Notes PREFACE 1. Bradley F. Smith, 'The OSS and Record Group 226: Some Perspectives and Prospects,' in George C. Chalou (ed.), The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II, (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992). 2. Particularly useful sources on cryptanalytic cooperation include Bradley Smith's The Ultra-Magic Deals, Thomas Parrish's, The American Codebreakers: The US Role in ULTRA, F.W. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret, David Kahn's Codebreakers andSeiz­ ing the Enigma, and Sir Harry Hinsley's five volume British Intelligence in the Second World War. 1 PLANTING THE SEEDS: 'WILD BILL' DONOVAN'S TWO EUROPEAN MISSIONS 1. Allen W. Dulles, William 1. Donovan and the National Security, (Central Intelligence Agency: Studies in Intelligence, Summer 1959), adapted from an address delivered in tribute to William J. Donovan by Allen Dulles in 1959. 2. The British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) dispatched Claude Dansey to Washington with Arthur Balfour's mission in 1917. Dansey assisted the nascent intelligence arm of the US Army to establish a viable capability to assist the British and French in the First World War; a capability that was largely abandoned by the US in the interwar years. 3. Telegram from Sir B. Newton of the British Mission in Baghdad to the Foreign Office (declassified from 'SECRET'), No. 134, E52l/G, 14 February 1941, Foreign Office Pa­ pers (hereafter cited as 'FO') 371/27098, United Kingdom Public Record Office, Lon­ don (hereafter cited as 'UKPRO'). 4. The Coordinator of Information (COl) was established by Executive Order on 11 July 1941. 'Donovan was directed to "collect and assemble information and data bearing on national security from the various departments" ... and "to analyze and collate such ma­ terials for the use of the President and such other officials as the President may desig­ nate.'" Thomas F. Troy, Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, Maryland: Althea Books, University Publica­ tions of America, 1981), p. 69 (first published in classified form by the Central Intelli­ gence Agency's Centre for the Study of Intelligence in 1975). The COl was the forerunner of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which was established by Exe­ cutive Order on 13 June 1942 and was itself the forerunner of the Central Intelli­ gence Agency (CIA), established on 26 July 1947. 5. War Report of the OSS (declassified from 'TOP SECRET'), Prepared by History Project, Strategic Services Unit, Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, War Depart­ ment, Washington, DC, (New York: Walker 1976), p. 5. 6. On 22 July 1940, the British War Cabinet formally approved a draft document sign­ ed three days earlier by Neville Chamberlain establishing SOE under the Ministry of 198 Notes 199 Economic Warfare and its head, Hugh Dalton. In a telling comment about SOE's mis­ sion, Dalton observed, 'Regular soldiers are not the men to stir up revolution, to create social chaos or to use all those ungentlemanly means of winning the war which come so easily to the Nazis.' Derrick Mercer (ed.), Chronicle of the Second World War, (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1990), p. 107. 7. Radiogram from Lord Beaverbrook to Colonel William Donovan, photographically reproduced in Corey Ford, Donovan ofOSS, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), p. 95. 8. Robert E. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry Hopkins, (New York: 1948), as quoted verbatim in Ford, op. cit., p.89. 9. C.H. Ellis, 'Mission Accomplished' (unpublished original manuscript), (Central In­ telligence Agency: Historical Intelligence Collection, HIC.Y 151.E4), pp. 31-2. 10. John H. Godfrey, 'The Naval Memoirs of Admiral J.H. Godfrey, Vol. V, 1939-1942, Naval Intelligence Division, Part l' (hereafter cited as 'Godfrey Memoirs'), Godfrey Papers (hereafter cited as 'GDFY'), Box 1, Folder 6, pp. 130-31, Churchill College Archive at Cambridge University (hereafter cited as 'CCA'). 11. BSC was based in New York City and was initially established to 'bring under cen­ tral control' the security responsibilities of the British Purchasing Commission, which procured war materiel for the UK, and for the overlapping jurisdiction of Britain's Ministries of Information, Economic Warfare, Supply and War Trans­ port, and the intelligence branches of the armed forces. The Commission had a security division to liaise with various US and Canadian law enforcement agen­ cies, immigration authorities, and military intelligence branches. Stephenson's BSC inherited the Commission's security functions, enlarged its contacts, and expanded its responsibility to include liaison with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and later with Donovan's organization. BSC became the Brit­ ish authority for all intelligence, special operations, and related liaison activities in the Western Hemisphere, including work undertaken by SIS, SOE, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), and UK censorship components in Bermuda. Ellis, 'Mission Accomplished,' pp. 36-7 (including deleted passage), 40, 77-8, 96, 99-101, 103-5. 12. H. Montgomery Hyde, The Quiet Canadian: The Secret Service Story of Sir William Stephenson (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962), p. 28. Hyde, incidentally, worked for BSC in New York and Bermuda during the war and was a close friend of Stephenson. 13. While on his honeymoon in 1919, Donovan visited Siberia with the US Ambassador to Japan to evaluate the state of the White Russian government. In 1920, he accompanied the American banker Grayson Murphy on a tour of war-ravaged Europe at the behest of various relief organizations. In 1932, he visited Germany on private business, and upon returning home argued for armed preparedness to counter European militarism. In 1935, he met Mussolini in Rome and toured Italian military camps in Libya and Abyssinia, later reporting to Roosevelt that Italy would win its war there. And in 1936, Donovan visited a Spain embroiled in civil war and returned home with a report on Germany's technical advances for the US Army Chief of Staff. See Ford, op. cit., pp. 59-83. 14. Ellis, op. cit., p. 48. 15. British Security Coordination Memorandum (declassified from 'PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL') for Mr. James R. Murphy, Office of Strategic Services, Washing­ ton, DC, April 26, 1944 in the J. Russell Forgan Papers (hereafter cited as 'Forgan Papers'), Box 1, File 'Stephenson, William S.' Hoover Institution Archives on War, Revolution, and Peace (hereafter cited as 'HIA'), Stanford University. 16. Hyde, op. cit., p. 35. 17. War Report, p. 5. 18. Troy, op. cit., pp. 30-32. 19. Ford, op. cit., pp. 90-91. 200 Notes 20. Troy, op. cit., p. 36. 21. Thomas F. Troy, 'COl and British Intelligence (declassified from "SECRET"),' un­ published internal CIA paper, as quoted in Troy, op. cit., p. 36. 22. Troy, op. cit., p. 36. 23. Synopsized from Conyer Read, 'Pre-COl Period (declassified from "SECRET"),' inter­ nal CIA paper (Washington: OSS Records, Washington Historical Office), p. 23 as quoted in Troy, op. cit., p. 36. 24. Ellis, op. cit., p. 32. 25. Hyde, op. cit., p. 37. 26. Donovan carried letters from Knox and Clarence Dillon to Lord Beaverbrook, the Minister of Aircraft Production, from Dillon to Brendan Bracken, then Secretary to the Prime Minister, from a John D. Biggers to a British Colonel R.W. Weeks, from William Knudson of The Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense to Mr. C.J. Bartlett, Managing Director of Vauxhall, from James Forrestal to Sir Hugh Seely at the Air Ministry, and from Hull to American Diplomatic and Consular officers abroad. 'List of Letters of Introduction,' The Donovan Collection (Donovan's personal papers, hereafter cited as 'Donovan Papers'), Box 81B, 'William J. Donovan - Personal, Volume 34,' US Army Military Historical Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as 'AMHI'). 27. SOE resulted from the merger of the War Office's 'Military Intelligence Research' CMIR') and the SIS sabotage unit, 'Section D' (,Destruction'). 28. Mercer (ed.), op. cit., p. 107. 29. Nigel West, MI6: British Secret Intelligence Operations, 1909-45, (London: Weiden­ feld & Nicolson, 1983), p. 204. 30. 'Program - July 1940 Trip (Col. D),' Donovan Papers, Box 81B, Vol. 34, (AMHI). 31. James Leutze (ed.), The London Journal of General Raymond E. Lee, 1940-41 (Bos­ ton: Little, Brown, 1971), entry dated 2 August 1940, p. 27. 32. During 23-31 July 1940, Donovan received telephone calls from Labour Minister Ernest Bevin, Sir Charles Craven, Lord McGowan, the Duchess of Westminster, Lady Duff Cooper, Lady Astor, Lady Colefax, Lady Beatty, Lady Metcalf, and Lady Stanley. 'Telephone Messages,' Donovan Papers, Box 81B, Vol. 34 (AMHI). Evidently, his eve­ nings were put to good use. 33. Beaverbrook, as Minister of Aircraft Production, asked Donovan for information on the secret American Sperry bombsight, which was ultimately made available to Lon­ don, but only after British secret information that German agents had acquired the de­ sign in 1938 was provided to Washington. Hyde, op. cit., p. 40. 34. Ellis, op. cit., p. 50. 35. Ford, op. cit., pp. 91-2. 36. West, MI6, pp. 139 and 204. 37. Handwritten note on 'Bath Club' letterhead, 25 July 1940, with illegible signature, Donovan Papers, Box 81B, Vol. 34, (AMHI). 38. 'Program - July 1940 Trip (Col. D),' Donovan Papers, Box 81B, Vol. 34 (AMHI). 39. Note from Godfrey to Donovan, 28 July 1940, Donovan Papers, Box 81B, Vol. 34 (AMHI). 40. Godfrey Memoirs, GDFY, Box 1, Folder 6, p. 132, (CCA). 41. Bradley F. Smith, The Ultra-Magic Deals and the Most Secret Special Relation­ ship, 1940-46, (Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing, 1993), p. 38. See also DNI Note of 2 August 1940 on Donovan's Visit, Admiralty Papers (hereafter cited as 'ADM') 233/85, File 002376/40 (UKPRO) as cited in F.H. Hinsley, British Intelli­ gence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, Volume Notes 201 One (Official History), (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979), pp.