2006 Goshawk Surveys TFL 37

QUEEN CHARLOTTE GOSHAWK NEST TERRITORY MONITORING in TSA 37, CAMPBELL RIVER, B.C.

Photo: V. Woodruff

Prepared By

Manning, Cooper and Associates Ltd. Victoria, BC

Prepared For

BC Timber Sales Strait of Georgia Business Area Campbell River, BC

FINAL REPORT – September 2008

NOTE: Remove nest tree UTMs (Appendix 1) from public report versions

QUEEN CHARLOTTE GOSHAWK NEST TERRITORY MONITORING in TSA 37,

CAMPBELL RIVER, B.C.

Report written by:

E. Todd Manning and Paul Chytyk

Manning, Cooper and Associates Ltd. 5148 William Head Road Victoria, BC. V9C 4H5

Report prepared for:

BC Timber Sales Strait of Georgia Business Area Campbell River, BC

FINAL REPORT - September 2008

2008 Northern Goshawk Monitoring of TSA 37, Campbell River, British Columbia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The coastal subspecies of Northern Goshawk, sometimes referred to as the “Queen Charlotte Goshawk” (Accipiter gentilis laingi), is an uncommon forest raptor that is currently on the British Columbia Red-list as a candidate species for Endangered or Threatened status. It is also an Identified Wildlife Management Species under the BC Forest and Range Practices Act. Federally, A. g. laingi is designated as Threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Population trends of this subspecies are unknown in British Columbia, but the subspecies was listed due to its estimated small population size (<1000 mature individuals) and threats to populations from forest harvesting.

In TSA 37, 16 nest trees in 9 confirmed breeding territories (Artlish River, Bear Lake, Elbow Creek, Goose Creek, Lower Stella Lake, Paterson Lake, Pye Lake, Roberts Creek and Surprise Lake) were located between 1994-2002 by BC Ministry of Environment surveys. In 2008, Manning, Cooper and Associates Ltd. was contracted to monitor these nine goshawk territories to determine their current activity status.

Between 11-23 June and 10-25 July 2008, surveys to determine the breeding activity (nest territory occupancy and nest productivity) were conducted. All known territories were visited at least twice during the survey period: once during the nestling period (11-23 June) and again during the fledgling period (10-25 July). Crews attempted to survey the Artlish River territory in June; however, a landslide blocked all ground/road access for that month. Consequently, the Artlish River territory was only monitored once in July 2008. All surveys followed Resource Inventory Standards Committee standards for raptor surveys, and consisted mainly of call playback and nest search surveys.

A total of 79 call playback stations were completed during the survey period in 2008. Estimated hours surveyed in each known nest territory ranged from 3.0-13.0 hrs, depending on the size of the area surveyed and whether or not there were any previous indications of occupancy. Total crew hours spent conducting goshawk surveys was approximately 72.5 hrs.

Two out of nine monitored territories (Bear Lake and Surprise Lake) in TSA 37 had goshawk detections during 2008 surveys. Goshawk detections resulted in active nests being found in both of these territories. Bear Lake territory produced two young, while Surprise Lake territory produced one young in 2008. The nine monitored goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 had an occupancy rate of 22.2% in 2008. Including the 2008 surveys, there are now 17 known nest trees in nine confirmed goshawk nest territories in TSA 37. Only one new nest was found during surveys in 2008, Surprise Lake Nest #3.

Two other raptor species, Osprey and Red-tailed Hawk were detected during goshawk surveys in TSA 37 in 2008. Two Ospreys (thought to be young of the year) were observed soaring high above the canopy in Lower Stella Lake territory. A single Osprey was observed flying above Surprise Lake Nest #3 in July; an Osprey nest was subsequently found 125 m south of goshawk Nest #3. Although it was not confirmed, this Osprey nest was thought to be active in 2008, suggesting that the goshawk and Osprey had simultaneously active nests in the same general nest stand. A Red-tailed Hawk had an active cliff nest in Strathcona Provincial Park, >1 km from Elbow Creek goshawk Nest #1.

Known goshawk nest territories were monitored in three other study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008: two provincial parks (Gold Muchalat and Strathcona); Western Forest Products (WFP) Timber Farm License (TFL) 19; and WFP TFL 37. The two provincial parks had 2 of 3

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(66.7%) goshawk nest territories occupied, TFL 19 (near Gold River) had 1 of 6 (16.7%) known goshawk nest territories occupied, and WFP TFL 37 (near Woss) had 6 of 12 (50.0%) known goshawk nest territories occupied in 2008. The mean occupancy for the four study areas was 38.9% in 2008. The occupancy rate for TSA 37 (22.2%) was the second lowest among the four study areas and was lower than the mean occupancy for the four study areas.

Nest productivity in other monitored study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008 was 2.8 fledglings/active territory in TFL 37 (Woss), and 2.0 fledglings/active territory in both TFL 19 (Gold River) and in Gold Muchalat and Strathcona Provincial Parks. Mean productivity among the four study areas was 2.1 fledglings/active territory; productivity for TSA 37 (1.5 fledglings/active territory) was lower than the 2008 average, however, nest productivity data should be interpreted cautiously for TSA 37 due to the small samples size for the study area.

Recommendations for future work are:

1. Consider reviewing harvest planning and layout practices around known goshawk nest territories in TSA 37. Carefully consider placement of cutblock boundaries and road access into new or proposed cutblocks so as to maintain sufficient buffer distances from existing known nest territories. This will help ensure that, in the future, harvesting will occur within an appropriate distance of known goshawk nests in order to maintain their suitability for re-use by nesting goshawks.

2. Consider using GIS tools to monitor habitat condition (seral stage, forest interior habitat, patch size distribution, and potential/suitable nesting habitat) within 800 m, 1500 m and 3500 m from the center of each of the 9 current goshawk territories every 5 years. This will give an indication of changes in the forest landscape surrounding nest territories, allowing future correlations between goshawk territory occupancy (nesting success) and suitability of surrounding landscape condition.

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2008 Northern Goshawk Monitoring of TSA 37, Campbell River, British Columbia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding and support for this project came from the British Columbia Forest Investment Account (BC FIA) administered by BC Timber Sales (BCTS), Strait of Georgia Business Area, Campbell River, BC. Special thanks to Rob Martin and Laurie McCulligh for their roles as contract monitor for this project, and Norm Kempe for his help with logistics, maps and radios. Thanks to both Laurie and Norm for assisting with field surveys in the Bear Lake goshawk territory in July.

Thanks also to field crew members for 2008: Judith Arney, Guillermo Perez and Veronica Woodruff, whose field work made the project a success this year.

Cover photo: Adult goshawk at nest on north-central Vancouver Island (photo courtesy Veronica Woodruff, Pemberton, BC).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... v LIST OF FIGURES ...... v A. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A.1. Conservation Status ...... 1 A.2. Nesting Habitat ...... 2 A.3. Foraging Habitat ...... 3 B. STUDY AREA ...... 4 B.1. Ecoregion Classification ...... 4 B.2. Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC) ...... 5 C. METHODS ...... 5 C.1. Nest Monitoring ...... 5 C.2. Call Playback Surveys ...... 6 C.3. Nest Site Descriptions ...... 7 C.4. Prey Species ...... 8 D. RESULTS ...... 9 D.1. Nest Territory Surveys ...... 9 D.2. Goshawk Detections ...... 9 D.3. Nest Site Descriptions ...... 10 D.4. Nest Productivity ...... 12 D.5. Other Raptor Species Detections ...... 13 E. DISCUSSION ...... 14 E.1. Nest Territory Occupancy ...... 14 E.2. Nest Productivity ...... 14 F. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 LITERATURE CITED ...... 17 APPENDIX 1: Northern Goshawk nest tree data in 2008 for TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 21 APPENDIX 2: Northern Goshawk nest monitoring surveys summary in 2008 for TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 22

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Goshawk nesting territory activity status definitions...... 6 Table 2: Goshawk survey effort during 2008 nest territory monitoring in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 9 Table 3: Goshawk detections during 2008 nest territory monitoring in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 10 Table 4: Goshawk nesting territory activity status for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 10 Table 5: Active goshawk nest site descriptions for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. .. 11 Table 6: Summary of the number of goshawk territories and nest trees for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 12 Table 7: Nest productivity for active goshawk nests for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 13 Table 8: Other raptor species detections in 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC...... 13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Strathcona Timber Supply Area (MoF 2004)...... 4 Figure 2: Percent occupancy for known goshawk nest territories monitored in four study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008...... 14 Figure 3: Mean productivity (young fledged/active territory) for known goshawk nest territories monitored in four study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008...... 15

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A. INTRODUCTION

Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) (hereafter referred to as goshawk) are large forest raptors that breed in mature boreal and temperate forests across the Holarctic (Johnsgard 1990; Squires and Reynolds 1997). Goshawks are the largest of the three North American Accipiter hawks and depredate mainly upon medium-sized mammals and birds. Goshawks have short rounded wings that allow for rapid acceleration and long tails that provide for quick maneuverability through forest stands. Although they are well-adapted for hunting within forests, they also hunt in open areas and non-forested habitats.

Two subspecies of goshawk occur in British Columbia: A. g. atricapillus and A. g. laingi (Squires and Reynolds 1997; BC CDC 2008). The former subspecies breeds throughout the mainland and interior of British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990). The latter subspecies, or “Queen Charlotte Goshawk”, occurs only on coastal British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990), mainly on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island and other large coastal islands (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; McClaren 2003; Cooper and Chytyk 2000). Although Queen Charlotte Goshawk breeding has not been confirmed on the coastal mainland of British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990), it is likely that goshawks that breed on the north and central mainland coast are of this subspecies (Cooper and Chytyk 2000; McClaren 2003).

North American studies suggest that goshawks prefer to nest in mature and old growth forests that generally have closed canopies, sparse understories and larger trees (Crocker-Bedford and Chaney 1988; Reynolds et al. 1992; Squires and Reynolds 1997; Daw et al. 1998). Possible explanations for these preferred habitats include: • large trees and open understories provide substantial flight corridors for goshawks and may improve access to key prey species such as jays, thrushes, grouse and squirrels; • closed canopy forests provide a suitable nesting microclimate and deter nestling predation and nest site competition by other raptor species; and • mature forests may increase the vulnerability of some prey species due to the ambush hunting techniques of goshawks (Crocker-Bedford 1994).

Between 1994-2002, BC Ministry of Environment (MOE) conducted goshawk surveys in the Campbell River area, including Timber Supply Area (TSA) 37 (McClaren 2003). In 2008, BCTS contracted Manning, Cooper and Associates to monitor nine known goshawk nest territories in TSA 37, including: Artlish River, Bear Lake, Elbow Creek, Goose Creek, Lower Stella Lake, Paterson Lake, Pye Lake, Roberts Creek and Surprise Lake. The nine goshawk territories were known to have in total 16 nest trees (McClaren 2003). The following report summarizes the results of this goshawk territory monitoring that occurred during June and July 2008.

A.1. Conservation Status Nationally, the interior subspecies of goshawk is designated as “Not at Risk” by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) (Duncan and Kirk 1995), while the coastal subspecies is designated as “Threatened” by COSEWIC (Cooper and Chytyk 2000; COSEWIC 2008), and is listed on Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca ). Provincially, the interior subspecies is “Yellow-listed” (not considered at

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risk in British Columbia), while the coastal subspecies is “Red-listed” (a candidate for threatened or endangered status) (BC CDC 2008). In British Columbia, the coastal subspecies population is ranked as “S2B” (i.e., population imperiled provincially (BC CDC 2008)).

The Queen Charlotte Goshawk is an Identified Wildlife Management Species (IWMS) under the BC Forest and Range Practices Act (MWLAP 2004). This strategy contains specific management practices (General Wildlife Measures, or GWMs) that recommend forest practices within Wildlife Habitat Areas (WHAs). WHAs are designated conservation areas that are established around goshawk nest sites (McClaren 2004).

Population trends for Queen Charlotte Goshawk are unknown for British Columbia. On Vancouver Island, surveys conducted by BC Ministry of Environment, forestry companies and reports from the general public (1994-2002), have identified 66 goshawk breeding territories on Vancouver Island (McClaren 2003). Fourteen breeding territories were found on the Queen Charlotte Islands between 1995-2008 (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; Doyle 2003; G. Morigeau pers. comm. Aug 2008). Crude estimates for the Queen Charlotte Goshawk breeding population in British Columbia are 300 pairs for Vancouver Island, 50 pairs for the Queen Charlotte Islands, and potentially another 75 pairs on the coastal mainland (Cooper and Chytyk 2000).

A.2. Nesting Habitat Although goshawks may breed in younger, more even-aged stands, they tend to choose breeding areas that have stands dominated by mature or old-growth trees, or stands with similar, suitable structural characteristics: e.g., relatively closed canopies, some large live trees and snags, adequate coarse woody debris, etc. (Johnsgard 1990; Squires and Reynolds 1997; Kennedy 2003; McClaren 2003; Manning et al. 2007). Stands with these characteristics do not necessarily need to be continuous throughout the breeding area, but areas dominated by mature or old-growth characteristics seem to be preferred.

Goshawks are habitat generalists on large spatial scales and have a complexity of habitat needs during the breeding season, the specifics of which vary among forest types and regions (Johnsgard 1990). High canopy closure (60-80%) is an important nesting habitat feature for goshawks across their range (Squires and Reynolds 1997; Daw et al. 1998; Kennedy 2003; McClaren 2003; Squires and Kennedy 2006). Relatively closed canopies (>60%) provide protection for young from predators such as Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus), and corvids (Moore and Henny 1983; Crocker-Bedford and Chaney 1988; Crocker-Bedford 1990); provide thermal cover (Reynolds et al. 1992; Hall 1984); and promote more open spaces through the mid- and lower-canopy that allow clear flight paths for hunting and striking prey (Squires and Reynolds 1997). Small forest openings, such as those created where a few trees have fallen, are often associated with goshawk nest sites (Reynolds et al. 1992; Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; Manning et al. 2006).

Stands used for nesting vary in size and shape, depending on topography and availability of suitable stands. On Vancouver Island, goshawk nests were generally located on the bottom two-thirds of moderate slopes, at elevations below 900 m, and on all aspects (McClaren 2001, 2003). Of 131 goshawk nest trees found on Vancouver Island between 1994-2002, 55 (42.0%) were found in contiguous old-growth forests, 39 (29.8%) in contiguous second-growth forests, and 37 (28.2%) in fragmented old-growth forests (McClaren 2003). On north-central Vancouver Island, six nest sites have been found in younger stands (50-93 years). These all had western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) or

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Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as the leading tree species with a high site index (mean SI = 30.0), suggesting high quality nutrient and moisture regimes that promote faster tree growth (Manning et al. 2002).

Goshawk nests tend to be somewhat evenly spaced in suitable habitat throughout landscape. Distance between nest territories tends to be greater the further north in the species range (Squire and Reynolds 1997). Average inter-territory distances ranged from 3.0 km in Arizona (Reynolds et al. 1992; Reynolds and Joy 1998), 5.6 km in Oregon (Reynolds and Wight 1978), 11 km on the Queen Charlotte Islands (Doyle 2003), to 5 km in the Kispiox Forest District of central British Columbia (F. Doyle pers. comm.). Of 16 nest territories found on north-central Vancouver Island, the mean nearest territory distance was 6.9 + 0.7 km, with the two closest being approximately 3.3 km apart (McClaren 2003). The mean distance between alternate nests within goshawk nest territories on Vancouver Island was 248.4 + 27.2 m (n = 65). Approximately 50% of all alternate nests were located within 200 m of one another, while 90% were located within 500 m (McClaren 2003).

Goshawk nest trees tend to be one of the largest trees in the stand (Reynolds et al. 1992; Squires and Ruggiero 1996; Bosakowski et al. 1999). Larger trees are also preferred by Queen Charlotte Goshawk in British Columbia (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; Ethier 1999, McClaren 2001, 2003; Manning et al. 2007). On Vancouver Island, nest trees had a relatively large mean dbh (70.7 + 2.9 cm; n = 131) compared to available trees within the nest stand (McClaren 2003). Mean estimated tree height was 39.0 + 1.6 m, while estimated mean nest height was 19.4 + 0.8 m. Larger trees provide structural support for nests including strong lateral branches, stem crotches, defects, or mistletoe-like structures that facilitate construction and support of platform stick nests.

On Vancouver Island, most nest trees were Douglas-fir (59%), western hemlock (30.5%) and red alder (Alnus rubra) (6.9%); however, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), amabilis fir (Abies amabilis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) have also been used (McClaren 2001, 2003). Almost all nest trees were live (96.9%; n = 131) (McClaren 2003). In general, the variety of nest tree species selected by goshawks on Vancouver Island suggests that they select for forest and nest tree structure, not nest tree species (McClaren 2001, 2003).

A.3. Foraging Habitat Goshawks require large foraging areas due to the relative scarcity of their prey and, consequently, they generally have large breeding home ranges. Typically, goshawk prey species diversity and abundance decreases with increasing latitude (Johnsgard 1990); as a result, there is a general trend of increased breeding home range size with higher latitude (Squires and Reynolds 1997; Iverson et al. 1996).

Prey abundance and prey availability drive the use of foraging habitat, and prey availability is usually affected by vegetation and structural attributes. Consequently, goshawks forage in areas that have adequate prey, sufficient cover to conceal the goshawk’s approach to prey, sufficient openings in cover so that prey cannot easily escape and goshawk flight paths are not obstructed, and enough perches available for the goshawk’s spot-and-attack hunting method (Beebe 1974; Reynolds and Meslow 1984; Beier and Drennan 1997; Squires and Kennedy 2006).

Goshawks forage in all layers of a forest, from the ground up to the aerial zones above the canopy, but tend to concentrate efforts in the ground-shrub layer (Reynolds and Meslow 1984; Bloxton 2002).

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The large body size and hunting strategies of goshawks precludes the use of young, densely stocked stands for foraging (Hayward and Escano 1989; Duncan and Kirk 1995; Squires and Ruggiero 1996). As a result, early seral stages are typically less suitable as foraging habitat.

B. STUDY AREA Portions of TSA 37 are part of the Strait of Georgia Business Area of BC Timber Sales, which geographically encompasses the Campbell River, South Island and Sunshine Coast Forest Districts. The administrative and management centre for the business area is the Timber Sales Office (TSO) located in Campbell River.

TSA 37 (Figure 1) is located on central-eastern and northeastern Vancouver Island, within the North Island-Central Coast Forest District (BC Ministry of Forests and Range) and the Vancouver Island Region (BC Ministry of Environment).

Figure 1: Strathcona Timber Supply Area (MoF 2004).

B.1. Ecoregion Classification TSA 37 is largely a mosaic of wet, mountainous terrain dissected by streams and rivers, many of which create estuaries as they enter the ocean (MoF 2004). On Vancouver Island, this area includes 3

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ecosections: Northern Island Mountains and the Windward Island Mountains (of the Western Vancouver Island ecoregion), and the Leeward Island Mountains (of the Eastern Vancouver Island ecoregion) (Demarchi 1995).

B.2. Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC)

TSA 37 contains three biogeoclimatic zones, Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH), Mountain Hemlock (MH) and Alpine Tundra (AT) (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

Forest landscapes in the TSA are dominated by CWH ecosystems that are comprised of a mix of old/mature and immature coniferous forests; the MH and AT ecosystems make up a relatively small proportion (<10%) of the total area.

Additional descriptive information about TSA 37/Strathcona TSA can be found in the Strathcona TSA Analysis Report (MoF 2004).

C. METHODS

Goshawk surveys (nest monitoring and call playback surveys) were conducted in TSA 37 between 11-23 June and 10-25 July 2008, in accordance to Resource Inventory Standards Committee (RISC) standards for raptor surveys (RIC 2001).

C.1. Nest Monitoring Three known goshawk territories protected by WHAs (Paterson Lake, Pye Lake and Surprise Lake), and six known nest territories not protected by WHAs (Artlish River, Bear Lake, Elbow Creek, Goose Creek, Lower Stella Lake and Roberts Lake) in TSA 37 were visited in June and July 2008. Nest territories were surveyed for the presence of adults and any evidence of breeding activity (i.e., fresh whitewash, recent prey remains or pellets, new greenery added to nest structures, presence of nestlings or fledglings, etc.). Known nest territories were visited at least once in June to determine activity and, if no activity was found, were subsequently resurveyed in July. All known nest territories were visited at least twice (except for Artlish River, which was visited once), once in the nestling period (June) and once in the fledgling period (July).

The timing of the surveys was selected to document potential fledglings while still in the nest (or very close to the nest site) before they fledged. This survey timing minimized chances of “missing” or undercounting fledglings that may have dispersed from the nest area.

To determine activity status of known nest territories, all known nest trees and alternate nest trees were visited during the survey period. If none of the known nest trees were visibly active, call playback surveys and nest searches were conducted within the nest stand to determine occupancy. Generally, subsequent surveys were conducted at call stations located within a 500 m radius of known nest tree areas, however, in larger nest stands, surveys were conducted at >1 km radii.

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Known nest trees were inspected for activity by searching the base of the tree for any fresh whitewash, prey remains or pellets. Nest structures were viewed through 40x spotting scopes for incubating or brooding females from elevated vantage points (where possible) that provided best views into the nest. Nests were observed for any signs of activity (e.g., new greenery added to the nest, white down on nest edges, or whitewash on or adjacent to the structure, etc.). If an adult bird was observed, the following data were collected: sex (if known), behavior, presence of leg bands or radio telemetry devices, and any evidence of territoriality.

A nesting territory was considered “unoccupied” if no goshawk was observed or detected in the nest stand during the survey period (Table 1). If an adult exhibiting territorial behavior was observed within the nest stand, but there was no evidence of egg-laying or young fledging, then the territory was considered “occupied but inactive”. If an active nest or nestlings were found, then the territory was considered “active”. If fledglings were detected, then the territory was considered “active and successful”. If evidence was found that egg-laying was probably initiated (e.g., new nest materials, egg shell fragments), but no fledglings were detected, then the territory was considered “active but failed”.

Table 1: Goshawk nesting territory activity status definitions. Activity Category Definition* Unoccupied No goshawks were observed or detected in the nesting territory during the survey period. Occupied but inactive At least one adult goshawk was observed or detected in the nesting territory, but no evidence was found of egg-laying or young fledging. Active A nest with nestlings or evidence that egg-laying has occurred was found in the nesting territory. Active and successful Fledglings were observed or detected in the nesting territory. Active but failed An active nest was found in the nesting territory, but no fledglings were observed or detected. *Definitions adapted from McClaren (2003).

C.2. Call Playback Surveys Call playback surveys were conducted in accordance with standards and protocols described in RIC (2001). Call playback surveys were completed in all known nest territories in TSA 37, unless the territory was already determined to active by other means. Forest cover maps were produced for each known nesting territory at a 1:10,000 scale that showed mature and old stands within each territory area. Crews concentrated survey efforts in the mature and old forest types by searching for active nests within existing nest territories.

Surveys were conducted by crews of two personnel. Each crew consisted of at least one experienced goshawk surveyor. Call playbacks were completed along transects that either followed pre-selected compass bearings or followed slope contours. Calls were broadcast at call stations spaced between 200-400 m along the transect. Distances between survey stations were dependent on nesting chronology, topography and the size and shape of the habitat polygon. Subsequent transects in the same area were generally placed parallel and at 200-400 m distance from the original transect. To

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maximize survey coverage area, call stations on subsequent transects were staggered between the call stations of the original, adjacent transect.

At each call station, surveyors first listened briefly for any spontaneous goshawk calls. If no goshawks were detected, goshawk call playbacks were broadcast. Three bouts of calls (10 seconds each) were played in three opposing directions, each separated by 30 seconds of silence. All calls were broadcast at a volume that was audible to surveyors within the forest for a distance of approximately 200 m. Surveyors used a portable CD player that was attached to a Radio Shack model 23-2037 powerhorn to broadcast recorded goshawk calls.

Adult goshawk alarm calls were used during the nestling period during the field session from 11-23 June 2008. Between 10-25 July 2008, juvenile begging calls were broadcast at call stations because these generally elicit greater response rates during the fledgling period (Kennedy and Stahlecker 1993; McClaren et al. 2003).

After call playbacks were broadcast, surveyors listened for approximately 5 minutes for any goshawk responses. If a goshawk (or any other raptor species) responded, no further calls were played at the call station. After a response, surveyors searched within a 300 m radius of the detection for any evidence of a nest structure by walking along parallel transects within visual distance of one another. Surveyors also searched the area for prey remains, pellets, plucking posts, or any other evidence of goshawk activity. If no nest was found, the response area was revisited later in the field season to further search for any evidence of nesting.

All call playback data were recorded on modified RIC Animal Observation Forms: Raptor Call Playback (RIC 2001). For each raptor response the following information was collected: weather conditions; species; time of response; the UTM of the detection; the direction and distance to the response; whether the detection was visual or aural; and the sex and age of the bird, if possible. All songbirds and potential mammalian prey species (e.g., Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)) that were detected within an unlimited radius of the call station centre were also recorded.

C.3. Nest Site Descriptions Data for goshawk nest sites were collected in the format described on RIC Nest Site Description Forms (RIC 2001). The following data were collected at goshawk nest sites: date; time; observers; nest tree species, tree height, dbh and wildlife tree class; nest height, aspect, size and depth; canopy and shrub percent cover; structural stage; slope aspect and slope percent; elevation; micro and macro mesoslope position; UTMs; tree composition within 20 m radius; a brief description of the nest stand habitat; a brief description of the nest structure; any evidence of recent nesting including the number of adults, eggs or young that were observed; and a goshawk nesting habitat suitability rating (6-level rating scheme; RIC (1998) within a 20 m radius of the nest tree and at the nest stand level.

Nest trees were flagged with yellow and white flagging tape and the nest tree number labeled with black marker. The locations of nest trees were plotted on 1:10,000 scale forest cover maps. UTMs for goshawk nests were collected with a Garmin GPS12 handheld GPS unit (accuracy is typically +10 m). Nest territories were categorized as either: 1) mature and old-growth forests (structural stage 6 and 7), or second growth forests (structural stage 5) for comparative analysis. See BC MELP and BC MOF (1998) for detailed structural stage descriptions.

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C.4. Prey Species Prey species were inventoried for presence/not detected by recording all potential prey species that occurred within an unlimited radius at each call station. All visual and aural detections of key prey species that occurred at each call station were recorded, including grouse, woodpecker, jay and thrush species, as well as red squirrel (Squires and Reynolds 1997; McClaren 2003). Although prey species observation data was collected in 2008, it was not entered into an electronic database, nor analyzed.

Where present, prey remains were described and/or identified and the presence of pellets was noted at the base of the nest tree and surrounding nest area, during each nest visit. Prey remains were searched for at potential plucking post sites that were located near or adjacent to the nest tree. Where observed, prey remains and pellet samples were collected and stored for future analyses.

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D. RESULTS

D.1. Nest Territory Surveys Each of the 9 known nest territories in TSA 37 (except for Artlish River) was surveyed at least twice during the survey period; once during the nestling period (June) and then again during the fledgling period (July). Crews attempted to survey the Artlish River territory in June; however, a landslide blocked all reasonable road/ground access. A total of 79 call playback stations were completed during the survey period in 2008 (Table 2, Appendix 2). Estimated hours surveyed in each known nest territory ranged from 3.0-13.0 hrs, depending on the size of the area surveyed and whether or not there were any previous indications of occupancy. Total crew hours spent conducting goshawk surveys was approximately 72.5 hrs. In total, 17 separate survey visits were completed in the 9 goshawk territories in 2008 in TSA 37. See Appendix 2 for a detailed summary of nest survey results for 2008.

Table 2: Goshawk survey effort during 2008 nest territory monitoring in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Survey Effort Nest Number Call Stations Hours Goshawk Detected Territory of Visits Completed Surveyed (Yes/No) TSA 37 – Campbell River Artlish River 1 5 3.0 No Bear Lake 2 0 3.0 Yes Elbow Creek 2 15 9.0 No Goose Creek 2 8 7.5 No Lower Stella Lake 2 10 10.0 No Paterson Lake 2 13 11.0 No Pye Lake 2 9 8.0 No Roberts Creek 2 10 8.0 No Surprise Lake 2 9 13.0 Yes Total 17 79 72.5 2

D.2. Goshawk Detections Two out of the nine monitored territories in TSA 37 had goshawk detections in 2008 (Table 3). The goshawk detection at Surprise Lake territory was the result of a response to call playbacks, (i.e., within 1 minute after the last call playback had been broadcast). The call playback detection rate for known nest territories in 2008 in TSA 37 was 1.27 detections/100 call stations (n = 1/79). The goshawk detection at Bear Lake territory was a result of a nest search survey.

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Table 3: Goshawk detections during 2008 nest territory monitoring in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Nest Visual/Aural Territory Date Detected By Detection Sex Adult Female Bear Lake 22 June Nest Search Visual (Observed incubating on Nest #1) Fledgling responded to call playback Surprise Call 22 July Visual from nest stand. Lake Playback (New Nest #3 found)

Goshawk detections resulted in two active nests being located in Bear Lake and Surprise Lake territories. Both of these territories were active and successful, while the other seven territories were unoccupied in 2008 (Table 4Table 4). The nine monitored goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 had an Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Not Bold overall occupancy rate of 22.2% (n=2/9) in 2008.

Table 4: Goshawk nesting territory activity status for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Nest Activity Territory Status Comments TSA 37 – Campbell River Artlish River Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Adult female was observed incubating on Nest #1 in June. Active and Bear Lake Two nestlings observed at nest in July, assumed to be several successful days from fledging. Elbow Creek Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Goose Creek Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Lower Stella Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Lake Paterson Lake Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Pye Lake Unoccupied No goshawks detected. Roberts Creek Unoccupied No goshawks detected. No goshawks detected in June. New Nest #3 discovered with 1 Active and fledgling associated with it; no adults observed. Nest #3 had Surprise Lake successful half fallen out of the nest tree and appeared to be no longer useable.

D.3. Nest Site Descriptions Two active goshawk nest trees were found in TSA 37 in 2008 (Table 5; Appendix 1). The Bear Lake (Nest #1) nest tree was a medium-sized western hemlock that was 39 m tall with a 55 cm dbh. Nest height was at 22 m with a 58o nest aspect. The nest stand was structural stage 5 and there was small rocky outcrop directly upslope of the nest tree. The forest canopy was mostly closed at 70% crown closure, with little shrub cover of 3%. The nest tree is approximately 650 m from the coast of Johnstone

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Strait. This tree was previously known from when it was first found and active in 2001 (McClaren 2003).

A new nest tree (Nest #3) was found in the Surprise Lake territory. This nest tree was an unusually small Douglas-fir that was 30 m tall with a 23 cm dbh; the rest of the stand consisted of mostly medium-sized (50 cm dbh) trees. Nest height was at 18 m in a crook along the main trunk and had a 128o nest aspect. The nest structure had half slumped out of the nest tree at some time and was no longer useable. The nest tree was located approximately 750 m across Surprise Lake from Nest #1 and Nest #2. The stand was structural stage 5; however, there were some veteran Douglas-fir trees in the stand. The forest canopy was mostly closed at 70%, with moderately-heavy shrub cover of 70%.

Of note, there was an Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nest tree within 125 m of goshawk Nest #3. Although not confirmed, the Osprey nest was thought to be also active in 2008 (see Section D.5 for details). See Appendix 1 for UTMs of all known goshawk nest trees in TSA 37.

Table 5: Active goshawk nest site descriptions for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Tree Nest Nest Canopy Shrub Nest Tree DBH Struct. Aspect Slope Elev. Nest Height Height Aspect Closure Cover # Species (cm) Stage (o) (%) (m) (m) (m) (o) (%) (%) Bear Lake 1 Hw 39 55 22 58 70 3 5 82 22 142 Surprise 3 Fd 30 23 18 128 70 70 5 120 38 291 Lake

Including the 2008 surveys, there are 17 known nest trees in nine confirmed goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 (Table 6Table 6). Goshawk nest territories each had between 1-5 known nest Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Not Bold trees in TSA 37. Three nests (Artlish River Nest #1, Elbow Creek Nest #1 and Paterson Lake Nest #2) were not located during 2008 surveys; they were either thought to have fallen out of the tree, the nest tree had blown down, the original location UTMs were inaccurate, or a combination of these. An eighteenth nest (Paterson Lake Nest #5) was never originally located during previous BC Ministry of Environment surveys; however at the time, the nest tree was assumed to be in the stand as there were fledglings detected in the territory, while none of the other known nest trees were active. Paterson Lake Nest #5 was also not located during 2008 surveys.

Five nests (Goose Creek Nest #2, Lower Stella Lake Nests #1 & #2, and Paterson Lake Nests #1 & #3) had fallen out of their trees. Six nests (Goose Creek Nest #1, Paterson Lake Nest #6, Pye Lake Nest #1, Roberts Creek Nest #1, and Surprise Nests #1 & #2) were dilapidated and probably no longer useable in their current condition. One nest (Paterson Lake Nest #4) was in good condition and probably useable in its current state. One nest (Surprise Lake Nest #3) was active, but had subsequently partially fallen out of the tree and was no longer useable. And one nest (Bear Lake Nest #1) was currently active, robust and still useable.

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Table 6: Summary of the number of goshawk territories and nest trees for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Number of Territory Name Comments Nest Trees TSA 37 – Campbell River Nest #1 was not relocated in 2008 surveys. Nest #1, the tree was thought to have blown down or the nest structure fallen Artlish River 1 out as it was on the edge of a WTP. Original UTMs were thought to be inaccurate. Bear Lake 1 Nest #1 was active, in good condition, robust and useable. Nest #1 was not relocated in 2008 surveys. Nest #1, the tree Elbow Creek 1 was thought to have blown down or the nest structure fallen out. Original UTMs were thought to be inaccurate. Nest #1 had mostly fallen out of the tree and is no longer Goose Creek 2 useable. Nest #2 had fallen out of the tree. Lower Stella 2 Nests #1 and #2 had fallen out of their trees. Lake Nests #1 and #3 had fallen out of their trees. Nest #2 was not relocated in 2008 surveys. Nest #2, the tree was thought to have blown down or the nest structure fallen out. Nest #4 Paterson Lake 5 was in good condition, robust and useable. Nest #5 was never originally found by MOE. Nest #6, an adjacent tree had fallen onto the nest structure, the nest would require additional structure for it to be useable. Nest #1 was slumped and dilapidated and currently not Pye Lake 1 useable. Nest #1, an adjacent tree had fallen onto the nest structure Roberts Creek 1 and the nest was no longer useable. Nests #1 and #2 were slumped and dilapidated and currently Surprise Lake 3 not useable. Nest #3 was active, however, half of the nest structure had slumped away and was no longer useable. 3 nests not found 5 nests fallen out of trees 6 nests dilapidated and not useable in current state Summary 17 1 nests probably useable in current state 1 nest active and useable 1 nest active and no longer useable

D.4. Nest Productivity The Bear Lake territory produced two young, while the Surprise Lake territory produced one young in 2008 (Table 7Table 7). Total productivity for known goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 in 2008 Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Not Bold was 3 young. Due to the timing of surveys in July, only the single young at Surprise Lake territory was confirmed to have successfully fledged. The young at Bear Lake territory were only observed as

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nestlings; however, the nestlings were estimated to be within a few days of fledging due to their size, feather growth, and observed activity while in the nest.

Table 7: Nest productivity for active goshawk nests for 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC.

Productivity Nest Territory (young assumed to have successfully fledged)

Bear Lake 2 Surprise Lake 1 Average 1.50 (S.D. = 0.71)

D.5. Other Raptor Species Detections Two other raptor species, Osprey and Red-tailed Hawk, were detected during goshawk surveys in TSA 37 in 2008 (Table 8Table 8). Two Ospreys were observed soaring high Formatted: Font: Not Bold above the canopy in Lower Stella Lake territory; the birds were thought to be young of the year. A single Osprey was observed flying above the Surprise Lake goshawk Nest #3 in July; an Osprey nest was subsequently found 125 m south of Nest #3. Although it was not confirmed, this Osprey nest was thought to be active in 2008, suggesting that the goshawk and Osprey had simultaneously active nests in the same general nest stand. A Red-tailed Hawk had an active cliff nest in Strathcona Provincial Park >1 km east of goshawk Elbow Creek Nest #1.

Table 8: Other raptor species detections in 2008 in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. Nest Species Territory Date UTM Comments TSA 37 – Campbell River Osprey Lower 21 July 10/317211E/ Two ospreys (age & sex unknown, assumed to Stella Lake 5575974N be young) observed soaring high over canopy giving continuous begging-like calls. Osprey Surprise 22 July 10/316300E/ Single bird (age and sex unknown) seen flying Lake 5557877N above forest canopy directly above Surprise Lake Nest #3. An osprey nest was found 125 m south of Surprise Lake Nest #3. There was a moderate amount of whitewash and what was thought to be white down feathers and pin feathers of a young osprey found below the osprey nest tree; both the goshawk and osprey nest may have been active in 2008. Red-tailed Elbow 11 July 09/711535E/ Pair observed flying overhead individually, Hawk Creek 5540847N each carrying a single stick in their talons to a cliff nest located in Strathcona Provincial Park >1 km away from Elbow Creek Nest #1. Cliff nest was approximately on an 80o bearing form

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Elbow Creek Nest #1.

E. DISCUSSION

E.1. Nest Territory Occupancy Occupancy rates (occupied by at least one goshawk) for 44 known goshawk nest territories on Vancouver Island between 1995-2002 averaged 54.6% annually (McClaren 2003). In 2008, 2 of the 9 (22.2%) known goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 were occupied. Known goshawk nest territories were monitored in three other study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008, they were: 1) two provincial parks; 2) Western Forest Products (WFP) Timber Farm License (TFL) 19; and 3) WFP TFL 37. Two provincial parks (Gold Muchalat and Strathcona) had 2 of 3 (66.7%) goshawk nest territories occupied in 2008 (Manning and Chytyk 2008a). WFP TFL 19, located mostly west of Gold River had 1 of 6 (16.7%) known goshawk nest territories occupied (Manning and Chytyk 2008a). WFP TFL 37, centered around the town of Woss, south of Port McNeill, had 6 of 12 (50.0%) known goshawk nest territories occupied (Manning and Chytyk 2008b) (Figure 2Figure 2). The mean occupancy for the four Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Not Bold study areas was 38.9% in 2008. The occupancy rate for TSA 37 (22.2%) was the second lowest among the four study areas and lower than the mean occupancy for the four study areas in 2008.

Monitored Goshawk Nest Territories for Northern Vancouver Island 2008 80 66.7 70 60 50.0 50 40 30 22.2 16.7 20

Percent Occupancy 10 0 TFL 19 TFL 37 TSA 37 Parks (n=6) (n=12) (n=9) (n=3) Monitored Study Areas

Figure 2: Percent occupancy for known goshawk nest territories monitored in four study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008.

E.2. Nest Productivity Mean productivity for 141 nesting events at known goshawk nest territories on Vancouver Island between 1994-2002 was 1.6 fledglings/active territory (McClaren 2003). Productivity for known goshawk nest territories in TSA 37 was 1.5 fledglings/active territory in 2008. Nest productivity in

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other monitored study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008 was 2.8 fledglings/active territory in TFL 37 (Woss) (Manning and Chytyk 2008b); and 2.0 fledglings/active territory in both TFL 19 (Gold River) and in Gold Muchalat and Strathcona Provincial Parks (Manning and Chytyk 2008a)(Figure Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Not Bold 3Figure 3). Mean productivity among the four study areas was 2.1 fledglings/active territory; productivity for TSA 37 was lower than the 2008 average. However, nest productivity data should be interpreted cautiously for TSA 37 due to the small samples sizes for both study areas.

Monitored Goshawk Nest Territories for Northern Vancouver Island 2008 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 Mean Productivity 0.5 0.0 TFL 19 TFL 37 TSA 37 Parks (n=6) (n=12) (n=9) (n=3) Study Areas

Figure 3: Mean productivity (young fledged/active territory) for known goshawk nest territories monitored in four study areas on northern Vancouver Island in 2008.

F. RECOMMENDATIONS

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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Frank Doyle, Raptor Biologist. Wildlife Dynamics Consulting, Telkwa, BC.

Gerry Morigeau, Wildlife Consultant. Port Clements, BC.

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Beebe, F.L. 1974. Field studies of the Falconiformes of British Columbia. Occasional Paper No. 17, British Columbia Provincial Museum. Victoria, BC. 163 pp.

Beier, P. and J.E Drennan. 1997. Forest structure and prey abundance in foraging areas of Northern Goshawks. Ecological Applications 7:564-571.

Bloxton, T.D. 2002. Prey abundance, space use, demography, and foraging habitat of Northern Goshawks in Western Washington. MSc Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 70 pp.

Bosakowski, T. B. McCullough, F.J. Lapansky and M.E. Vaughn. 1999. Northern Goshawks nesting on a private industrial forest in western Washington. Raptor Research 33:240-243.

Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser, and M.C.E. McNall. 1990. The birds of British Columbia. Vol. II: Nonpasserines. Diurnal birds of prey through woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC and Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, BC. 636 pp.

Chytyk, P. and K. Dhanwant. 1999. 1998 Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory of the Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii – final report. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, Smithers, BC. 41 pp.

Cooper, J.M. and P.A. Chytyk. 2000. Update COSEWIC status report on the Northern Goshawk Laingi subspecies Accipiter gentilis laingi in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and update status status report on the Northern Goshawk Laingi subspecies Accipiter gentilis laingi in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-36 pp.

Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 1992. Peterson field guide series: a field guide to western bird songs, 2nd Edition. Audio CD. Ithaca, NY.

(COSEWIC) Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2008. Canadian species at risk. http:// http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct5/index_e.cfm.

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Crocker-Bedford, D.C. 1994. Conservation of the Queen Charlotte Goshawk in southeast Alaska. In: L.H. Suring, D.C. Crocker-Bedford, R.W. Flynn, C.S. Hale, G.C. Iverson, M.D. Kirchhoff, T.E. Schenck, L.C. Shea and K. Titus, (eds.). A proposed strategy for maintaining well-distributed, viable populations of wildlife associated with old growth forests in southeast Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, Ketchikan, Alaska. 40 pp.

Crocker-Bedford, D.C. and B. Chaney. 1988. Characteristics of goshawk nesting stands. Pp. 210-217 in: R.L. Glinski, B.G. Pendelton, M.B. Moss, M.N. LeFranc, Jr., B.A. Milsap and S.W. Hoffman, (eds.). Proceedings of the southwest raptor management symposium and workshop. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Sci. Tech. Ser. No. 11.

Daw, S.K., DeStefano, S. and R.J. Steidl. 1998. Does survey method bias the description of Northern Goshawk nest-site structure? Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4):1379-1384.

Demarchi, D. 1995. Ecoregions of British Columbia. 3rd Edition. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC. Map.

Doyle, F. 2003. Biological review and interim strategy for goshawks on Haida Gwaii/Queen Charlotte Islands. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Smithers, BC. 65 pp.

Duncan, P., and D.A. Kirk. 1995. Status report on the Queen Charlotte Goshawk Accipiter gentilis laingi and Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis atricapillus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. 34 pp.

Ethier, T.J. 1999. Breeding habitat of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis laingi) on Vancouver Island: a hierarchical approach. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, BC.

Hall, P. 1984. Characterization of nesting habitat of goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in northwestern California. MSc. Thesis. Humboldt State University, CA.

Hayward, G.D. and R.E. Escano. 1989. Goshawk nest-site characteristics in western Montana and northern Idaho. Condor 91:476-479.

Iverson, G.C., G.D. Hayward, K. Titus, E. DeGayner, R.E. Lowell, D.C. Crocker-Bedford, P.F. Schempf, and J. Lindell. 1996. Conservation assessment for the Northern Goshawk in southeast Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-387. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 101 pp.

Johnsgard, P.A. 1990. Northern Goshawk. Pp.176-182 in: Hawks, eagles and falcons of North America: biology and natural history. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Kennedy, P.L. 2003. Northern Goshawh (Accipiter gentiles atricapillus): A technical conservation assessment. USDA For. Service, Rocky Mtn. Region, Species Conservation Project. Jan. 2, 2003.

Kennedy, P.L. and D.W. Stahlecker. 1993. Responsiveness of nesting northern goshawks to taped broadcasts of 3 conspecific calls. Journal of Wildlife Management. 57:249-257.

Manning, E.T. and P. Chytyk. 2008a. Queen Charlotte Goshawk monitoring in Western Forest Products TFL 19, Gold River, BC, and Strathcona & Gold Muchalat provincial parks. Western Forest Products, Englewood Div., Woss, BC. 25 pp.

Manning, E.T. and P. Chytyk. 2008b. Queen Charlotte Goshawk monitoring in Western Forest Products TFL 37, Woss, BC. Western Forest Products, Englewood Div., Woss, BC. 34 pp.

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Manning, E.T., P. Chytyk and J.M. Cooper. 2007. Queen Charlotte Goshawk monitoring and adaptive management in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC. BC Timber Sales, Englewood Div., Campbell River, BC. 50 pp.

Manning, E.T., P. Chytyk and J.M. Cooper. 2006. 2005 Northern Goshawk monitoring in TSA 37, Campbell River, BC – Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Englewood Division. Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Campbell River, B.C. Mar. 2006. 38 pp.

Manning, E.T., P. Chytyk and J.M. Cooper. 2002. Queen Charlotte goshawk species-habitat model for TSA 37, Campbell River, British Columbia. Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Campbell River, B.C. Dec. 2002.

McClaren, E. 2004. Queen Charlotte Goshawk species account in: Identified wildlife management strategy: accounts and measure for managing identified wildlife, version 2004. B.C. Minist. Water, Air and Land Protect., Biodiversity Branch, Victoria, BC.

McClaren, E. 2003. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (1994-2002). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Nanaimo, BC. 84 pp.

McClaren, E. 2001. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (2000/2001). BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Nanaimo, BC. 34 pp.

Meidinger, D. and J. Pojar. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Forests Special Rep. Series 6, Victoria, B.C. Feb. 1991.

(MOF) B.C. Ministry of Forests. 2004. Strathcona Timber Supply Area analysis report. BC Min. For., Forest Analysis Br., Victoria, BC. Oct. 2004.

(MWALP) B.C. Ministry of Water, Air and Land Protection. 2004. Identified wildlife management strategy: accounts and measure for managing identified wildlife, version 2004. B.C. Minist. Water, Air and Land Protect., Biodiversity Branch, Victoria, BC.

Moore, K.R. and C.J. Henny. 1983. Nest site characteristics of three coexisting Accipiter hawks in northeastern Oregon. Raptor Research 17:65-76.

Reynolds, R.T., R.T. Graham, M.H. Reiser, R.L. Bassett, P.L. Kennedy, D.A. Boyce, G. Goodwind, Jr., R. Smith, and E.L. Fisher. 1992. Management recommendations for the Northern Goshawk in the southwestern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-217. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ft. Collins, CO. 90 pp.

Reynolds, R.T. and S.M. Joy. 1998. Distribution, territory occupancy, dispersal, and demography of Northern Goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Unpub. final report for Arizona Game and Fish, Heritage Project No. I94045.

Reynolds, R.T. and E.C. Meslow. 1984. Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding. Auk 101:761-779.

Reynolds, R.T. and H.M. Wight. 1978. Distribution, density, and productivity of Accipiter hawks breeding in Oregon. Wilson Bull. 90:182-196.

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RIC (Resources Inventory Committee). 1998. British Columbia wildlife habitat rating standards. Draft April 1998. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Resources Inventory Committee, Wildlife Interpretations Subcommittee, Victoria, BC. 108 pp.

(RIC) Resources Inventory Committee. 2001. Inventory methods for raptors standards for components of British Columbia’s biodiversity #11, ver. 2.0, Oct 2001. BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management, Victoria, BC.

Squires, J. and P. L. Kennedy. 2006. Northern Goshawk Ecology: an assessment of current knowledge and information needs for conservation and management. Stud. Avian Biol. 31:8-62.

Squires, J.R. and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). In: The Birds of North America, No. 298 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC. 32 pp.

Squires, J.R. and L.F. Ruggiero. 1996. Nest-site preference of northern goshawk in south-central Wyoming. J. Raptor Res. 29:5-9.

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APPENDIX 1: Northern Goshawk nest tree data in 2008 for TSA 37, Campbell River, BC.

Note: because of location sensitivity, these data are attached as a separate file

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APPENDIX 2: Northern Goshawk nest monitoring surveys summary in 2008 for TSA 37, Campbell River, BC.

# of Call Birds Duration Stations Status of Date Surveyors Observed of Visit Completed Nests Comments Artlish River - TSA 37 19 June 2008 VW, PC 0 0.0 hr 0 Unknown Crews attempted to survey territory, but it was inaccessible due to a landslide across road. 24 July 2008 JA, PC 0 3.0 hr 5 No Activity Nest #1 was not found. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Bear Lake - TSA 37 21 June 2008 VW, PC 1 adult female 1.0 hr 0 Active Adult female observed brooding on Nest #1. 1 nestling Female flushed off the nest and gave several alarm call. A single inarticulate, white-downed nestling was seen in the nest. Observers left area immediately. 22 July 2008 JA, PC, TM, 1 adult female 2.0 hr 0 Active Adult female observed in nest stand giving alarm LM, NK 2 fledglings calls. Two nestlings (thought to be within days of fledging) were observed in the nest. Pellets and prey remains collected. Elbow Creek - TSA 37 11 June 2008 VW, PC 0 5.0 hr 8 No Activity Nest #1 was not found. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 10 July 2008 VW, GP 0 4.0 hr 7 No Activity Nest #1 was not found. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Goose Creek - TSA 37 18 June 2008 VW, GP, 0 4.0 hr 2 No Activity Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. No goshawks JA, PC detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 24 July 2008 VW, GP 0 3.5 hr 6 No Activity Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed.

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Lower Stella Lake - TSA 37 20 June 2008 JA, GP 0 5.0 hr 3 No Activity Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 21 July 2008 JA, PC 0 5.0 hr 7 No Activity Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Paterson Lake - TSA 37 23 June 2008 JA, PC, 0 6.0 hr 6 No Activity Nests 1, 4 & 6 checked for activity. Nests 2 & 3 not VW, GP found. Nest #5 was never found originally by MOE. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 20 July 2008 VW, GP 0 5.0 hr 7 No Activity Nests 1, 3, 4 & 6 checked for activity. Nest #2 not found. Nest #5 was never found originally by MOE. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Pye Lake - TSA 37 20 June 2008 VW, PC 0 3.5 hr 4 No Activity Nests #1 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 21 July 2008 VW, GP 0 4.5 hr 5 No Activity Nests #1 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Roberts Creek - TSA 37 19 June 2008 JA, GP 0 4.0 hr 3 No Activity Nests #1 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 25 July 2008 JA, PC 0 4.0 hr 7 No Activity Nests #1 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. Surprise Lake - TSA 37 21 June 2008 JA, GP 0 5.0 hr 2 No Activity Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. No goshawks detected or any evidence of recent use observed. 22 July 2008 VW, GP 0 adults 6.0 hr 5 Active New Nest #3 found on southwest shore of Surprise 1 fledgling Lake. Nest structure had half fallen out of the nest tree and currently, is probably not useable. Single fledgling detected in nest stand. An Osprey nest

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was found within 125 m of Nest #3 and was possibly also active in 2008. Pellets and prey remains collected. Nests 1 & 2 checked for activity. 25 July 2008 JA, PC 0 adults 2.0 hr 2 Active Nest #3 checked for activity. Single fledgling 1 fledgling observed in nest stand. Pellets and prey remains collected.

Surveyors: GP=Guillermo Perez; JA=Judith Arney; LM=Laurie McCulligh; NK=Norm Kempe; PC=Paul Chytyk; TM=Todd Manning; VW=Veronica Woodruff

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DRAFT - 2008 Northern Goshawk Monitoring of BCTS TSA 37, Campbell River, British Columbia

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