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Home , Collema nigrescens, Esslingeriana, Melanohalea, Notholithocarpus, Trinity Alps, Trinity Alps Wilderness

BULLETIN OF THE SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Inventory

Initial Lichen Inventory of the

Tom Carlberg USDA Forest Service, Six Rivers National Forest [email protected]

Lichen inventories on Forest Service lands are on National Forests in northwest few. The Trinity Alps Wilderness is a unique and California. Large portions of National Forest complex area ofmultiple vegetations, geologies, lands have been fragmented by logging and and moisture regimes, providing numerous related road construction. Wilderness areas, habitats for lichen diversity. Six different while not exempt from the disturbance of wild- locations were inventoried in 2013, resulting in fire, are relatively undisturbed by land manage- 89 species recorded. An additional 13 species ment activities and also capture relatively wide were added from incidental records. Collection elevational gradients and thus diverse vegetative locations and significant species are discussed. communities, providing an advantageous setting Additional areas are identified for future for lichen inventory. inventories. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING The Trinity Alps is a 525,627-acre Wilder- INTRODUCTION Lichen inventory data for federally- ness located primarily in northern Trinity administered lands is scant to nonexistent. County in , and except for While there is a policy document (NPS 2001) approximately 4623 acres under the jurisdiction and a monitoring program (NPS 2014) in place of the Bureau of Land Management, is admin- for the national parks in the , it is istered by the Shasta-Trinity, Klamath and Six currently estimated to be only 46% complete. In Rivers National Forests. The Wilderness also California there are only three published crosses the boundaries of Trinity, Siskiyou and inventories for national parks (Knudsen & Humboldt Counties; the county boundaries Kokourkova 2012; Hutten et al. 2013; Knudsen coincide with the National Forest boundaries. et al. 2013). Additional inventories are recom- The wilderness is located in the Salmon and mended (McCune et al. 2007). For the much Scott Mountains, subranges of the Klamath larger land area managed by the US Forest Mountains. Elevations range from 2400 feet in Service, no formal lichen inventories have been the Stuart Fork Canyon to just over 9000 feet at made, aside from species-specific surveys Thomson Peak (Ferlatte 1974). Rainfall varies conducted within the range of the northern between 29 and 107 inches of precipitation spotted owl, as part of the Survey and Manage annually (Gibson et al. 2002); higher elevations component of the Northwest Forest Plan. typically receive greater precipitation than low. Informal inventory data exist in the form of The following information on the geology spatial queries of online lichen herbaria of the Trinity Alps Wilderness is excerpted from (CNALH, UC Riverside, NY Botanic Garden), Davis et. al, 1965: but data for these are incidental rather than "The oldest rocks are Pre-Upper Jurassic focused. metamorphics. Igneous rocks are younger, The objective of this work was to initiate a mostly Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in focused inventory and collection of macro- age. Plutons at Caribou Mountain and in

71 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory

Canyon Creek are quartz diorite; there are due to the Corral and Baker fires of 2013. This also large ultramafic outcrops, most of which was unfortunate because the west side (approx- have altered to serpentine. The youngest imately west of the New River) receives more rocks are Quaternary glacial deposits, alluvium and talus". moisture than the rest of the Wilderness, both in precipitation and also in relative humidity Portions of the vascular flora are (PRISM 2010). The resulting loss of inventory predominantly Sierran, a unique occurrence for diversity was significant. mountains that lie only sixty miles from the Locations 7, 8 and 9 were not a formal part Pacific Ocean. The following ecological zones of this Inventory. They represent earlier occur (Ferlatte 1974): mixed conifer forest, red collections from my personal herbarium, and fir forest, subalpine forest, alpine fell-field, and were made during casual recreational trips into montane chaparral. the Alps and surrounding areas, or were col- lected during field work for Six Rivers National COLLECTION LOCATIONS Forest. All collections (Table 1) have been Inventory locations were chosen to capture accessioned into the herbarium at the California as much of the habitat diversity of the Wilder- Academy of Sciences (CAS). ness as was practical (Figure 1), given the time 1. East Fork New River Trail. 33 species. and funding available. Visits to west side Portions of this trail had burned during the locations around Limestone Ridge, Tish Tang 1999 Megram Fire, but as was typical of the Creek and Mill Creek Lakes had to be cancelled patchy nature of Megram, certain areas remain- ed unburned, despite their proximity to areas of high- intensity burn. East Fork New River Trail follows the north bank of the East Fork, beginning at about 2000’ elevation. Except for the river benches the habitat is a relatively uni- form moist vegetation type, and consists primarily of early- to late-mature Pseudotsuga menziesii/No- tholithocarpus densiflora forest mixed with Caloc- edrus decurrens and Pinus ponderosa in slightly drier areas, and Acer macro- phyllum where more mois- ture is available. Small Quercus garryana - lands less than 10 acres in size are scant along the portions of the trail sur- veyed. On old river benches the vegetation Figure 1 . Trinity Alps Wilderness, showing collection locations (white dots). changes to an Alnus

72 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory rhombifolia/ forest with an While the pattern of burning is a beautiful understory of Cornus canadensis and Taxus example of an old-growth forest’s tendency brevifolia. Light levels can be very low and towards ground-hugging fire (it may in fact have moisture is available year-round. been a controlled back-burn), it also demon- Due to the valley bottom slope position strates that ground-based fire is catastrophic to (McCune et al.2002) and hardwood species, any community less than eight feet tall. cyanolichens are well-represented on trees and There was no understory and sometimes on the ground along many parts of virtually no graminoid presence in any surveyed the trail. nigrescens, Nephroma helvet- part of this trail. Lichens that are typically found icum, N. resupinatum and Pseudocyphellaria on soil, soil on rocks, directly on small and large anthraspis are common on maple and yew rocks, or on tree bases or the cut banks of trails branches and trunks. The lowest portions of were completely absent from all parts of the mossy clustered dogwood trunks host smaller Green Mountain Trail. No specimens were cyanolichens: Leptogium palmatum, L. polycar- found of the common terrestrial/saxicolous pum, and Fuscopannaria pacifica. Some of the genera Peltigera, Leptogium, Cladonia, Lepto- larger cyanolichens are also present in the drier chidium, Polychidium, Fuscopannaria, and Garry stands, including Lobaria hallii. Massalongia. Terrestrial lichens are present in unburned 3. Canyon Creek Trail. 58 species. portions of the trail, but species diversity is low. This popular backpacking trail had the least 2. Green Mountain Trail. 17 species. elevational gradient and the greatest substrate Green Mountain Trail begins at 5,050’ in a diversity of any inventoried location. Lower small Quercus garryana grassland, and climbs portions of the trail are Pseudotsuga men- steeply up the southeast ridge of Brushy ziesii//Notholithocarpus densi- Mountain, ascending through a mixed early- flora forest with regular Quercus kelloggii and mature/old-growth forest of Pseudotsuga men- frequent Quercus chrysolepus, Calocedrus ziesii/Abies grandis/, until ap- decurrens and Abies magnifica, as well as Acer proximately 5,800’, where Douglas-fir drops macrophyllum where more moisture is available. out, and the forest is composed entirely of fir Small granite boulders are common along the trees. Lichen species conformed to that of a lower trail, increasing in size and frequency typical mid-elevation mid- to upper-slope fir approaching the subalpine parts of the trail. forest, with Alectoria sarmentosa, Platismatia Portions of the first 1.5 miles of the trail show glauca, P. stenophylla, Letharia columbiana, L. evidence of a controlled underburn. Above vulpina, Esslingeriana idahoensis, Bryoria Canyon Creek Falls, tree size and diversity in- pseudofuscescens, and Hypogymnia imshaugii creased – Picea breweriana, mertensiana, dominating the boles and/or litterfall. some large (>40”dbh) Pinus lambertiana and P. Parmeliopsis ambigua grew abundantly on tree ponderosa, Pinus monticola, and Populus butts, and P. hyperopta was notably absent. trichocarpa are present in various locations in Species diversity is low, and in keeping with its the meadows paralleling the creek. slope position (Berryman & McCune 2006), Canyon Creek Trail resembles East Fork cyanolichens were expectedly absent from this New River Trail in that both have a vegetation relatively high-elevation ridgetop trail. type indicative of a mesic habitat, which in Greater species diversity would have been combination with the absence of widespread fire present, however one of teh fires of the Bar and the high substrate diversity, contributes to a Complex (2006) had burned through Brushy high lichen species diversity. Both chlorolichens Mountain, starting above the Garry oak grove at and cyanolichens were abundant and diverse. the start of the trail. Burn evidence was apparent Additionally, the greater presence of rocky throughout the length of the trail surveyed. substrates in this area resulted in detections of

73 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory terrestrial and saxicolous species not found at branch litterfall, absence of understory, and East Fork, including Vestergrenopsis sono- numerous dead and dying standing Abies spp. mensis, Cladonia ochrochlora, C. verruculosa, on the gentle slopes east of Fox Creek, all of Leptochidium albociliatum, Leptogium tereti- which contributed to diminished lichen diversity usculum, disjuncta, seven species of because of the short life of the substrate. Peltigera, and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera. However the granitic parent material and the Especially notable is the presence of Peltigera northerly aspect combined to provide substrate, gowardii, a Sensitive species in Region 5. This temperature and moisture conditions suitable to is only the second occurrence of this species on lichen metabolism. Notable collections made the Shasta-Trinity National Forest. here were Leptogium rivale, found where the 4. East Boulder Lake – Pacific Crest cool waters of Fox Creek flowed over slopes of Trail. 13 species. 5-15%, and Bryoria simplicior, a species with This inventory location had low species white soredia, which is an uncommon character diversity for a number of reasons: 1) the north- in California species of Bryoria. east corner of the Trinity Alps has a mixed The ridge between Fox Lake and Fox Creek geology of metamorphic and granitic parent is rocky enough that trees grow poorly here, and materials. The rocks of East Boulder Lake and the accumulation of litter and duff is minimal. A the above the lake are well-established community of terrestrial peridotite, the chemistry of which is not lichens grows here, including Placynthiella conducive to macrolichen diversity; 2) based on icmalea, a widely distributed and frequently the absence of lichens from the lowest 5-10’ of overlooked minute soil crust. tree trunks in the area, the area experiences The highest species diversity associated significant persistent snow. In summer-dry with this particular route was found on flat climates, lichens photosynthesize and increase ground at the confluence of Fox Creek and the biomass significantly during periods of winter unnamed outflow from Mavis Lake. At this site, sun in the presence of snow (Kappan & Breuer there were five species that showed up here that 1991; Schroeter et al. 1997), but only to the had been undetected all day: Alectoria depth that sunlight can penetrate the upper sarmentosa, Bryoria simplicior, Melanohalea layers of snow. Below this depth, there is exasperatula, Platismatia glauca and Tucker- moisture but insufficient light, resulting in the mannopsis chlorophylla. decay and death of the lichen; 3) the habitat is 6. Fox Ridge Trail. 11 species. rocky and alpine to subalpine, and 4) the trail The habitat along Fox Ridge was the driest contours along the dry south face of a long east- encountered in the course of this inventory. west ridge. Each factor taken singly (exotic Typical of ridgetop locations, it is more chemistry, persistent snow pack, dry south exposed, receives more insolation, and becomes slope, sub/alpine habitat) will reduce species drier as one descends. These changes are diversity; taken together they result in overall reflected in the presence of species indicative of very low macrolichen species diversity. drier environments such as Pinus ponderosa and 5. Mavis Lake/Fox Lake/Fox Creek cross- Arctostaphyllos spp. country loop. 19 species. Two species found on the ridge are unusual. This portion of the inventory had Additional occurrences of Bryoria simplicior similarities to the East Boulder Lake/Pacific were found on Abies concolor and Abies Crest leg of the trail, in that the habitat was magnifica. The only detection within the Alps of subalpine and rocky, with an apparent persistent Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea came from Fox snowpack. In particular, the stretch of terrain Ridge. This common lichen grows almost between Fox Lake and Fox Creek showed exclusively on burned wood and charcoal; given significant snow damage in the form of heavy the large acreage of burned forest surveyed, it is

74 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory unusual that only one detection was made. seldom collected, and Psoroma hypnorum, from West Side Inventory. Day trips planned for the headwaters of Mill Creek. the west side trailheads at Limestone Ridge, Mill Creek Lakes and Tish Tang Creek were SIGNIFICANT SPECIES cancelled, as the Corral and Baker fires of 2013 The following collections are noteworthy, had increased in size and caused closures in representing species encountered that are these Wilderness areas. unusual, under-reported or uncommon to rare. 7. Grizzly Lake and North Fork Trinity Bryoria simplicior (Vainio) Brodo & D. Trail. 16 species. Hawksw. (Carlberg #03519A, 03522, 03534). Collections from Grizzly Lake and North It is unusual to find in California any of the Fork Trinity Trail were made in 2002 incidental species of Bryoria that produce white soredia. to a recreational backpacking trip, and are not as Brioria furcellata, B. fuscescens, B. glabra, B. representative of the lichen flora of the area as implexa and B. pikei have all been found collections from other sites, the collections hav- sporadically and in small quantities in ing been made sporadically. A detailed inventory California, mostly in relatively pristine loca- of this trail is recommended, especially the tions. The USDA National Lichens & Air portion between China Spring Trail and Grizzly Quality Database (USDA 2013) shows only one Meadows, as this segment of the trail has dense previous detection of B. simplicior in California and moist vegetation. Despite the unstructured (Marble Mountains). nature of this trip, some significant collections “Dendriscocaulon” intricatulum (Nyl.) were made of species representative of a Henssen. community that inhabits drier, more easterly The of this occasional cyano- habitats (i.e., California Cascade Mountains or lichen is still unresolved, however the lower Interior Coast Ranges): Nephroma parile, elevations of both the Fox Ridge and Canyon Dermatocarpon intestiniforme, Lobothallia Creek Trails, with their mixed hardwood/conifer melanaspis, and Phaeophyscia decolor. Other forests that include Quercus kelloggii, seem like notable species from North Fork Trail include suitable habitat. This lichen was not found D. meiophyllizum, Pseudephebe pubescens and during the current inventory. Umbilicaria polyphylla. Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körber) 8, 9. Stuart Fork Creek and incidental Hasse (Carlberg #00742). westside locations. 10 species. Widespread, uncommon, and distinctive, Like the Grizzly Lake and North Fork this specimen is from the north side of the Trinity Trail collections, the specimens from Wilderness, along Grizzly Creek Trail. In Stuart Fork Creek were made in 2002 while reference books that recognize this taxon (Brodo backpacking, and were not intended to represent et al. 2002; McCune & Geiser 1997) it keys the lichen flora of these areas. They are included easily because of the multiple holdfasts for each here to increase the value of this report, and thallus, however some recent texts (McCune & because some of the species from Stuart Fork Geiser 2009) treat it as a synonym of D. Creek were not found in other parts of the Alps. miniatum var. complicatum, which however has Melanelia panniformis is uncommon throughout a single holdfast. the Pacific Northwest. Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vainio Incidental collections are from the Lower (Carlberg #00744, 00745, 03499, 03512). Trinity Ranger District on Six Rivers National In western North America prior to 2009, this Forest, and were made during the course of lichen was identified as D. luridum, a rare lichen botanical field work in 2001 related to the protected under the Survey & Manage com- Megram Fire. Notable species are Leptogium ponent of the Northwest Forest Plan. Research subaridum, which was described in 1994 and is by Glavich & Geiser (2009) determined that

75 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory most North American specimens were actually Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. (Carlberg the European taxon D. meiophyllizum, distin- #00747). guished by the Melzer’s (+) reaction of the Uncommon in northern California, and medulla. It was found at two widely separated absent from the northern Outer Coast Ranges, locations in the Wilderness. this lichen is sporadic in mesic areas, and Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Räsänen) becomes the dominant representative of the Timdal (Carlberg #03404, 03538). in drier forests further east. Given the amount of burned forest visited Peltigera britannica (Gyelnik) Holt.-Hartw. during this inventory, it is surprising that this & Tønsberg (Carlberg #03327). lichen was not found numerous times, given the From the East Fork New River Trail. More specificity of its substrate (charcoal and burned common further west, and may be restricted to wood). the Coast Ranges in northern California. Leptogium polycarpum P. M. Jørg. & Peltigera gowardii Lendemer & H. O'Brien Goward (Carlberg #03334). (Carlberg #03437A, 03437B). Widely distributed and possibly uncommon This species has in recent times undergone a in California, L. polycarpum is easily distin- somewhat bewildering series of name changes guished from other fertile species of Leptogium (Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2000; Lendemer & by the 4-spored asci. O’Brien 2011). Leptogium rivale Tuck. (Carlberg Like Leptogium rivale, Peltigera gowardii #03506B). prefers clear cold spring-fed creeks. P. gowardii An aquatic cyanolichen that is more likely has very strict requirements regarding stream overlooked and undercollected than rare temperature, scour and sedimentation (Davis et (Glavich 2009), L. rivale is found in clear cold al. 2000, 2003). This lichen is a Sensitive perennial streams, especially on granitic sub- species in Region 5, and occupies much of its strates. The thin brown thallus resembles a predicted habitat in the central smudge on the rock surface, (Peterson 2010), but is scarce in the Coast Leptogium subaridum Jørgensen & Goward Ranges, with only four occurrences on the Six (Carlberg #00518). Rivers (1), Shasta-Trinity (2), and Mendocino Seldom reported in California, and usually (1) National Forests. A new unvouchered absent from the Central and Outer Coast detection was made recently on the Klamath Ranges. Possibly overlooked, and very widely National Forest (Rentz 2013), but given the ease distributed, having been reported from Greece, with which this lichen can be identified, it seems Italy, Spain, and Morocco(Aragón et al. 2004). very likely that the identification is valid. Massalongia carnosa (Dickson) Körber Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyelnik (Carlberg #00725, 00729, 03427, 03468). (Carlberg #03439, 03458, 03464). Published reports of this widespread and The most common green Peltigera in the common species that grows on moss over rock Wilderness. Green species of Peltigera are a are few (Tucker 2013), so it perhaps deserves symbiosis of a , a green primary photo- more frequent mention. partner, and a secondary cyanobacterial photo- Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. partner. In the outer Coast Ranges of northern (Carlberg #00726). California, P. britannica dominates, and appar- Another specimen from the Grizzly Creek ently in the central Coast Range, the opposite is Trail, Melanelia panniformis is isidiate and sax- true. P. leucophlebia has also been reported icolous, and like many lichens has the appar- from Plumas County (Bratt 7550; det. McCune). ently contradictory distribution pattern of being Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm. (Carlberg both uncommon and widespread. Only two #03408). recent reports from California (Tucker 2013). Uncommon throughout northern California,

76 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory and absent from the southern part of the state. weight and photosynthesis over long periods of Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. time. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 75: 201-208. James (Carlberg #03501B). Davis, W.C., C. Gries, and T.H. Nash. 2003. The Another overlooked and underreported influence of temperature on the weight and net lichen, P. icmalea is nearly indistinguishable photosynthesis of the aquatic lichen Peltigera hydrothyria over long periods of time. from the dirt on which it grows. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 86: 233-242. Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray (Carlberg Ferlatte, W.J. 1974. A Flora of the Trinity Alps of #00519). Northern California. University of California Uncommon to rare in California, but more Press, Los Angelels. 206pp. common in states to the north and east ( Gibson, W.P., C. Daly, T. Kittel, D. Nychka, C. and Colorado). This voucher is actually from Johns, N. Rosenbloom, A. McNab, and G. just west of the Wilderness, in the Mill Creek Taylor. 2002. Development of a 103-year high- drainage on Six Rivers National Forest. The resolution climate data set for the conterminous location is near the Corral Fire (2013), and has United States. In: Proc., 13th AMS Conf. on possibly burned since the 2001 collection. Applied Climatology, Amer. Meteorological Soc., Portland, OR, May 13-16, 181-183. Glavich, D. A. 2009. Distribution, rarity and habitats ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS of three aquatic lichens on federal land in the US Grateful appreciation goes out to numerous Pacific Northwest. The Bryologist, 112:1,54-72. Forest Service personnel who provided funding Glavich, D. A., and L.H. Geiser. 2004. and/or logistical support during the weeks of the Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vainio in the US Inventory. Trent Procter (Region 5 Air Quality Pacific Northwest. Evansia 21: 137-140. Program Manager) and Christina Boston Hutten, M., U. Arup, O. Breuss, T.L. Esslinger, A.M. (Region 5 Wilderness Program Leader) provided Fryday, K. Knudsen, J.C. Lendemer, C. Printzen, funding, Lisa Hoover (Forest Botanist, Six H.T. , M. Schultz, J. Sheard, T. Tonsberg, B. Rivers National Forest) made personnel resour- McCune. 2013. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi ces available, and Lusetta Nelson (Westside ofYosemite National Park, California. North Botanist, Shasta-Trinity National Forest) co- American Fungi 8(11): 1-47. Kappen, L. & M. Breuer. 1991. Ecological and wrote the proposal that secured the funding. physiological investigations in continental Antarctic cryptogams. II. Moisture relations and LITERATURE CITED photosynthesis of lichens near Casey Station, Aragón, A., I. Martínez, M.A.G. Otálora. 2004. The Wilkes Land. Antarctic Science 3(3): 273-278. lichen Leptogium subaridum, a new Knudsen, K., K. Kokourkova. 2012. The annotated Mediterranean-NW American disjunction. checklist of lichens, lichenicolous and allied Lichenologist 36(2): 163-165. fungi of Channel Islands National Park. Berryman, S., B. Mccune. 2006. Epiphytic lichens Opuscula Philolichenum 11: 145-302. along gradients in topography and stand Knudsen, K., M. Harding, and J. Hoines. 2013. The structure in western Oregon, USA. - Pacific lichen flora of Joshua Tree National Park: An Northwest Fungi 1(2): 1-38. annotated checklist. Natural Resource Technical Brodo, I. M., S.D. Sharnoff, & S. Sharnoff. 2001. Report NPS/JOTR/NRTR—2013/743. National Lichens of North America. Yale University Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Press. Lendemer, J.C. & H. O’Brien. 2011. How do you Davis, G.A., M.J. Holdaway, P.W. Lipman, W.D. reconcile molecular and non-molecular datasets? Romey. 1965. Structure, metamorphism and A case study where new molecular data prompts plutonism in the south-central Klamath a revision of Peltigera hydrothyria s.l. in North Mountains, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. America and the recognition of two species. 76(8):933-965. Opuscula Philolichenum, 9: 99-110. Davis, W.C., C. Gries, and T.H. Nash. 2000. The McCune, B., J. Grenon, L.S. Mutch, E.P. Martin. ecophysiological response of the aquatic lichen 2007. Lichens in relation to management issues Hydrothyria venosa to nitrates in terms of

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in the Sierra Nevada national parks. Pacific Peterson, E.B. 2010. Conservation Assessment with Northwest Fungi 2(3): 1-39. Management Guidelines for Peltigera Mccune, B., J. Hutchinson, S. Berryman. 2002. Con- hydrothyria Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (a.k.a. centration of rare epiphytic lichens along large Hydrothyria venosa J. L. Russell). Internal streams in a mountainous watershed in Oregon, Report by the California Native Plant Society, U.S.A. - The Bryologist 105(3): 439-450. prepared for the USDA Forest Service Region 5. McCune, B., L. Geiser. 1997. Macrolichens of the PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State http://prism.oregonstate.edu. Accessed University Press. December 2010 McCune, B., L. Geiser. 2009. Macrolichens of the Rentz, E. 2013. Personal communication. Pacific Northwest (2nd edition). Corvallis: Schroeter, B., L. Kappen, T.G.A Green, R.D. Seppelt. Oregon State University Press. 1997. Lichens and the Antarctic environment: Miadlikowska, J. & F. Lutzoni. 2000. Phylogenetic effects of temperature and water availability on revision of the genus Peltigera (lichen-forming photosynthesis. In: Lyons, WB/Howard- ) based on morphological, chemical, Williams, C/Hawes, I (eds.): Ecosystem and large-subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA data. Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes. A. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161(6):925–958. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 103-117. . 2001. National Park Service Tucker, S.C. 2013. Personal communication. Management Policies, Washington, D.C. United States Forest Service National Lichens & Air http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/lawsandpolicies.ht Quality Database and Clearinghouse. 2013. m. Accessed January 2014. http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/index.php?page=qu National Park Service. 2014. National Park Service ery&type=community. Accessed 27 September Biological Inventories Program. 2013. http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/inventory/index .cfm. Accessed January 2014.

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79 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 20(2), 2013 Carlberg - Trinity Alps Inventory

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