The American Law Institute

DAVID F. LEVI, President ROBERTA COOPER RAMO, Chair of the Council DOUGLAS LAYCOCK, 1st Vice President LEE H. ROSENTHAL, 2nd Vice President WALLACE B. JEFFERSON, Treasurer PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, Secretary RICHARD L. REVESZ, Director STEPHANIE A. MIDDLETON, Deputy Director

COUNCIL KIM J. ASKEW, K&L Gates, Dallas, TX JOSE I. ASTIGARRAGA, Reed Smith, Miami, FL DONALD B. AYER, Jones Day, Washington, DC SCOTT BALES, Arizona Supreme Court, Phoenix, AZ JOHN H. BEISNER, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Washington, DC JOHN B. BELLINGER III, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, DC AMELIA H. BOSS, Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Philadelphia, PA ELIZABETH J. CABRASER, Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, San Francisco, CA EVAN R. CHESLER, Cravath, Swaine & Moore, , NY MARIANO-FLORENTINO CUELLAR, California Supreme Court, San Francisco, CA IVAN K. FONG, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN KENNETH C. FRAZIER, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, Washington, DC STEVEN S. GENSLER, University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK ABBE R. GLUCK, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, CA ANTON G. HAJJAR, Chevy Chase, MD TERESA WILTON HARMON, Sidley Austin, Chicago, IL NATHAN L. HECHT, Supreme Court, Austin, TX WILLIAM C. HUBBARD, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, Columbia, SC SAMUEL ISSACHAROFF, New York University School of Law, New York, NY , U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC WALLACE B. JEFFERSON, Alexander Dubose & Jefferson LLP, Austin, TX GREGORY P. JOSEPH, Joseph Hage Aaronson LLC, New York, NY MICHELE C. KANE, The Walt Disney Company, Burbank, CA HAROLD HONGJU KOH, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT CAROLYN B. KUHL, Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA CAROLYN B. LAMM, White & Case, Washington, DC DEREK P. LANGHAUSER, Office of the Governor, Augusta, ME DOUGLAS LAYCOCK, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA; University of Texas at Austin School of Law, Austin, TX CAROL F. LEE, Taconic Capital Advisors, New York, NY DAVID F. LEVI, Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC LANCE LIEBMAN*, , New York, NY GOODWIN LIU, California Supreme Court, San Francisco, CA RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY GERARD E. LYNCH, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY MARGARET H. MARSHALL, Choate Hall & Stewart, Boston, MA LORI A. MARTIN, WilmerHale, New York, NY TROY A. MCKENZIE, New York University School of Law, New York, NY M. MARGARET MCKEOWN, U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, San Diego, CA JUDITH A. MILLER, Chevy Chase, MD PATRICIA ANN MILLETT, U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Washington, DC JANET NAPOLITANO, University of California, Oakland, CA KATHRYN A. OBERLY, District of Columbia Court of Appeals (retired), Washington, DC KATHLEEN M. O'SULLIVAN, Perkins Coie, Seattle, WA

*DirectorEmeritus

11 @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved STEPHANIE E. PARKER, Jones Day, Atlanta, GA STUART RABNER, New Jersey Supreme Court, Trenton, NJ ROBERTA COOPER RAMO*, Modrall Sperling, Albuquerque, NM DAVID W. RIVKIN, Debevoise & Plimpton, New York, NY DANIEL B. RODRIGUEZ, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL LEE H. ROSENTHAL, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX GARY L. SASSO, Carlton Fields, Tampa, FL ANTHONY J. SCIRICA, U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, Philadelphia, PA MARSHA E. SIMMS, Weil, Gotshal & Manges (retired), New York, NY ROBERT H. SITKOFF, , Cambridge, MA JANE STAPLETON, Christ's College, , Cambridge, England LAURA STEIN, The Clorox Company, Oakland, CA LARRY S. STEWART, Stewart Tilghman Fox Bianchi & Cain, Miami, FL ELIZABETH S. STONG, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY CATHERINE T. STRUVE, University of Law School, Philadelphia, PA JEFFREY S. SUTTON, U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, Columbus, OH SARAH S. VANCE, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA SETH P. WAXMAN, WilmerHale, Washington, DC STEVEN 0. WEISE, Proskauer Rose, Los Angeles, CA DIANE P. WOOD, U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, Chicago, IL

COUNCIL EMERITI KENNETH S. ABRAHAM, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, Wisconsin Supreme Court, Madison, WI PHILIP S. ANDERSON, Williams & Anderson, Little Rock, AR SUSAN FRELICH APPLETON, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO SHEILA L. BIRNBAUM, Dechert LLP, New York, NY ALLEN D. BLACK, Fine, Kaplan and Black, Philadelphia, PA , U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit, Boston, MA WILLIAM M. BURKE, Shearman & Sterling (retired), Costa Mesa, CA GERHARD CASPER, Stanford University, Stanford, CA EDWARD H. COOPER, University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI N. LEE COOPER, Maynard, Cooper & Gale, Birmingham, AL GEORGE H. T. DUDLEY, Dudley Newman Feuerzeig, St. Thomas, U.S. VI CHRISTINE M. DURHAM, Utah Supreme Court (retired), Salt Lake City, UT CONRAD K. HARPER, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett (retired), New York, NY D. BROCK HORNBY, U.S. District Court, District of Maine, Portland, ME MARY KAY KANE, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, CA , U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Houston, TX PIERRE N. LEVAL, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY BETSY LEVIN, Washington, DC HANS A. LINDE, Portland, OR MARTIN LIPTON, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, New York, NY MYLES V. LYNK, Arizona State University, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Phoenix, AZ JOHN J. MCKETTA III, Graves, Dougherty, Hearon & Moody, Austin, TX ROBERT H. MUNDHEIM, Shearman & Sterling, New York, NY HARVEY S. PERLMAN, University of Nebraska College of Law, Lincoln, NE ELLEN ASH PETERS, Connecticut Supreme Court (retired), Hartford, CT MARY M. SCHROEDER, U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Phoenix, AZ ROBERT A. STEIN, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN MICHAEL TRAYNOR**, Cobalt LLP, Berkeley, CA BILL WAGNER, Wagner McLaughlin, Tampa, FL WILLIAM H. WEBSTER, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, Washington, DC HERBERT P. WILKINS, Concord, MA

*PresidentEmeritus **President Emeritus and Chairof the Council Emeritus

iii @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved Restatement of the Law Charitable Nonprofit Organizations

REPORTERS MARION R. FREMONT-SMITH, John F. Kennedy School of Government, , Cambridge, MA [2013-2017]* JILL R. HORWITZ, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, CAt

ASSOCIATE REPORTER: NANCY A. MCLAUGHLIN, University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law, Salt Lake City, UT [from 2017]

CONSULTANTS EVELYN BRODY, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL [2013-2015]§ MARION R. FREMONT-SMITH, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA [from 2017]

ADVISERS ARLINM. ADAMS, Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis, Philadelphia, PA [Deceased 2015] ELLEN PATRICIA APRILL, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, CA PUTNAM BARBER, Nancy Bell Evans Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy, Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA MARY BECKMAN, Massachusetts Attorney General's Office, Boston, MA PAUL BERGER, Arnold & Porter (retired), Washington, DC VICTORIA B. BJORKLUND, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, New York, NY BENNETT BOSKEY, Bethesda, MD [Deceased 2016] DAVID A. BRENNEN, University of Kentucky College of Law, Lexington, KY BONNIE BRIER, Philadelphia, PA EVELYN BRODY, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL JosE A. CABRANES, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New Haven, CT GERHARD CASPER, President Emeritus, Stanford University, Stanford, CA JACLYN F. CHERRY, University of South Carolina School of Law, Columbia, SC RONALD CHESTER, Boston College Law School, Newton Centre, MA LAURA BROWN CHISOLM, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, Cleveland, OH [Deceased 2011] MARK E. CHOPKO, Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, Washington, DC SHARON H. COTT, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY HARVEY P. DALE, National Center on Philanthropy and the Law, New York University School of Law, New York, NY SEAN DELANY, Lawyers Alliance for New York, New York, NY JOEL C. DOBRIS, University of California, Davis School of Law, Davis, CA JOEL L. FLEISHMAN, Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC KENNETH C. FRAZIER, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ J. WILLIAM FUTRELL, Sustainable Development Law Associates, Arlington, VA THOMAS P. GALLANIS, University of Iowa College of Law, Iowa City, IA

Mrs. Fremont-Smith served as a Consultant on a related Principles project from 2010 to 2013. Professor Horwitz served as an Associate Reporter on a related Principles project from 2012 to 2013. Professor Dana Brakman Reiser, Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY, served as an Associate Reporter on a related Principles project in 2013. Professor Brody served as a Reporter on a related Principles project until 2013.

V @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved SUSAN GARY, University of Oregon School of Law, Eugene, OR HARVEY J. GOLDSCHMID, Columbia University School of Law, New York, NY [Deceased 2015] ANTONIA M. GRUMBACH, Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler, New York, NY ANDREW GRUMET, Drinker Biddle Reath, New York, NY EDWARD C. HALBACH, JR., University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA [Deceased 2017] DANIEL I. HALPERIN, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA HENRY B. HANSMANN, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT BRENT L. HENRY, Partners HealthCare System (retired), Boston, MA WILLIAM C. HUBBARD, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, Columbia, SC LISA L. JOHNSEN, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA MICHAEL D. KLAUSNER, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA CATHERINE E. LIVINGSTON, Jones Day, Washington, DC DOUGLAS M. MANCINO, Seyfarth Shaw, Los Angeles, CA JILL MANNY, National Center on Philanthropy and the Law, New York University School of Law, New York, NY LLOYD H. MAYER, Notre Dame Law School, Notre Dame, IN MICHELE COLEMAN MAYES, New York Public Library, New York, NY SUZANNE ROSS MCDOWELL, Steptoe & Johnson, Washington, DC ROBERT H. MUNDHEIM, Shearman & Sterling, New York, NY BRIAN E. NELSON, LA 2028, Los Angeles, CA VANCE K. OPPERMAN, Key Investment, Inc., Minneapolis, MN KATHLEEN M. O'SULLIVAN, Perkins Coie, Seattle, WA ROBERTA COOPER RAMO, Modrall Sperling, Albuquerque, NM ELLEN F. ROSENBLUM, Oregon Attorney General, Oregon Department of Justice, Salem, OR JOHN SARE, Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP, New York, NY STEPHEN SCHWARZ, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, CA NORMA L. SHAPIRO, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA [Deceased 2016] THOMAS SILK, Silk Nonprofit Law, Stinson Beach, CA JOHN G. SIMON, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT ROBERT H. SITKOFF, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA JONATHAN A. SMALL, Debevoise & Plimpton (retired), New York, NY C. EUGENE STEUERLE, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC JOHN T. SUBAK, Boca Grande, FL [Deceased 2007] THOMAS A. TROYER, Caplin & Drysdale, Washington, DC LINDA A. WASSERMAN, Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn, Birmingham, MI CATHARINE P. WELLS, Boston College Law School, Newton, MA ROBERT E. WELSH, Welsh & Recker, Philadelphia, PA ROBERT A. WEXLER, Adler & Colvin, San Francisco, CA LAVERNE WOODS, Davis Wright Tremaine, Seattle, WA

LIAISONS For the American Bar Association Business Law Section Nonprofit CorporationsCommittee LISA A. RUNQUIST, Northridge, CA For the National Association of State Charity Officials (NASCO) KARIN KUNSTLER GOLDMAN, Charities Bureau, New York State Department of Law, New York, NY MARK A. PACELLA, Office of Attorney General, Charitable Trusts & Organizations Section, Harrisburg, PA For the Uniform Law Commission K. KING BURNETT, Salisbury, MD

Vi @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP

Restatement of the Law, Charitable Nonprofit Organizations (as of April 09, 2019)

ANTHONY V. ALFIERI, Coral Gables, FL PETER H. CARSON, San Francisco, CA ERIC G. ANDERSEN, Provo, UT STEVEN L. CHANENSON, Villanova, PA JOSE F. ANDERSON, Baltimore, MD, STEVE CHARNOVITZ, Washington, DC R GORDON APPLEMAN, Fort Worth, TX MIRIAM A. CHERRY, Saint Louis, MO JOHN FOX ARNOLD, Saint Louis, MO ERIC A. CHIAPPINELLI, Lubbock, TX MARK L. ASCHER, Austin, TX SYLVIA FUNG CHIN, New York, NY JOHN B. ATTANASIO, Irving, TX ANDREW A. CHIRLS, Philadelphia, PA STEVEN K. BALMAN, Tulsa, OK STEPHEN YEE CHOW, Boston, MA MARGARET ARMSTRONG BANCROFT, New York, CAROLYN COCHRAN CLARK, New York, NY NY WILLIAM H. CLARK JR., Philadelphia, PA JOSEPH R. BANKOFF, Atlanta, GA ANNE E. COHEN, New York, NY EVELYN M. BARAM-CLOTHIER, Philadelphia, PA CHARLES C. COHEN, Pittsburgh, PA HELAINE M. BARNETT, New York, NY NEIL B. COHEN, Brooklyn, NY SHAWN J. BAYERN, Tallahassee, FL JOHN D. COLOMBO, Champaign, IL PHYLLIS W. BECK, Philadelphia, PA ANN E. CONAWAY, Wilmington, DE JOHN S. BECKERMAN, Moorestown, NJ JOY FLOWERS CONTI, Pittsburgh, PA EDWARD JAY BECKWITH, Washington, DC MICHAEL L. COOK, Austin, TX MARTIN D. BEGLEITER, Des Moines, IA JOSE-RAMON COSSIO DIAZ, Mexico City, Mexico DEBORAH ELLEN BEHR, Juneau, AK RICHARD D. CRAIG, Oklahoma City, OK WARREN BELMAR, Palm Beach, FL ROBERTA. CREAMER, Cambridge, MA RICHARD LYLE BERKMAN, Philadelphia, PA MARGARET ELLEN CURRAN, Providence, RI TURNEY POWERS BERRY, Louisville, KY DAVID M. CURTIS, Dallas, TX CARTER G. BISHOP, Boston, MA GEORGE A. DAVIDSON, New York, NY IRA MARK BLOOM, Albany, NY F. LEARY DAVIS, Greensboro, NC SANFORD L. BOHRER, Miami, FL F. T. DAVIS JR., Atlanta, GA KATHLEEN M. BOOZANG, Newark, NJ ROGER J. DENNIS, Philadelphia, PA THOMAS H. BOYD, Minneapolis, MN JOHN F. DEPODESTA, Alexandria, VA WILLARD L. BOYD, Iowa City, IA ANTHONY M. DILEO, New Orleans, LA WILLARD L. BOYD III, Des Moines, IA MELANIE DIPIETRO, Greensburg, PA DOUGLAS M. BRANSON, Pittsburgh, PA ALYSSAA. DIRUSSO, Birmingham, AL WILLIAM S. BREWBAKER III, Tuscaloosa, AL WILLIAM A. DRENNAN, Carbondale, IL MARTIN H. BRINKLEY, Chapel Hill, NC GUY DU PONT, Montreal, Canada LAWRENCE R. BROWN, Portland, OR ARTHUR W. S. DUFF, Greenbrae, CA RUSSELL J. BRUEMMER, Washington, DC CHRISTINE MICHELLE DUFFY, Parsippany, NJ JOHN P. BURTON, Santa Fe, NM SUZANNE M. DUGAN, Washington, DC W. AMON BURTON, Austin, TX STEPHEN S. DUNHAM, University Park, PA DANIEL JAY BUSSEL, Los Angeles, CA BYRON F. EGAN, Dallas, TX GREGORY P. BUTRUS, Birmingham, AL MELVIN A. EISENBERG, Berkeley, CA PATRICIA A. CAIN, Santa Clara, CA J. WILLIAM ELWIN JR., Chicago, IL J. WILLIAM CALLISON, Denver, CO DAVID M. ENGLISH, Columbia, MO JOHN G. CAMERON JR., Grand Rapids, MI ROBERT EVANS III, Washington, DC MARILYN BLUMBERG CANE, Fort Lauderdale, FL BRYAN K. FAIR, Tuscaloosa, AL ELENA A. CAPPELLA, Philadelphia, PA CHAI R. FELDBLUM, Washington, DC CATHERINE C. CARR, Philadelphia, PA ROBIN COOPER FELDMAN, San Francisco, CA THOMAS N. CARRUTHERS, Birmingham, AL ARTHUR NORMAN FIELD, New York, NY

Vii @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved JILL FISCH, Philadelphia, PA LISA R. JACOBS, Philadelphia, PA VICTOR B. FLATT, Houston, TX SARAH HOWARD JENKINS, Little Rock, AR JOSEPH Z. FLEMING, Miami, FL GARY T. JOHNSON, Chicago, IL MICHAEL D. FLOYD, Birmingham, AL LYMAN P. Q. JOHNSON, Lexington, VA DAVID FOSCUE, Montesano, WA RICHARD GIBBS JOHNSON, Cleveland, OH G. WILLIAM FRICK, Austin, TX ANTHONY JOHNSTONE, Missoula, MT STEVEN I. FRIEDLAND, Greensboro, NC RENEE M. JONES, Newton, MA FREDERICK MARK GEDICKS, Provo, UT BERYL R. JONES-WOODIN, Brooklyn, NY JOHN L. GEDID, Harrisburg, PA SCOTT L. KAFKER, Boston, MA THOMAS E. GEU, Vermillion, SD JAMES E. KAPLAN, Brunswick, ME JAMES W. GEWIN, Birmingham, AL ROBERT M. KAUFMAN, New York, NY RAYMOND L. GIFFORD, Denver, CO ROBERT R. KEATINGE, Denver, CO CAROL ROSE GOFORTH, Fayetteville, AR CLAIRE R. KELLY, New York, NY MICHAEL G. GOLDSTEIN, Newport Beach, CA RONALD D. KERRIDGE, Dallas, TX DAVID M. GOSSETT, Washington, DC COLLEEN A. KHOURY, Portland, ME THOMAS A. GOTTSCHALK, Washington, DC GEORGE S. KING JR., Columbia, SC HERVE GOURAIGE, Newark, NJ DANIEL S. KLEINBERGER, Mendota Heights, MN J. KIRKLAND GRANT, Charleston, SC ANDREW D. KOBLENZ, Tyson, VA GILSON B. GRAY III, New York, NY ALAN C. KOHN, Saint Louis, MO OSCAR S. GRAY, Baltimore, MD GERALD KORNGOLD, New York, NY MICHAEL GREENWALD, Philadelphia, PA MICHAEL J. KRAMER, Albion, IN DONNA COLEMAN GREGG, Arlington, VA MIRIAM A. KRINSKY, Los Angeles, CA CHARLES E. GRIFFIN, Ridgeland, MS WILLIAM F. KROENER III, Washington, DC JOHN J. GROGAN, Philadelphia, PA EDWARD LABATON, New York, NY MARJORIE E. GROSS, New York, NY EDWARD V. LAHEY JR., Southport, CT RICHARD E. GUTMAN, Dallas, TX STEWART M. LANDEFELD, Seattle, WA ANTON G. HAJJAR, Chevy Chase, MD, HOWARD LANGER, Philadelphia, PA F. SHEFFIELD HALE, Atlanta, GA DEREK P. LANGHAUSER, Cumberland Foreside, MARK A. HALL, Winston Salem, NC ME MICHAEL A. HARRING, Moline, IL HOWARD A. LATIN, San Diego, CA ALLEN K. HARRIS, Oklahoma City, OK DOUGLAS LAYCOCK, Charlottesville, VA RICHARD E. V. HARRIS, Piedmont, CA HERBERT I. LAZEROW, San Diego, CA ROBERT M. HART, Bronxville, NY RICHARD D. LEE, San Francisco, CA HARRY J. HAYNSWORTH IV, Williamsburg, VA STEPHEN E. LEE, Phoenix, AZ THOMAS Z. HAYWARD JR., Chicago, IL THOMAS B. LEMANN, New Orleans, LA JOAN M. HEMINWAY, Knoxville, TN PETER V. LETSOU, Memphis, TN JOEL F. HENNING, Chicago, IL LESLEE M. LEWIS, Grand Rapids, MI ANTONIA HERNANDEZ, Los Angeles, CA PENINA K. LIEBER, Pittsburgh, PA DALE HERSHEY, Pittsburgh, PA MALCOLM C. LINDQUIST, Seattle, WA OTTO J. HETZEL, Washington, DC WILLIAM JOSEPH LINKOUS JR., Atlanta, GA ERNEST R. HIGGINBOTHAM, Dallas, TX JONATHAN C. LIPSON, Philadelphia, PA JENNETT HILL, Indianapolis, IN CARL H. LISMAN, Burlington, VT CORNISH F. HITCHCOCK, Washington, DC MARK J. LOEWENSTEIN, Boulder, CO DAVID A. HOFFMAN, Philadelphia, PA PAUL A. LOMBARDO, Atlanta, GA PHYLLIS J. HOLMEN, Atlanta, GA HOUSTON PUTNAM LOWRY, Hartford, CT ROGER F. HOLMES, Anchorage, AK WILLIAM CULLEN MACDONALD, Brooklyn, NY EDWIN E. HUDDLESON, Washington, DC GEORGE W. MADISON, Greenwich, CT SARAH JANE HUGHES, Bloomington, IN RAY D. MADOFF, Newton, MA DAVID A. HYMAN, Washington, DC JULIA D. MAHONEY, Charlottesville, VA ANTHONY C. INFANTI, Pittsburgh, PA PAMELA A. MANN, New York, NY LEON EUGENE IRISH, Budapest, Hungary DANA L. MARK, New York, NY

Viii @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved COLIN P. MARKS, San Antonio, TX THOMAS W. RHODES, Atlanta, GA ARTHUR MEAD MARTIN, Chicago, IL MARTIN F. RICHMAN, New York, NY BARBARAW. MATHER, Philadelphia, PA JACK L. RIVES, Chicago, IL STEPHEN J. MATHES, Philadelphia, PA A. JAMES ROBERTSON II, San Francisco, CA BARBARA MENDEL MAYDEN, Nashville, TN DARYL B. ROBERTSON, Dallas, TX STEVEN L. MAYER, San Francisco, CA JAMES L. ROBERTSON, Jackson, MS THOMAS WM. MAYO, Dallas, TX SANDRA M. ROCKS, New York, NY CHARLES E. MCCALLUM, Grand Rapids, MI RONALD S. ROLFE, New York, NY JOHN D. MCCAMUS, Toronto, Canada BRENT M. ROSENTHAL, Dallas, TX JERRY J. MCCOY, Sarasota, FL MARK B. ROTENBERG, Washington, DC ROBERT L. MCCURLEY JR., Tuscaloosa, AL IRMA S. RUSSELL, Kansas City, MO JAMES C. MCKAY JR., Washington, DC ROBIN RUSSELL, Houston, TX HOLIDAY HART MCKIERNAN, Indianapolis, IN THOMAS E. RUTLEDGE, Louisville, KY BEVERLY MCQUEARY SMITH, Jersey City, NJ KAREN J. SARJEANT, Silver Spring, MD LAWRENCE F. MEEHAN, Philadelphia, PA RICHARD SCHMALBECK, Durham, NC CARRIE J. MENKEL-MEADOW, Irvine, CA DANIEL M. SCHNEIDER, Chicago, IL BRUCE P. MERENSTEIN, Philadelphia, PA EDWARD J. SCHOENBAUM, Springfield, IL CARL C. MONK, Topsham, ME JOHN A. SEBERT, Wilmette, IL LIZABETH A. MOODY, Saint Petersburg, FL MYRA C. SELBY, Indianapolis, IN EDWARD A. MORGAN, Scarsdale, NY MARGARET B. SEYMOUR, Columbia, SC GEORGE MARSHALL MORIARTY, Boston, MA AMY SHAPIRO, Binghamton, NY ALAN B. MORRISON, Washington, DC STEPHEN M. SHEPPARD, San Antonio, TX CYRIL MOSCOW, Detroit, MI ROBERT E. SHIELDS, Birmingham, MI DANIEL R. MURRAY, Chicago, IL NORMAN I. SILBER, Hempstead, NY ELEANOR W. MYERS, Philadelphia, PA EVETT L. SIMMONS, Port Saint Lucie, FL LAWRENCE G. NEWMAN, Dallas, TX OMARI SCOTT SIMMONS, Winston Salem, NC ROBERT G. NEWMAN, San Antonio, TX CAROLINE M. SIMON, Philadelphia, PA W. FRANK NEWTON, Beaumont, TX MARSHALL L. SMALL, San Francisco, CA JOHN KRANZ NOTZ JR., Chicago, IL GERALD K. SMITH, Tucson, AZ CHARLES R. T. O'KELLEY, Seattle, WA STEVEN R. SMITH, San Diego, CA OWEN OLPIN, Teasdale, UT CARL A. SOLANO, Philadelphia, PA ARDEN J. OLSON, Eugene, OR A. GILCHRIST SPARKS III, Wilmington, DE ERIC W. ORTS, Philadelphia, PA ARTHUR B. SPITZER, Washington, DC RICHARD W. PAINTER, Minneapolis, MN H. MARK STICHEL, Baltimore, MD LUCIAN T. PERA, Memphis, TN SHALE D. STILLER, Baltimore, MD CHARLES W. PETTY JR., Washington, DC ANDREW H. STRUVE, Irvine, CA HANSEL T. PHAM, Washington, DC GUY MILLER STRUVE, New York, NY MARILYN E. PHELAN, Lubbock, TX CLINT STUNTEBECK, Wayne, PA W. MICHEL PIERSON, Baltimore, MD, LINDA SUGIN, New York, NY DONALD J. POLDEN, Santa Clara, CA MARY-CHRISTINE SUNGAILA, Costa Mesa, CA RAFAEL A. PORRATA-DORIA JR., Bala Cynwyd, PA LINDA ALDEN SWANSON, Larkspur, CA SIDNEY KATHERINE POWELL, Asheville, NC ANNE MINNETTE TAMAR-MATTIS, Cotati, CA LONNIE A. POWERS, Newton, MA DAVID K. Y. TANG, Seattle, WA GENE E. K. PRATTER, Philadelphia, PA WILLIAM E. TANIS, Denver, CO STEPHEN A. RADIN, New York, NY SAMUEL A. THUMMA, Phoenix, AZ CAREY R. RAMOS, New York, NY JOSEPH P. TOMAIN, Cincinnati, OH HUGH MASSEY RAY III, Houston, TX BOWEN H. TUCKER, Chicago, IL BERNARD D. REAMS JR., San Antonio, TX THOMAS A. TUPITZA, Erie, PA GEORGE BLISS REESE, New York, NY TIMOTHY M. TYMKOVICH, Denver, CO E. LEE REICHERT III, Denver, CO E. PETER URBANOWICZ, Sun Valley, ID RICHARD C. REUBEN, Columbia, MO BEN F. VAUGHAN III, Austin, TX

ix @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved VICTOR A. VILAPLANA, San Diego, CA DONALD H. VISH, Louisville, KY THUY VO, Chicago, IL JAY M. VOGELSON, Dallas, TX BILL WAGNER, Tampa, FL SUE WALKER, Fort Worth, TX HOWARD P. WALTHALL, Birmingham, AL R. KEITH WALTON, Tempe, AZ CHANG WANG, Bloomington, MN MANNING GILBERT WARREN III, Louisville, KY RUTH WEDGWOOD, Washington, DC TORY A. WEIGAND, Boston, MA STEVEN 0. WEISE, Los Angeles, CA STEPHEN T. WHELAN, New York, NY CHARLES K. WHITEHEAD, Ithaca, NY JAMES C. WILSON JR., Vestavia, AL ROBIN FRETWELL WILSON, Champaign, IL ADRIEN K. WING, Iowa City, IA G. ROBERT WITMER JR., Rochester, NY NICHOLAS J. WITTNER, East Lansing, MI CECIL WRAY JR., New York, NY SCOTT N. WULFE, Houston, TX JAMES B. ZIMPRITCH, Durham, NC

x @ 2019 by The American Law Institute Tentative draft - not approved