 How are sentences produced and recognized? . 79 3 4 CONTENTS 4.6 Machines for producing and recognizing sentences . 84 4.7 Derivations and parsing trees . 89 4.8 A necessary condition for a language to be context-free . 93 5 Generative and transformational grammars 99 5.1 Inflection rules conjugation . 99 5.2 More about tense and verb phrase . 103 5.3 More about the noun phrase . 107 5.4 passive construction, transformational grammar . 110 5.5 Some other transformations .