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The Natural Flow Regime

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The Natural Flow Regime The Natural Flow Regime A paradigm for river conservation and restoration N. LeRoy Poff, J. David Allan, Mark B. Bain, James R. Karr, Karen L. Prestegaard, Brian D. Richter, Richard E. Sparks, and Julie C. Stromberg umans have long been fasci- ing. However, current management nated by the dynamism of The ecological integrity approaches often fail to recognize Hfree-flowing waters. Yet we the fundamental scientific principle have expended great effort to tame of river ecosystems that the integrity of flowing water rivers for transportation, water sup- systems depends largely on their natu- ply, flood control, agriculture, and depends on their natural ral dynamic character; as a result, power generation. It is now recog- these methods frequently prevent suc- nized that harnessing of streams and dynamic character cessful river conservation or restora- rivers comes at great cost: Many tion. Streamflow quantity and tim- rivers no longer support socially val- ing are critical components of water ued native species or sustain healthy The extensive ecological degrada- supply, water quality, and the eco- ecosystems that provide important tion and loss of biological diversity logical integrity of river systems. In- goods and services (Naiman et al. resulting from river exploitation is deed, streamflow, which is strongly 1995, NRC 1992). eliciting widespread concern for con- correlated with many critical physi- servation and restoration of healthy cochemical characteristics of rivers, N. LeRoy Poff is an assistant professor river ecosystems among scientists and such as water temperature, channel in the Department of Biology, Colorado the lay public alike (Allan and Flecker geomorphology, and habitat diver- State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1993, Hughes and Noss 1992, Karr sity, can be considered a “master 1878 and formerly senior scientist at Trout Unlimited, Arlington, VA 22209. et al. 1985, TNC 1996, Williams et variable” that limits the distribution J. David Allan is a professor at the School al. 1996). Extirpation of species, clo- and abundance of riverine species of Natural Resources & Environment, sures of fisheries, groundwater deple- (Power et al. 1995, Resh et al. 1988) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI tion, declines in water quality and and regulates the ecological integrity 48109-1115. Mark B. Bain is a research availability, and more frequent and of flowing water systems (Figure 1). scientist and associate professor at the intense flooding are increasingly rec- Until recently, however, the impor- New York Cooperative Fish & Wildlife ognized as consequences of current tance of natural streamflow variabil- Research Unit of the Department of river management and development ity in maintaining healthy aquatic Natural Resources, Cornell University, policies (Abramovitz 1996, Collier ecosystems has been virtually ignored Ithaca, NY 14853-3001. James R. Karr et al. 1996, Naiman et al. 1995). The in a management context. is a professor in the departments of Fish- eries and Zoology, Box 357980, Univer- broad social support in the United Historically, the “protection” of sity of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195- States for the Endangered Species river ecosystems has been limited in 7980. Karen L. Prestegaard is an associate Act, the recognition of the intrinsic scope, emphasizing water quality and professor in the Department of Geology, value of noncommercial native spe- only one aspect of water quantity: University of Maryland, College Park, MD cies, and the proliferation of water- minimum flow. Water resources 20742. Brian D. Richter is national hy- shed councils and riverwatch teams management has also suffered from drologist in the Biohydrology Program, are evidence of society’s interest in the often incongruent perspectives The Nature Conservancy, Hayden, CO maintaining the ecological integrity and fragmented responsibility of 81639. Richard E. Sparks is director of and self-sustaining productivity of agencies (for example, the US Army the River Research Laboratories at the free-flowing river systems. Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Illinois Natural History Survey, Havana, IL 62644. Julie C. Stromberg is an asso- Society’s ability to maintain and Reclamation are responsible for wa- ciate professor in the Department of restore the integrity of river ecosys- ter supply and flood control, the US Plant Biology, Arizona State University, tems requires that conservation and Environmental Protection Agency Tempe, AZ 85281. © 1997 American management actions be firmly and state environmental agencies for Institute of Biological Sciences. grounded in scientific understand- water quality, and the US Fish & December 1997 769 Figure 1. Flow regime hibit relatively stable hydrographs is of central importance due to high groundwater inputs (Fig- in sustaining the eco- ure 2a), whereas other streams can logical integrity of flow- fluctuate greatly at virtually any time ing water systems. The of year (Figure 2b). In regions with five components of the seasonal precipitation, some streams flow regime—magni- tude, frequency, dura- are dominated by snowmelt, result- tion, timing, and rate ing in pronounced, predictable run- of change—influence off patterns (Figure 2c), and others integrity both directly lack snow accumulation and exhibit and indirectly, through more variable runoff patterns during their effects on other the rainy season, with peaks occur- primary regulators of ring after each substantial storm integrity. Modification event (Figure 2d). of flow thus has cas- Five critical components of the cading effects on the flow regime regulate ecological pro- ecological integrity of rivers. After Karr 1991. cesses in river ecosystems: the mag- nitude, frequency, duration, timing, and rate of change of hydrologic conditions (Poff and Ward 1989, Wildlife Service for water-dependent spective on water management is Richter et al. 1996, Walker et al. species of sporting, commercial, or needed to guide society’s interac- 1995). These components can be used conservation value), making it diffi- tions with rivers. to characterize the entire range of cult, if not impossible, to manage the flows and specific hydrologic phe- entire river ecosystem (Karr 1991). The natural flow regime nomena, such as floods or low flows, However, environmental dynamism that are critical to the integrity of is now recognized as central to sus- The natural flow of a river varies on river ecosystems. Furthermore, by taining and conserving native spe- time scales of hours, days, seasons, defining flow regimes in these terms, cies diversity and ecological integ- years, and longer. Many years of the ecological consequences of par- rity in rivers and other ecosystems observation from a streamflow gauge ticular human activities that modify (Holling and Meffe 1996, Hughes are generally needed to describe the one or more components of the flow 1994, Pickett et al. 1992, Stanford et characteristic pattern of a river’s flow regime can be considered explicitly. al. 1996), and coordinated actions quantity, timing, and variability— are therefore necessary to protect that is, its natural flow regime. Com- • The magnitude of discharge1 at any and restore a river’s natural flow ponents of a natural flow regime can given time interval is simply the variability. be characterized using various time amount of water moving past a fixed In this article, we synthesize exist- series (e.g., Fourier and wavelet) and location per unit time. Magnitude ing scientific knowledge to argue that probability analyses of, for example, can refer either to absolute or to the natural flow regime plays a critical extremely high or low flows, or of relative discharge (e.g., the amount role in sustaining native biodiversity the entire range of flows expressed of water that inundates a floodplain). and ecosystem integrity in rivers. as average daily discharge (Dunne Maximum and minimum magnitudes Decades of observation of the effects and Leopold 1978). In watersheds of flow vary with climate and water- of human alteration of natural flow lacking long-term streamflow data, shed size both within and among regimes have resulted in a well- analyses can be extended statisti- river systems. grounded scientific perspective on cally from gauged streams in the • The frequency of occurrence refers why altering hydrologic variability same geographic area. The frequency to how often a flow above a given in rivers is ecologically harmful (e.g., of large-magnitude floods can be es- magnitude recurs over some speci- Arthington et al. 1991, Castleberry timated by paleohydrologic studies fied time interval. Frequency of oc- et al. 1996, Hill et al. 1991, Johnson of debris left by floods and by studies currence is inversely related to flow et al. 1976, Richter et al. 1997, Sparks of historical damage to living trees magnitude. For example, a 100-year 1995, Stanford et al. 1996, Toth 1995, (Hupp and Osterkamp 1985, Knox flood is equaled or exceeded on aver- Tyus 1990). Current pressing demands 1972). These historical techniques can age once every 100 years (i.e., a on water use and the continuing alter- be used to extend existing hydrologic chance of 0.01 of occurring in any ation of watersheds require scientists records or to provide estimates of given year). The average (median) to help develop management proto- flood flows for ungauged sites. cols that can accommodate economic River flow regimes show regional 1Discharge (also known as streamflow, flow, uses while protecting ecosystem func- patterns that are determined largely or flow rate) is always expressed in dimen- tions. For humans to continue to rely by river size and by geographic varia- sions of volume per time. However, a great on river ecosystems for sustainable tion in climate, geology, topogra- variety of units are used to describe flow, depending on custom and purpose of charac- food production, power production, phy, and vegetative cover. For ex- terization: Flows can be expressed in near- waste assimilation, and flood con- ample, some streams in regions with instantaneous terms (e.g., ft3/s and m3/s) or trol, a new, holistic, ecological per- little seasonality in precipitation ex- over long time intervals (e.g., acre-ft/yr). 770 BioScience Vol.
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