1943 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16~5 By Mr. ANGELLf President and the Congress of the United May she be the -greatest as she becomes H. R. 2114. A bill to amend title I of Public States favoring the passage of House bill 997 the servant of all. Law No.2, Seventy-third Congress, March 20, and Senate bill 216; to' the Committee on 1933, and the Veterans Regulations to pro .Military Affairs. We ask it in the name of that bne vide for rehabilitation of disabled veterans, Also, memorial of the Legislature of the. who for the joy that was set before Him and for other purposes; to the Committee on State of Utah, memorializing the President despised the shame and endured the World :War Veterans' Legislation. and the Congress of the United States relat cross. Amen. · By Mr. McGEHEE: ing. to its waters and the use thereof by the THE JOURNAL H. R. 2115. A bill to amend the District of · adjoining States and the United States; to Columbia Unemployment Compensation Act the Committee on Irrigation and Reclama On request of Mr. HILL, and by unani• to provide for unemployment compensation tion. mous consent, the reading of .the Journal in the District of Columbia, and for other of the proceedings of Friday, March 5, purposes; to the Committee on the District PETITIONS, ETC. 1943, was dispensed with, and the Jour o.f Columbia. By Mr. RANDOLPH: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions nal was approved. H. R. 2116. A bill to amend the laws.of the and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT District of Columbia relating to exemption and referred as follows: .APPROVAL OF BILLS of property from judicial process, the assign ment of salary or wages, and the advance 230. By Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON: Peti Messages in writing from the President payment of salary or wages for the purpose tion of Miss A. Campbell, of Hillsboro, Tex., of the United States were communicated of preventing attachment or garnishment; favoring House Resolution No. 123; to the to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his to the Committee on the District of Co- Committee on Labor. secretaries, who also announced that on lumbia. · 231. By Mr. LECOMPTE: Resolution of Lo cal No. 1116, United Electrical, Radio, and March 6, 1943, the President had ap By Mr. REES of Kansas: proved and signed the following acts: H. R. 2117. A bill to establish a war cabinet Machine Workers of America, opposing the and to define the jurisdiction and authority Hobbs antiracketeering bill; to the Commit S. 158. An act to amend the Communica thereof; to the Committee on Military Affairs. tee on the Judiciary. tions Act of 1934, as amended, to permit con By . Mr. PRIEST: 232. By Mr. SULLIVAN: Memorial of the solidations and mergers of domestic tele H. R. 2118. A bill to provide for universal Legislature of Nevada, regarding statehood graph carriers, and for other purposes; service and total mobilization during any war for the Territory of Alaska; to the Committee S. 621. An act to authorize the Secretary in which the United States is now engaged; on the Territories. of the Navy to grant to the city of San Diego to the Committee on Military Affairs. 233. By Mr. WHITE: Senate Joint Memo for street purposes a parcel of land situated By Mr. POULSON: rial No. 6, of the Idaho State Legislature; to in the city of San Diego and State of Cal H. R. 2119. A bill to provide for the promo the Committee on Agriculture. ifornia; _ tion of officers on the retired list of the Army 234. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the S. 641. An act to amend section 6 of the after specified years of service on active duty; Clerk of the House of Representatives, United Pay Readjustment Act of 1942 relating to the to the Committee on Military Affairs. States of America, State of Washington Leg payment of rental allowances to certain of• By Mr. DIMOND: islature, petitioning consideration of their ficers; and H. R. 2120. A bill to amend section 9 of resolution with reference to House bill 997 S. 739. An act to amend the act entitled the act of Congress approved August 24, 1912 and Senate bill 216; to the Committee on "An act to authorize the attendance of per (37 Stat. 514); to the Committee on the Military Affairs. sonnel of the Army of the United States as Territories. 235. By Mr. BARRETT: Memorial of the students at educational institutions and By Mr. PLOESER: Twenty-seventh Legislature of the State of other places." H. J. Res. 90. Joint re·solution to provide Wyoming, memorializing the Congress of the for an investigation and study by the Fed United States of America to extend the time MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE eral Trade Commission of plans and prob within which the States of Montana, Wyo A message from the House of Repre lems with respect to the effective post-war ming, and North Dakota may negotiate and enter into a compact or agreement for divi sentatives, by Mr. Taylor, its enrolling operation"' of our economic system; to th~ sion of the waters of the Yellowstone River clerk, announced that the House had dis..; Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com· agreed to the amendments of the Senate merce. to June 1, 1947; to the Committee on Irriga By Mr. LUDLOW: _ tion and Reclamation. to the bill Arkansas [Mr. McCLELLAN] has casual labor; to the Committee on Ways and just received a message from North Means. cient commission now put into our hands, Also, memorial of the Legislature of the to bind up the brokenhearted, to pro Africa advising him of the death of his State of Wyoming, memorializing the Presi claim liberty to the captive and the open son, Max E. McClellan, a private soldier dent and the Congress of the United States ing of prison doors to them that are in the Army of the United States, who to extend the time for which Montana, bound, to build the old wastes, to repair volunteered for service to his country~ Wyoming, and North Dakota may negotiate the ruined cities and the desolation of I am sure that I speak the sentiments and enter into a compact or agreement for many generations. Forbid that our of all Senators, and all the friends and division of the waters of the Yellowstone acquaintances of Senator McCLELLAN, River to June 1, 1947; to the Committee on favored land throned in richness be Irrigation and Reclamation. tween the seas should in such an hour be when I say that we deeply sympathize Also, memorial of the Legislature of the tempted to ask "Who is to be the greatest with him in his great loss. I need not State of North Carolina, memorializing th.e in the coming kingdom of humanity?" say that we are all deeply affected by the 1686 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9. sacrifice made by the Senator's son in Congress that it consider as soon as pos and for other purposes, which had been behalf of his country in that far off sible an amendment of the organic law signed previously by the Speaker of the land. of Puerto Rico to permit the people of House of Representatives. Mr. President, I felt that under these Puerto Rico to elect their own Governor, COLUMBIA HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN sad circumstances I should like to say and to redefine the functio~s and powers The VICE PRESIDENT reappointed this much, and I am sure I speak the of the Federal Government and the gov the Senator from Maryland [Mr. RAD sentiments of all Members of the Senate ernment of Puerto Rico, respectively. CLIFFE] a director of the Columbia Hos in expressing our profound grief over the I have appointed a committee com posed of an equal number of Puerto pital for Women for the Seventy-eighth sad news which has come to our friend Congress. the Senator from Arkansas. Ricans and of continental residents to advise me concerning changes in the COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF CAPT. CLYDE E. HERRING organic law. The VICE PRESIDENT reappointed Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi The recommendations of this commit the Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMAS] a dent, in connection with what the Sena tee will be promptly submitted to the director of the Columbia Institution for tor from Kentucky has said, I am sure Congress for its consideration. the Deaf for the Seventy-eighth Con that every friend of former Senator Her FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. gress. ring, of Iowa, noted with profound regret The WHITE HOUSE, March 9, 1943. the statement in the newspaper this CLARIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS OF WAR morning that news·had come to Mr. Her Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I think SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION ring that his son, a captain in the Amer the President's recommendation is The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the ican expeditionary forces abroad, had worthy of the consideration of .the Sen Senate a message from the House of been reported missing in action. Every ate and I believe that every desire of Representatives announcing its disa Member of this body, particularly those the' Puerto Ricans which is reasonably greement to the amendments of the Sen of us who served here with Senator Her possible of attainment should always be ate to the bill (H. R. 133) to amend and ring, ·have learned with very deep regret considered by this body. However, I can clarify certain provisions of law relating that this outstanding young man, for.:. not escape the belief that the. proposal to functions of the War Shipping Admin merly a captain in the Iowa National referred to in the message is not going istration, and for other purposes, and Guard, has been reported missing in ac to solve the Puerto Rican problem. I requesting a conference with the Senate tion. think it might be well for the Congress on the disagreeing votes of the two Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I wish to begin approaching the inevitable Houses-thereon. • to say that I share the feeling the Senator right now, which, in my judgment, would Mr. BAILEY. I move that the Senate from Missouri has expressed. I had not be to give Puerto Rico her independence~ insist upon its amendments, agree to the heard about former Senator Herring's retaining for ourselves such naval and request of the House for a conference, son, or I would have mentioned him in military bases as are essential, and and that the Chair appoint the confer connection with what I said regarding granting PUerto Rico for a period of time ees on the part of the Senate. the death of young Mr. McClellan. I ap certain trade preferences in this country The motion was agreed to; ·and the preciate the Senator from Missouri bring equal to those she now enjoys, which Vice President app<;>inted Mr. BAILEY, Mr. ing the matter to our attention. would permit her to readjust her in RADCLIFFE, and Mr. McNARY conferees on Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I am sure the ternal and external economy to suit the the part of the Senate. Senator would have mentioned the news changed condition. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. about young Captain Herring if he had Puerto Rico was won by the United heard the report. States by conquest. Its people never The VICE PRESIDENT laid .before the agreed by any sort of plebiscite to ·be Senate the following letters, which were AMENDMENT OF ORGANIC LAW OF referred as indicated: PUERTO RICO-ELEC'riON OF GOV come a part of this country; and I should ERNOR like to see the Puerto Ricans given their PROVISION RELATING TO BOARD OF INVESTIGA freedom, the right to determine in full TION . AND RESEARCH-TRANSPORTATION (S. The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the their own destiny, subject always, of Doc. No. 17) Senate the following message from the course to the retention, with their con A communication from the President of the President of the United States, which sent, df military and naval bases on the United States, transmitting draft of a pro was read by the legislative clerk and island of Puerto Rico, for their protec posed provision relating to an existing appro referred to the Committee on Territories tion as well as ours, and to give them priation for the Board of Investigation and and Insular Affairs: Research-Transportation, fiscal year 1943 such help as we could' in order to make (with an accompanying paper); to the Com possible the transition from a state of mittee on Appropriations and ordered to be To the Congress of the United States: dependence to a state of independence, printed. Several months ago the Governor of as we have done in the case of the Phil SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF ALIENS Puerto Rico recommended that the or ippine Islands. I should like to see the A letter from the Attorney General trans ganic law of Puerto Rico be amended so Puerto Ricans ask for th:1t; I should like mitting, pursuant to law, a report stating the as to permit the people of Puerto Rico to to see them go the whole l€ngth rather facts and pertinent provisions of law in the elect their own Governor. This recom than merely to ask to elect their own cases of 431 aliens whose deportation has mendation was brought to me by the Governor. I believe if such a course is been suspende9. for more than 6 months Secretary of the Interior with his ap. taken, an end to the Puerto Rican prob under authorit y vested in the Attorney Gen proval. The Governor's suggestion has lem will be reached, and until such a eral, together with a statement of the rea been under consideration since that course is taken we will face a perpetual sons for such suspension (with an accom time. panying report); to the Committee on and never-solved problem pending con Immigration. It has long been the policy of the Gov tinually before the Congress of the ernment of the United States progres United States as well as with the Puerto REPORT ON PERSONNEL OF THE LAND FORCES sively to reinforce the machinery of self-· Rican people. A letter from the Secret ary of War, sub mitting, pursuant to law, a confidential re government in its Territories and island ENROLLED BILL SIGNED possessions. port of the number of men in active training Under authority of the order of the and service in the land forces on January 31, Puerto Rico has universal suffrage and 1943, under the Select ive Training and Service an elective legislature which considers 5th instant, . Act of 1940; to the Committee on Military and enacts measures governing its in During the last adjournment of the Affairs. Senate the Vice President signed the en ternal affairs. Laws enacted by its leg REPORT OF UNITED STATES EMPLOYEES' islature, however, including laws of rolled bill Nebraska received con "Whereas much confusion and dissatisfac "House Concurrent Resolution No.7 tion is evidenced on the part of recipients tracts equivalent to $6 .38 for every previous and charges of unfairness and discrimination dollar that she had in manufacturing before "Concurrent resolution memorializing the are rumored, thus casting many reflections the war. Arkansas received $6.06. Okla Congress of the United States to relieve all upon the officers in charge of the Social Se homa received $G.02. But Missouri received persons in active m111tary service of the curity operations in each county organized contracts equivalent to only $2.91. United States from payment of income under said Social Security Act; and "In the all-over value of war contracts thus taxes or gross income taxes on their com "Whereas we feel that the fundamental far awarded the national per capita average pensation received from the Government principle of any democracy is vested in the is $710.85. Our sister to the west, Kansas, for such service voice of the people; and has received from a bounteous government "Whereas the United States is now engaged "Whereas we believe the strongest counter in war contracts a per capita average of in the prosecution of war activities on every acting force of political evil is public resent $1,083.21 as compared with a per capita aver continent and on the high seas in every cor ment when based upon the opinion of a well age in Missouri with her two large cities ner of the globe against the totalitarian informed constituency; and included of $452.24. forces of Germany, Italy, Japan, and their "Whereas we feel that exacting,of burden "As of September 30, 1943, war contracts satellites; and some taxes by any group of appointive offl. had so changed the rank of our states in "Whereas several million American citizens cials only to be disbursed also by a like group their relative manufacturing positions that are aiding the Nation in this titanic strug of appointive officials with the taxpayer be we find Kansas advanced 15 places in the gle, by serving in the Army, Navy, Marine ing deprived of the right to know who is the rank of manufacturing among the States. Corps, Coast Guard, and Public Health Serv beneficiary, one bold step has been made in "Oklahoma has bettered her position 6 ice detailed for duty with the Army or the defiance of the principles of democracy and places among t:ne 48 States, Arkansas and Navy; and the American way of life which is the goal Nebraska likewise are in an improved rank "Whereas thousands of such loyal and for which the greatest war in history is being and though Missouri has always been further brave Americans have already lost their lives waged; we therefore memorialiZe the Con advanced in manufacturing than any of these in this war, and those living w111 expose theirs gress of the United States to amend the Fed she has, during the same perjod, fallen from to the risk of loss of life; and eral Social Security Act to the effect that any her former position ISO that she has lost 5 "Whereas it is difficult for members ·of the citizen in any county in any State thus or places in her manufacturing rank with the armed forces to devote full energy to the ganized under the Federal Social Security Act other States; and struggle at hand, if they are beset by finan- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1689 clal wM"ries .such as the payment of taxes, (The VICE PRESIDENT iaid before the Seri "We therefore earnestly memorialize the etc.; and ate a concurrent resolution identical With :the President and Congress o! the United States "Whereas it would be fitting and proper foregoing, which was referred to the Com to consider the .changed condition of Indian that certain taxes such as net income taxes mittee on .Agriculture and .Forestry.) affairs and to revise the laws and regulations and gross inoome taxes imposed by the Fed "Senate Concurrent Resolution 11 concerning them accordingly; be It further eral Government and the various States and "ResOlvett, That a ~ertified copy of this Territories of the United States and the politi "Concurrent resolution memorializing the concurrent resolution be transmitted to the cal subdivisions therepf not be required of Congress of the United States to investigate President of the United States, to the Senate such members of the armed for.ces: Now, the alcohol produ.ction plant of the Yank and House of Representatives of the national therefore, be lt ton Industrial Alcohol Corporation, of Congress, and to each member of the con "Resolved by the Rouse .of Representatives Yankton, S. Dak., with a view of determin gressional delegation from South Dakota; all of the State of South DalroUL {tlw senate ing the possibility of establishment of 1\ to be done by the Secretary of State upon concurring), That the Congress of the United synthetic rubber plant -at Yankton, S. Oak. the ·passage and approval of this resolution." States further amend the Soldiers' and Sail "Be it resolved by the State Senate of the ors' Civil Relief Act by exempting all compen (The VICE PRESIDENT laid bef'Ore the 'J'wenty-eighth Legislative Session Of the Senate -a concurrent resolution identical sation received by persons while on active State of South Dakota (the 'house oJ repre duty as members of the Army of the United with the foregoing, which was referred to sentatives con.curring): the Committee on Indian Affairs.) States, the United States Navy, the Marine "Whereas the Yankton Industrial .Alcohol Corps, the Coast Guard, and an officers of the Corporation, organized under the laws of the "Senate Concurrent Resolution 10 Public Health Service detailed by proper au State of South Dakota, with its principal "Concurrent resolution memorializing Con thority for duty either With the Army or the place of ~usiaess at Yankton, Yankton, gress concerning the condition of Indians Navy from the payment of tneome taxes there County, S.Dak., wilt on or after the 1st day of either net income or gross income, imposed "Whereas deplorable conditions continue of April 194'3, be in production of aJcobol on the Indian reservations of South Dakota, under the authority of the laws of the United from corn products; and States or the laws of .any .other State or Terri with low living standards, lack of agricultural "Whereas the operating capacity of the or other occupations, and impaired health; tory or any public or any political .subdivi plant of said corporation wlll be the reduction sion thereof; and be it further and of approximately 2,000 bushels of corn per "Whereas these conditions appear to be "ReSolved. That a oopy of these resolutions day, with a daily output capacity of 6,000 steadily gr.owing worse instead of better~ be transmitted to each Member of Congress gallons of alcohol; and from South Dakota, including both Senators with the Indian gradually becoming more "Whereas the production and manufacture dependent and more poorly equipped for and Representatives, and to the presiding of synthetic rubber 1s of the hlghest Impor officer of each branch of Congress with the either a happy or prosperous living, despite tance to the Nation in the present war emer Increased Federal appropriations for the Bu request that this matter receive their most gency: Be it ea.!'nest consideration." reau of Indian Affairs; and "Resolved, That the Congress of the United "Whereas the South Dakota Indian has (Tbe VICE PRESIDENT laid bef'Ore the States of America should investigate the shown his patriotism and his love for the Senate a concurrent resolution identical with Yankton Industrial Alcohol Corporation, its Amerin has not been given future de Hon. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, personnel of the Army of the United States velopments and improvements which will Chairman of the Senate as students at educational institutions and change methods now used in the regulation Military Affairs Committee, other places." of aircraft: Therefore tie it Senate Building, Washington, D. C. BILLS INTRODUCED Resolved by the senate and house of rep DEAR SENATOR REYNOLDS: We are Writing to f'esentatives, That the Congress be respect you, not personally, but as chairman of the Bills were introduced, read the first fully requested that no favorable action be Military Affairs Committee of the Senate of time, and, by unanimous consent, the sec taken on the above-mentioned bills or any the United States. ond time, and referred as follows: similar bill or bills by Congress until the The congregation assembled at a union By Mr. BAILEY: present war is over· and peace is established; service at the First Methodist Church at S. 839. A bill for the relief of Etta Houser and be it further Homestead, Fla., February 28, 1943, requested Freeman; to the Committee on Claims. Resolved, That a copy of this resolution the undersigned pastors to write to you stat (Mr. REED introduced Senate bill 840, be forwarded to Han. WARREN R. AuSTIN, and ing that the congreg~tion desire and urge which w:::J referred to the Committee on Hon. GEORGE D. AIKEN, Senators, and Hon. the passage by Congress of protective legis Banking and Currency, and appears under a CHARLES A. PLUMLEY, Representative, from lation for our armed forces-the sons of our separate heading.) Vermont. homes-from the liquor and vice traffic, sim By Mr. WILEY: AsA S. BLOOMER, ilar to that enacted by Congress in ·1917 S. 841. A bill for the relief of J.P. Woolsey; Speaker of the House of Representatives. which Secretaries Baker and Daniels both to the Committee on Claims. MoRTIMER R. PROCTOR, declared to be exceedingly effective. By Mr. STEWART: President of the Senate. The congregation also requests that you S. 842. A bill for the relief of J. H. Atkins; Approved March 5, 1943. read this action on the floor of the 8-:mate to the Committee on Claims. WILLIAM H. WILLIS, an·d have it incorporated in the CoNG.RES By Mr. LANGER: Governor. SIONAL RECORD. S. 843. A bill making .certain regulations Respectfully yours, RESOLUTION OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION with reference to fertilizers or seeds that 0. SEWELL PALMER, may be distributed ·by agencies of the United OF FARMERS:-SUSPENSION OF A. A. A. Pastor, Methodist Church. ACTIVITIES States; to the C9mmittee on Agriculture and J. E. JoHNSTONE, Forestry. Mr. BALL presented a resolution of Pastor, First Baptist Church. S. 844. A bill to amend the Railroad Retire the National Association of Farmers re R. E. HASTINGS, . ment Act of 1937 so r,s to provide a minimum lating to the total suspension of A. A. A. . Pastor, .Church of God. annuity of $50 per month for annuitants EARL P. SCOTT, who have completed 30 years service; to the activities for the duration of the war, Church of the Nazarene. which was referred to the Committee on Committee on Interstate Commerce. Mr. President, I have complied with By Mr. McNARY: Agriculture and Forestry and ordered to S. 845. A bill to define the exterior boun be printed in the RECORD, as follows: their request. The VICE PRESIDENT. The letter daries of the Warm Springs Indian Reserva Whereas the Secretary of Agriculture has tion in Oregon, and for other purposes; to recently raised the restrictions and penalties presented by ·the Senator from North the Committee on Indian Affairs. · incidental to production of wheat, t~ereby Carolina will be referred to the Commit By Mr. MEAD: admitting the folly of the doctrine of scar tee on Military Affairs. S. 846. A bill to provide for post-war plan city previously advocated by the Department REPORTS OF COMMITI'EES ning, and for other purposes; to the Com of .Agriculture; and mittee on Finance. Whereas the present and threatened food The following reports of committees By Mr. BILBO: shortages have been largely brought about were submitted: S. 847. A bill to provide for certain pay by the insistence of the ·Department of Agr.f By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee ments to needy blind individuals; culture upon restricted production and by its on the District of Columbia: S. 848. A bill to provide for certain pay lack of capacity to appreciate and recognize S. 791. A bill to effectuate the intent of ments to dependent children; the needs of the farmer as to farm machinery the Congress as expressed in section 1, par S. 849. A bill to extend provisions of the and manpower; and agraph (k) of Public Law 846, Seventy-sev act of March 20, 1933, and veterans'· regula Whereas there is a manifest tendency to . enth Congress, approved December 24, 1942, tions applicable to -World War veterans and add to the duties and powers of State and by adding to the list of institutions named dependents to veterans and dependents of local Agricultural Adjustment Administra in said paragraph the name of the American the present war, and for other purposes; and tion committees under the guise of war Tree Association, an institution similar to S. 850. A bill to provide for the payment emergency and whereas these additional the institutions so named; without amend of old-age pensions, and for other purposes; duties and pow~rs are apparently designed ment (Rept. No. 97). to the Committee on Finance. · to strengthen and perpetuate the Agricul By Mr. HAYDEN (for Mr. McKELLAR), from By Mr. McCARRAN: tural Adjustment Administration program; S. 851. A bill to provide adequate aero and the Committee on Appropriations: H. R. 1975. A bill making· appropriations nautical training for the youth of the United Whereas these above-mentioned factors are States; to the Committee on Commerce. detrimental to increased farm production to supply deficiencies in certain appropria tions for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943, S. 852. A bill to provide for the establish· and consequently are hampering our whole ment of a fortified facility at or near the war effort; and and for pl'ior fiscal years, to provide supple mental appropriations for the fiscal year end· naval depot at Hawthorne, Nev.; to the Com Whereas these additional duties and powers mittee on Naval Affairs. could be more efficiently performed by local ing June 30, 1943, and for other purposes; with amendments (Rept. No. 98). By Mr. WALSH: officials elected by popular vote and whereas S. 853. A bill to amend the act of March the method of selection of the present Agri REPORTS ON DISPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE 3, 1909, as amended by the act of January cultural Adjustment Administration and PAPERS 23, 1942, providing for the sale of naval allied boards is destructive of public confi stores, in order to authorize the Secretary of dence in the operation of said boards: There Mr. BARKLEY, from the Joint Select the Navy to permit the sale of naval stores fore be it Committee on the Disposition of Execu in the continental United States during the Resolved by the National Association of tive Papers, to which were referred for war and 6 months thereafter to civilian offi Farmers, That we recommend to Congress, examination and recommendation four cers and employees of the United States, and legislation looking to the total suspension of lists of records transmitted to the Sen to other persons at stations where purchase Agricultural Adjustment Administration ac ate by the Arcnivist of the United States from private agencies is found to be imprac tivities for the duration of the war, as we ticable; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. feel that the enormous reservoir of man that appeared to have no permanent By Mr. CONNALLY: power now immobilized in Agricultural Ad value or historical interest, submitted re S. 854. A bill for the relief of the First justment Administration activities would be ports thereon. National Bank of Huntsville, Tex.; to the immensely more valuable if employed in ac ENROLLED BILLS PRESENTED Committee on Claims. tual farm production. By Mr. REYNOLDS: PAUL F. WARBURTON, Mrs. CARAWAY, from the Committee S. 855. A bill to amend the Railroad Re President of Free Farmers of Minnesota. on Enrolled Bills, reported that on March tirement Act of 1937 so as to provide for an 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1691 ann:uity for total and permanent disability cultural occupations, which was ordered "For all necessary expenses of the omce ot after 10 years' service; to the Committee on to lie on the table and to be printed. Defense Health and Welfare Services, and Interstate Commerce. other Federal agencies upon transfer thereto By Mr. KILGORE: NOTICE OF MOTION TO. SUSPEND THE in accordance herewith, in connection with B. 856. A bill for the relief of the heirs of RULE-AMENDMENTS TO FIRST DEFI· the foregoing approval of plans and payments Henry I. Brown; to the Committee on the CIENCY APPROPRIATION BILL- to States, including personal services in th~ District of Columbia. District of Columbia; actual transportation Mr. HAYDEN (for Mr. McKELLAR) sub APPEALS FROM PRICE-CONTROL ORDERS and other necessary expenses and not to ex mitted the following notice in writing: ceed *10. per diem in lieu of subsistence of Mr. REED. Mr. President, I introduce In accordance with rule XL of the Stand persons serving, without other compensation a bill to amend the Price Control Act of ing Rules of the Senate, I hereby give' notice from the United States, while away from 1942, to aid in preventing inflation, and in writing that it is my intention to move their homes in an advisory capacity to the to suspend paragraph 4 of rule XVI for the Office of Defense Health and Welfare SerVices; for other purposes. This is not a farm purpose of proposing to the bill (H. R. 1975) and printing and binding; fiscal year 1943, bloc bill. This is not in the interest of making appropriations to supply deficiencies $.89,000: Provided, That section 3709 of the or of any benefit to the farmer. It is a in certain appropriations for the fiscal year Revised Statutes shall not be oonstrued to bill in the interest of the consumer whose ending June 30, 1943, and for prior fiscal years, apply to any purchase from this appropria supply of food, especially meat, is being to provide supplemental appropriations for tion when the aggregate amount involved threatened by impossible orders issued the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943, and for does not exceed $100." by the 0. P. A., in violation of the plain other purposes. the folloWing amendments, Page 6, after line 1, ~nsert the following: namely: intent of Congress. "BOARD OF INVESTIGATION AND BESEARCH Page 4, after line 17, insert the following: The original Price Control Act of 1942 "Office of Defense Health and Welfare Serv TRANSPORTATION set up an emergency court of appeals ices: For payments to States for expenditure "Notwithstanding the limitations in sec-· and gave it exclusive jurisdiction over all' in accordance with State plans for the war- tion 203 of the First SUpplemental National appeals from orders and regulations of . time care and protection of children of em Defense Appropriation Act, 1943, the appro the 0. P. A. The difficulty is that policies ployed mothers, approved by the Office of priation for the Board of Investigation and and practices of the 0. P. A. makes ap Defense Health and Welfare Services, upon Research contained in said act shall be avail peal almost impossible under existing recommendation of the Children's Bureau, able for travel expenses and printing and · Department of Labor, or Office of Education, binding In amounts not exceeding $11,000 I law. Appeal may be delayed by amend Federal Security Agency, and for payments to and $23,000, respectively." ment and change in the orders and reg : subdivisions of States for expenditure in ac Page 8, aft1lr line 24, insert the following: ulations, or by requiring addi~ional in cordance with such plans, such payments to "Emergency preparation of high-school formation before an order is made final. be made by the Secretary of the Treasury in students for wartime service, Office ot Edu In spite of great dissatisfaction witl: the accordance with certification to him by any cation (national defense): For payments to many orders of the 0. P. A., not a single office of the Government designated for such States through certtfication from time to appeal, so far as my information goes, 1 purpose by the Director of the Office of De time by the United States Commissioner · of has been able to reach the emergency fense Health and Welfare Services, fiscal year Education (hereinafter referred to as the ; 1943, $2.884,000: Provided, That any plan so "Commissioner") to the Secretary of the court. approved shall itemize by classes and amounts Treasury of the n-ame of each State to which This bill provides appeal ·to any dis the total funds required for the plan and payment is to be made and the amount to trict court having jurisdiction of the the amount of Federal funds requested; shall . be paid, in accordance with regulations pro parties. provide for such methods of administration mulgated by the Commissioner under the su The bill (8. 840) to amend the Emer as are necessary for the efficient operation of pervision and direction of the Federal Secu-· gency Price _Control Act of 1942, to aid the plan; shall set out a schedule of fees to rity Administrator, with the -approval of the be charged; shall state the extent of State Chairman of the War Manpower Commission in preventing inflation, and for other and local participation in providing neces and the President, such payments to be made purposes, was -read twice by its title and · sary funds, facilities, and services; shall pro prior to audit and settlement by the General referred to the Committee on Banking vide· for the inclusion and financing of any Accounting Office, as follows: and Currency. projects for care of children of employed "(1) For assistance to the States in adjust VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION OF CER mothers, now financed in whole or in part ing the organization and curricUlum of the from Federal funds, upon the expiration of high schools to a program for the preparation TAIN DISABLED PERSONB-BILL RECOM existing Federal grants, when such projects of high-school students for wartime service, MITI'ED are essential t9 the prosecution of the ·war; such assistance to consist of (1) medical Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. Mr. President, I and the Director of the Office of Defense examination of students, and (2) the im ask unanimous consent that Calendar Health and Welfare Services shall not ap provement of teachers in service ln the fields prove any plan except upon his determina Of physical education, aeronautics, SCience. No. 48, Senate bill 180, to provide voca tion that the schedule of fees is the maximum and mathematics through local district tional rehabilitation, education, training, practicable in view of the wages paid in the teacher-training institutes, demonstrations, and other .services to persons disabled areas served, and his determination that the visitations, publication, and other means; as while members of the armed forces, or State and local participation is adequate in provided by State departments Of education disabled in war industries or otherwise, view of the financial status of the State or pursuant to plans submitted by them and may be recommitted to the Committee on subdivisions: Provided further, That pay approved by the Commissioner, fiscal year Education and Labor, together with all ments shall not exceed 50 percent of the total 1943, $2,390,000: Provided, That each State amendments which may be pending or estimated expenditures, including expendi department and local board of education shall tures from fees received, but excluding ex continue to expend, on an annual basis, such on the table relating thereto. penditures for purchase, renovation, construc ·sums as it has spent therefor in the year pre The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob tion, repair, or equipment of any bu1lding or ceding the enactment hereof. jection, the bill and amendments will premises in excess of $1,000 for each project: . "(2) For assistance to State departments of be rereferred to the Committee on Edu Provided further, That no payment from this education in providing State administration cation and Labor. appropriation shall be ava1lable for the pur and instructional services in adjusting the chase or erection of buildings; for alteration, organization and curriculum of the high HOUSE BILL REFERRED repair, and equipment for any single project schools to a program for the preparation of The bill United States Senate, Washington, D . C. Land. out other compensation from the United DEAR SENATOR: Local shipyards in Superior As I understand it from my telephone con~ States, in an advisory capacity to the Com~ will launch from five to eight ships on May versation with you, it will not be necessary missioner, fiscal year 1943, $114,000: Provided, 9. This should achieve a world record for for these men to take any action since your That section 3709 of the Revised Statutes multiple launchings in one port on one day. department can handle the matter in its shall not apply to any purchase from this ap~ To celebrate this event, the Dionne quintup~ entirety. I am, however, sending them copies propriation when the aggregate amount In~ lets will make their first visit to the United of the letter from the Superior Shipbuilders valved does not exceed $100: Provided further, States in order to sponsor five sister ships Council together with this letter so they may That the Commissioner shall transmit to in a "quint" launching at the Butler yards, be fully advised in the event you may have Congress within 30 ddyrt after the close of and the local Shipbuilders Council, represent~ to call on them for cooperation. the- fiscal year ending June 30, 1943, a report ing union labor, has declared that May 9 I regard this matter as extremely urgent, of the emergency program for the preparation will be Labor Victory Day. and I would greatly appreciate having a of high-school students for wartime service as It is the hope of our committee that Labor reply by telephone as soon as you can give provided for in this act, such report to show Victory Day will commemorate a real day of me definite information or assurance these the distribution of Federal funds by States, victory in the battle of production, and a plans can be carried out. types of expenditures, and numbers of persons day of which laboring men everywhere will Yours for victory, involved." be proud. In the past labor has received ALEXANDER WILEY. Page 21, after line 9, insert the following: some unpleasant publicity, but on this day, SLOGAN AGAINST ABSENTEEISM BY MISS "CHILDREN'S BUREAU it is our hope, labor will receive some recog~ CAROL GRAGG nition of its cooperation with management. "Grants to States for emergency maternity Here in Superior, for example, there has not Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, the and infant care: For grants to States, includ~ been one strike, nor one work stoppage 1n Cessna Aircraft Co., of Wichita, Kans., ing Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the our entire shipbuilding war effort. As a con~ has been doing an excellent job of pro~ District of Columbia, to provide, in addition sequence, our shipyards are far ahead of pro~ to similar services otherwise available, med~ duction in the war effort. I am informed duction schedules, and, in addition, the ship~ that its campaign to reduce absenteeism teal, nursing, and hospital maternity and building unions have established an enviable infant care for wives and infants of enlisted record in the purchase of war bonds. has. been attended with remarkably sue~ men in the armed forces of the United States To make Labor Victory Day amount to cessful results. of the fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh grades, something more than just another name-ob~ As a part of its campaign against ab· under allotments by the Secretary of Labor servance day, to give it some tangible ex· senteeism, the Cessna plant held a con and plans developed and administered by pression, all shipbuilding employees will do~ test for the best slogan. More than 1,000 State health agencies and approved by the nate one full day's wages into a fund for the Chief of the Children's Bureau, fiscal year slogans were entered. The winner· of the purchase of a shipload of food for war-strick~ contest was Miss Carol Gragg, a war 1943, $1,200,000." . en Europe. We estimate that this fund Page 25, line 24, after the figure "$491,000", should approximate $50,000, and it is our worker in the electrical department of insert the following: ": Provided, That cost hope that one of the "qui:qt" ships may be se~ the plant. The splendid original slogan of living and representation allowances, as cured to carry this cargo, thus underlining she suggested is this: authorized by the act approved February 23, the fact that the supplies are from the work~ "You can't spell vicTory with an ab~ 1931, as amended, may be paid from this men of Superior to the starving families of sent-T." appropriation to American citizens employed oppressed workingmen in Europe. In this I think the slogan is pat, to a Tee, as hereunder." connection we have a real need for your sup~ Page 28, after line 8, insert the following: port. we used to say. I am glad to call the "Special melting and coinage: To enable In general, we would appreciate any pub~ attention of the Senate to Miss Carol the Secretary of the Treasury to carry out the licity which you may be able to give our en~ Gragg, of the Cessna Aircraft Co., Wich· provisions of section 4 of the act entitled terprise. In particular, we would like you ita, Kans., and hope that her slogan, "'An act to further the war effort by author~ to approach the national headquarters of the "You can't spell vicTory with an absent 1zing the substitution of other materials for International Red Cross on our behalf. Will T" does its bit toward victory. strategic metals used in minor coinage, to you kindly advise us of their attitude? Final~ authorize the forming of worn and uncurrent ly, though we are willing to turn the whole GOVERNMENT BY REGIMENTATION AND standard silver dollars into bars, and for problem of transportation over to the Red BUREAUCRACY-ARTICLE BY WALTER other purposes", approved December 18, 1942 Cross, we definitely feel that local community E. CHRISTENSON (Public Law 815), the expenses or adjust~ support would be stronger, and the publicity ments in connection with the forming of value greater, if we could secure one of the Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, on worn and uncurrent standard silver dollars "quint'' ships. These :freighters from the Thursday, February 25, I addressed the into bars shall be charged against the gain Butler yards happen to be earmarked under Senate relative to a nomination the con arising from the coinage of such bars." lend-lease for Great Britain. After consulta~ firmation of which was resisted by the Mr. HAYDEN also (for Mr. McKELLAR) tion with the Red Cross, we would appreciate junior Senator from Wyoming [Mr. submitted amendments intended to be pro~ your contacting the British lend~lease ofll~ ROBERTSON]. posed by Mr. MCKELLAR to House bill 1975, cials, the American State Department, or any In my remarks I stated that those of the first deficiency appropriation blll, 1943, responsible parties who would be in a posi~ which were severally referred to the Commit~ tion to give us an opinion on the feasibility us who came from Nebraska came on a tee on Appropriations and ordered to be of this plan. mandate from the people that we should printed. Though we realize that this is asking you to cooperate with the President in the war (For text of amendments referred to, see do a great deal, we believe that you will effort 100 percent, but also that we should the foregoing notice.) agree it is for a worthy cause, and we assure oppose to the utmost a government by MULTIPLE SHIP LAUNCHINGS IN you of our genuine appreciation for anything regimentation and bureaucracy. As I you may do :for us. said at that time, this mandate was SUPERIOR, WIS. Respectfully yours, given to us in no uncertain terms, and Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, a few HoLDER MonEEN, in the brief remarks I made to the days ago I received a letter from a group Chairman, Superior Shipbuilders Council. Senate I called attention to my belief of workers in the shipyards of Superior, in the fundamental principles of repre~ Wis., stating that on May 9 they would MARCH 8, 1943. sentative government. I advised that launch from five to eight ships. The MAJ. RALPH W. OLMSTEAD, Deputy Director, Food Distribution these principles were reflected by . the letter states that this will be a world Administration, people of my State, and that it has been record for multiple launchings. It is Washington, D. c. my experience that they extend quite expected that the Dionne quintuplets DEAR MAJOR OLMSTEAD: Pursuant to our generally into the other Midwestern will be present, and the Lakes Ship telephone conversation I am attaching here~ States. Builders Joint Council is preparing for with a self-explanatory letter which I re~ Since then an article has been written a great celebration. I ask that the letter ceived this morning from the Superior Ship~ by Walter E. Christenson, an associ-ate 1943 CONGRESSIONAL HECORD-SENATE 1693 editor of the Omaha World Herald, vilfty. The hist orical avenue of escape tory: The Taxpayer versus the Bureaucrat, which sets forth in forceful and dra flight to the west-narrowed and finally the Citizen versus the Executive Decree. closed as the cheap land was occupied. This is not an indictment of an admin matic language the ideology of govern That was when modern liberalism was istration. It should be said in fairness that ment of our Nebraska people and, I born. _ many items in the program of the New Deal would say, of the voters of the Middle Most westerners were liberals in those days. were beneficial changes in the rules-changes West. We were the sons of wild jackasses, we had designed to permit the average American a I ask unanimous consent that this the breath of freedom in our nostrils, and chance to lead a better and more useful and splendid article by Mr. Christenson be we didn't want to see otirselves or our chil freer life. printed in the body of the RECORD at this dren_ shackled into an industrial class sys But , the over-all trend of the decade has point as a part of my remarks. tem of society. We wanted to live in a re been toward strengthening the arbitrary au public in which there was real opportunity thority of the State. The power of t he courts There being no objection, the article for all--economic opportunity as well as has been assailed and the power of the Con was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, political opportunity. We wanted every gress has been usurped and bypassed. To as follows: child, even if born in the humblest home, to day no prudent attorney would dare to ad 'l'HE DECAY OF LmERALISM-THE CITIZEN VERSUS have a chance to become a congressman or a vise a client on any matter relating to the EXECUTIVE DECREE president or a chairman of the board-ac economic life of the Nation merely on the basis of what he could :find in the statutes (By W. E. Christenson) cording to the stuff there was in him. Our thoughts in those days were largely or in his volumes of judicial opinions. More To some people liberalism means Eugene concerned with what we called the trusts important by far than these are the decrees Debs; to some it means George Norris; to and the malefactors of great wealth; with and directives which come from the bureauc some it means Joe Stalin; and to some it swindlers who Impudently sold worthless racy, and the rulings thereon which have been means Franklin Roosevelt. stocks; with manipulators who threw great handed down by ~arious ones of 2,500,000 civil To me it doesn't mean any of those, but it railroad systems into bankruptcy so that they employees of the Central Government. means a lot of people who, through the ages, might plunder them; with sweatshops and THEIR GOAL SECURITY BUT NOT LmERTY have been leading the :fight for the liberty of company stores and kick-backs and black human beings-and particularly those who It is argued that a vast extension In the lists and insolently juggled tariffs and adul authority of the Government is necessary in have been :fighting against enslavement of terated food and short weight and all the people by their government. time of war to make the Nation more effi other manifold evils that had attached them cient and more productive. On that point It's nothing new. Dionysius said, "A love selves to the economic and political system. of liberty 1s implanted by nature in the we should be particularly careful to think breasts of all men." Tacitus wrote, "Liber WE DID NOT TIRE OF INDIVIDUAL LmERTY clearly. ties a-nd masters are not easily combined." But let this point be made-to borrow a The American people do not object to the Thirteen centuries later William Wallace said phrase-"again and again." Most of us were discipline demanded by total war or to the to the Scots, "I tell you true liberty is . the not tired of individual liberty; we wanted so-called hardships which result tor the best of all things; never live beneath the more of it. We wanted the rules of living in civilian population. A temporary lack of noose of a servile halter." a free land to be changed a little so that we, gasoline or rubber or shoes or coffee or what But while this feeling for liberty appears to the people, would be more secure in our free ever is trivial incident in the life of a be almost universal, it flourishes more dom and less endangered by the irresponsible Nation. But the kind of government that authority of autocrats. may result from these strictly temporary luxuriantly on American soil than anywhere conditions-that is a matter of the deepest else on the globe. The reasons are not ob It is only fair to say that there were crack scure. From the earliest settlements our pots in the liberal movement--socialists, an interest to all of us and to our children. What ·is happening today should be viewed country bas been populated and repopulated archists, syndicalists and "ists" of many stripes who even then were thinking in terms in the light of what has gone before artd by fugitives from tyranny. And when the what is promised for the future. And that time came for separation, it 1s noteworthy, of a dictatorship of the proletariat. But they were an insignificant minority. The great view is not entirely reassuring. I believe, that the colonists in their bill of These former liberal brethren who are now complaint did not dwell on physical hard American liberal movement was libertarian in its aims and constitutional in its methods. ln authority in Washington had charted their ships. They did not say, "You have not pro course long before total war had imposed its tected us from the Indians," or "You have not Nothing was further from its purpose than a return to the days when bureaucrats demands upon the Nation. They had said taken care of our old people," or "You haven't in substance: "Our goal is security. ·Not allowed us to have enough tea." The thing swarmed over the land, eating the substance of the people. liberty, but security. We are going to see to that caused them to rebel was that they were it that everyone, the shirker equally with being treated as inferiors and dependents. Ten years ago American liberalism thought the toller, has plenty to eat and a comfort They were revolting against the usurpations it had won its greatest political victory. But able place in which to live. It is not our of the king and the violations of their as time was to prove, that was in reality its purpose merely to create a society in which liberties. hour of greatest danger. all will have a fair chance to produce and ''He has refused his assent to laws the most For the men and women who crowded into earn. We propose to take charge of society, wholesome and necessary • • • He has places of power in the next decade were not we propose to direct its economic operations dissolved representative houses repeatedly in every ease believers in the traditional in such a way that the social objectives which • • • He has made judges dependent on American concept of liberty. They were not we in our wisdom deem proper shall be guar his will alone • • • He has erected a. in every case well grounded in the practical anteed to every citizen by the eentral au multitude of new offices and sent hither mechanics of modern society. There were thority." swarms of officers to harass our people and eat experimenters in their ranks, and uplifters And if the voice of Benjamin Franklin out their substance • • • He has com and social workers and dreamy-eyed doers of cried from the tomb: "They that can give up bined with others to subject us to a jurisdic good-and a few zealots who had borrowed essential liberty to obtain a little temporary tion foreign to our constitution • • •" their ideas from other climes and non-Amer safety deserve neither liberty nor safety" The colonists were fighting, not the par ican cultures. if that voice was raised, surely no one in all ticular brain trust which happened to be in "Liberalism," so-called, was in the saddle, the land heard. power in London at that moment, but a but it was not the pure, historical American totalitarian system. liberalism. In too many instances it had THE ROAD FRANCE TROD overtones of the other kinds of Isms then We moderns have a tragic illustration be ECONOMIC DESPOTISM OUR NEW TYRANNY being advocated in Europe. fore us of what may happen if the search for The war against the mother country was national leisure and security-under the won, but the battle for human liberty did OVER-ALL TREND TOWARD ARBITRARY AUTHORITY auspices of a bureaucracy-is carried to an not end. It continued until our own times. The strange thing about this new, left extreme. In his report on the reasons for But when the decades arrived which most Wing, self-styled liberalism was that it pro the fall of France, General Giraud, our pres of us look back upon as the days of our posed to set up bureaucratic government ent aide and ally, spoke realistically of con youth-the decades which marked the t'\ll'n controls, backed by executive directives, to ditions within that country before the war. of the twentieth century-the nature of the preserve the liberties of the people. The He said: battle had changed. Political authoritarian founding fathers would have turned in their "It was easier to succeed by intrigue than ism had been vanquished, we thought, for all sacred graves if they had heard such heresy. work. Politics became a career of compro time. But in its place there had come a sort -Perhaps the harassed businessman when mise, al'rangement, betrayal. Many lawyers, o,f economic despotism which many free he accepted the temporary shelter of the Na professors, and journalists suddenly believ ~. d Americans found no less galling than earlier tional Recovery Act, the farmer when he took themselves statesmen, as soon as they had types of tyranny. The natural wealth of the a Federal check for what he had raised or taken their first degree-but -above all, as land had been plundered to a considerable had not raised, the humble Work Projects soon as they had managed to get into the extent by the _robber barons who flourished Administration worker when he thanked office of some undersecretary of state, or into after the Civil War. Great wealth and great Washington for his pittance, did not have the reception room of some woman of 1m· economic power became concentrated in a time to think abOut the fundamental con portance. few hands. Workers in great industrial cen flict Involved. But the conflict was there, "From 1918 to 1940 France luxuriated in ters were ground down into a state of ser- ~s clearly etched as ever it had bee~ in his- every kind o:f regime that might 'be called 1694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 republican-from horizon blue to the Red different from our own-then certainly no There being no objection, the letter popular front. Ministries fell like houses of one in America should utter one word of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, cards, scandals accumulated, riots caused the criticism. Americans have reason to be as follows: spilling of French blood even on the paving eternally grateful for the stout Red Army stones of the capital; but always the same which that economic democracy has pro THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE men trod the boards. The ruin which the duced. But does that mean that we, also, · PUBLISHING SOCIETY,· popular front caused France is immeasurable, should adopt the democracy of the commis Boston, Mass., Marcn 5, 1943. but its greatest responsibiUty was to teach sars and the collective farms? That we The Honorable HENRY CABOT LODGE, Jr., the people of France laziness under the gran.; should consider borrowing for our own use United States Senate, Wasnington, D. C. diose name of leisure." any part of a type of regime whose final DEAR MR. LODGE: I am glad to learn from In a similar report, issued sometime be authority is based upon the firing squad? your recent letter that you are endeavoring fore France was destroyed, two Premiers of Perhaps some Americans will not agree with to keep 1n close touch with the newsprint that Republic-the Messrs. Daladier and their Vice President. situation as it seems to be developing in Reynaud-expressed similar sentiments. Another post-war dreamer who is not an Washington, for there is no doubt but what They said: official but who sometimes speaks for the it has far-reaching implications. "Actually that part of the French popula prevailing attitude in Washington, said only It would seem that the freedoms which tion which created wealth, which labors for a few days ago: "Soviet Russia is now func were fought for and became the basis of this the future, is continually diminishing, while tioning as a complete democracy within an Republic are continually being encroached that part which, directly or indirectly, lives over-all totalitarian scheme." upon. There is no doubt but that if we on the state is constantly growing. • • • Possibly as you think it over you may con wish to retain our freedom we must never There is a steady fall in the number of clude that is a fair statement of the program give up freedom of the press and must in Frenchmen who are ready to bear the risks which some of these totalitarian-minded every turn overcome any encroachments upon of enterprise and creation. • • • That citizens may have in view. it, regardless of the directions from which everyone should work more and that the Any talk about what those now in au they come. state should spend less-for ourselves we see thority propose in the _way of a post-war Freedom of the press without newsprint this as the only formula of salvation; it is program for our own country-! am not now would obviously vanish. Any unnecessary elementary, but it is inescapable." speaking of any international organization restrictions upon its supply does, Without a doubt, restrict the dissemination of the WE MUST BRAVE SOME EPITHETS must necessarily be speculative. No one has stated it formally. We can only see what is news to a public- which should always be And at another point this report con happening, read what is being said-and then fully informed. Your job and mine is to tinues:- use our God-given intelligence. see to 1t that no one at any time does any · "The problem, then, is not to choose be Perhaps that points to one of the greatest thing to keep our great Nation from being tween preserving or repealing the recent so dangers of the times. We are not fighting a informed. Cial reforms, whose generous inspiration tangible program which can be faced and I would like to say, and unselfishly, too, nobody disputes. The problem is to prevent debated, but only an insidious trend. Trends that sacrifices in the use of· paper should them from automatically dwindling to noth are mighty tricky things to fight, as the people be made in other lines first rather than with ing, to prevent their benefits from evaporat of Germany discovered in 1933. newsprint; where the use of paper is not ing in the high cost of living, to prevent This would be a grand hour for the old strtctly for war or military purposes. ~mployers and employed, in a country which time, fighting American liberals-if they were -We have all seen how through radio 11~ ls still poor, from having nothing to share stm on the scene. But unfortunately the censing restrictions may be placed, or could. be placed, upon the radio stations of the )Jut poverty." ~ovement in which they once joined is bank They were writing about France, but their rupt. Some of its leaders have been shang country to the extent that they really do message was for America, too. haied and taken on a political. cruise which not enjoy the same freedom that the news It 1s a little difficult to discuss such mat was never charted. Others are tired and de papers of the country now have.- ters without seeming to defend some of the jected. The political power which they bunt I might direct your attention to the point piratical practices which attached themselves up has been dissipated or subverted to oppo that ·newspapers need advertising to offset to our economy during the earlier years of site uses. The great American liberal move,:; a large part of the expenses involved in pub easy prosperity. The one who questions steps ment which once spread its beneficent influ lication. This being the case, any restric· taken since 1933 is likely to be answered with, ence over both great parties has disappeared; tions in newsprint must reduce the size· of ''Oh, so you prefer the Hoover depression." True, there are political leaders· in both newspapers thus limiting, and in a measure The one w'ho questions the all-seeing, all parties who take a strong stand agin' what reducing the amount of money available, knowing wisdom of the bureaucracy 1s likely is being done. But if they should be put in not only to print, but to gather news so that to be branded as a tory and a latter-day edi power, would they be strong enough morally the public may be informed. tion of Mark Hanna. Yet those taunts will to junk the enormously powerful and (to the As I see it, there is a further danger that have to be braved if we are going to save the driver) attractive governmental machine that throughout the country there are many small kind of personal liberty Americans love. has been created? Historically a mere policy newspapers, their size may already be small Only the naive will expect that the law of throwing the rascals· out has never been in number of pages, which would be harmed making and directive-issuing bureaucracy entirely successful. by a too drastic cut in the use of newsprint. will meekly disband after the war and that A demand from a few political leaders can In other words, with a large number of pages, its many practitioners will return forthwith be forgotten after the election; a. demand a newspaper could easily cut 10, 20, or even to their studies and their social service set from the American people can never be ig 50 percent and wind up with, let us say, 18 tlements. So far as I am aware no such nored. The thing that is needed is to bring or 20 pages which under normal conditions miracle has ever transpired in the long record about a reawakening of embattled American might be sufficient for news purposes. How of the struggle between the people and gov liberalism so that the people themselves will ever, a publication starting out with tha ernment. Rousseau was speaking for history insist upon and get a restoration of the kind same number of pages, the reductions being when he said: "Liberty is never recovered if of liberty that made America great. up to 50 percent, would force many news it is. once lost." If we, the people, don't resist, day by day, papers out of business. the insinuating power of the Government di Let us also not penalize those publishers "PLANNING" IS NEW WORD FOR DESPOTISM rective, the time may come in America when who by virtue of their foresight protected. There are plentiful signs that those former every lawyer will work for the bureaucracy themselves from such a war emergency aa liberals who now are directing the managed and every newspaperman will get his copy we now find ourselves in, and those news economy do not propose to go against the from the ministry of propaganda, and every print manufacturers who also contemplated tide of h istory. They propose, when victory citizen will get his marching orders from the same restrictions and foresaw the need. is won, that "planning"-that new word for Washington. of following a pattern which was not appre• despotism--shall be carried to new heights. If that time should ever come, it will not hended by others at that time. Only a few weeks ago HENRY A. WALLACE, be because, to borrow another phrase, anyone There are perhaps many other things l that most lovable and most amazing of all "planned it that way" but because we, the could think of but possibly the above will planners, gave a glimpse of what is running liberty-loving people, were too complacent be helpful. To be invincible we must bt through his mind. In the post-war world, because we didn't start fighting in time. informed. he said, there will be a new type of govern With kindest regards, I am, ment which might be called, "the democracy PROPOSED RESTRICTION OF NEWSPRINT Yours sincerely, of the common man." And this new de Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I have re A. WARREN NORTON, mocracy, he said, will be made up of ap ceived a most illuminating letter from Manager. proximately equal parts of our traditional (it 1s his phrase) "Bill of Rights democracy" and Mr. A. Warren Norton, manager of the FARM SECURITY, NATIONAL SECURITY. the newer--G.gain quoting Mr. wALLACE- Christian Science Monitor, regarding the AND POST-WAR PLANNING-ADDRESS "economic democracy" as exemplified in the proposed restriction of newsprint. This BY THE VICE PRESIDENT Government of Soviet Russia. letter is such a valuable contribution to [Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma asked and ob If economic democracy fits the needs of this subject that I ask that 1t be printed tained leave to have printed in the RECORD Russia-whose history and traditions are far in the RECORD as a part of my remarks. an address entitled "Farm Security. National 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1695 Security, and Post-War Planning," delivered SECRECY IN DIPLOMACY-ADDRESS BY bill which I have just reported from the by the Vice President before a meeting of HUGH M. GRANT Committee on Finance. farmers and representatives of civic organi~ [Mr. REYNOLDS asked and obtained leave The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will zations, Columbus, Ohio, March 8, 1943, to have printed· in the RECORD an article by which appears in the Appendix.] be read by title. Charles Pennington embodying an address The CHIEF CLERK. A bill (S. 230) to LET US DEFEND THE AMERICAN HOME delivered by Dr. Hugh G. Grant, former amend Veterans Regulation No. 10, as ADDRESS BY SENATOR WHEELER United States Minister to Albania, in Chat tanooga, Tenn., which appears in the amended, to grant hospitalization, domi [Mr. WHEELER asked and obtained leave Appendix.] ciliary care, and burial benefits to certain to have printed in the RECORD a radio address World War No. 2 cases. entitled "Let Us Defend the American Home," THE NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRA The VICE PRESIDENT. The question delivered by him on March 5, 1943, which TION-LETTER FROM HOWARD D. appears in the Appendix.] is on the motion of the Senator from GREGG Missouri. WAR GUILT AND PUNISHMENT FOR WAR [Mr. TUNNELL asked and obtained leave Mr. McNARY. Mr. President CRIMES - ARTICLE BY SENATOR to have printed in the RECORD a letter from The VICE PRESIDENT. The motion THOMAS OF UTAH Howard D. Gregg, president of the State College for Colored Students at Dover, Del., is not debatable. [Mr. THOMAS of Utah asked and obtained advocating continuance of the National Mr. McNARY. I thought the Senator leave to have printed in the RECORD an article had asked unanimous consent. having to do with war guilt and punishment Youth Administration, which appears in the for crimes against humanity, written by him, Appendix.] The VICE PRESIDENT. No; the published in the American magazine, which VOLUNTARY EMPLOYMENT-EDITORIAL Senator made a motion. The question appears in the Appendix.] FROM HARTFORD (CONN.) COURANT is on agreeing to the motion of the Sena PLANTING THE VICTORY GARDEN [Mr. MALONEY asked and obtained leave tor from Missouri. ADDRCSS BY SENATOR LUCAS to have printed in the REcoRD an editorial The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to consider the bill INDIANA President or by concurrent resolution of the Congress: Provided, That the term TRADE AGREEMENTS IN A NEW WORLD The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair ARTICLE BY SUMNER WELLES 'active military or naval service' as used lays before the Senate a resolution com herein, shall include active d~ty as a [Mr. HATCH asked and obtained leave to ing over from a previous day, which will member of the Women's Army Auxiliary have printed in the RECORD an article ·en be stated. titled "Trade Agreements in a New World," Corps, Women's Reserve of the Navy and by Sumner Welles, Under Secretary of State, The CHIEF CLERK. A resolution (S. Marine Corps, and the Women's Reserve published in the Atlantic Monthly for March Res. 103) to investigate certain matters of the Coast Guard", so as to make the 1943, which appears in the Appendix.) in connection with the proposed con bill read: · RURAL ELECTRIFICATION-ADDRESS BY struction of an additional pipe line from Be it enacted, etc., That paragraph IV of HON. GEORGE W. NORRIS Texas to Indiana, submitted by Mr. Veterans Regulation No. "10, as amended, CLARK of Missouri (and other Senators) is hereby amended by striking out the pe [Mr. HILL asked and obtained leave to riod at the end thereof and substitut have printed in the RECORD an address on on February 15, 1943. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi ing therefor a colon and the following: rural electrification delivered by Hon. George "World War No. 2-Any person who served W. Norris, of Nebraska, at the National R-ural dent, I ask that the resolution may be in the active military or naval service of the Electric Cooperative Association meeting at passed over without prejudice. United States on or after D .cember 7, 1941, St. Louis, Mo., on January 19, 1943, which The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob and before the termination of hostilities in appears in the Appendix.] jection, it is so ordered. the present war as determined by proclama tion of the President or by concurrent reso WASHINGTON DINNER ADDRESS BY HOSPITALIZATION, DOMICILIARY CARE, AMBROSE O'CONNELL lution of the Congress: Provided, That the AND BURIAL BENEFITS IN CERTAIN term 'active mUitary cr naval service', as [Mr. O'MAHONEY asked and obtained WORLD WAR NO.2 CASES usee' herein, shall include active duty as a leave to have printed in the RECORD an ad member of the Women's Army Auxiliary dress delivered by Hon. Ambrose O'Connell, Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi Corps, Women's Reserve of the Navy and vice chairman of the Democratic National dent, from thL Committee on Finance I Marine Corps, and the Women's Reserve of Committee, at the George Washington din report back with amendments the bill the Coast Guard." ner, March 6, 1943, at Milwaukee, Wis., which appears in the Appendix.] r is because Modern war has spread from the land tion from reaching the enemy. In prac of the necessities imposed by a national and the sea to a third dimension-the tice, however, it can be used to keep bad war economy. ski. It may also be said to have ex news from reaching the American peo What are the facts which demand the tended to a fourth dimension-the hu ple, as was the case in the suppression impairment of one of the most important man mind. In the last-mentioned field , of the facts regarding Pearl Harbor for contributors to our successful drive for of warfare there can be no more success a whole year after they were fully victory over our enemies? Do our war ful weapon than the newspaper. It car.. known to our enemies. Its use never needs truly require this reduction? Or ries the war to our enemies-not by ex should be tolerated to protect incompe is there some other plan behind this plosive bomb or torpedo, but by the great- tence or to conceal mistakes and fail move-some animus or group which er impact of concrete expressions of the ures on the part of public servants. The schemes by this device to strangle Amer ideals of truth and liberty. press cannot discharge its duty to the ican newspapers? In these times of national peril, the public if censorship is wrongfully admin The rescinding of the order only 10 American people look rightfully to their istered. days after it was announced is evidence Government for light and leadership. The action on the part of the Federal of further hostility to the press and the Reciprocally, a representative govern Communications Commission since 1941 desire by some people holding responsible ment in its own self-interest is impelled in preventing a newspaper from securing positions in the Government to unneces to seek contact with its citizens. Neither a license to operate a radio station-:-not sarily interfere with the proper and all can exist in peace or in war without the because the public would not be well important functioning of the press of other, and there is no channel of com served, but only because the applicant America. munication which is so mobile, so potent, was a publisher of a newspaper-is indic While these threats were being made and so mutually helpful as the news ative of a continued bias and hostility to seriously limit consumption of news papers of our country. · against the press of America. print, the disclosure was made on the The newspaper has already had its From time to time, the W. P. B. has Senate floor by the junior Senator from valuable contributions to this Nation re issued orders curtailing the use of many Oregon [Mr. HoLMAN] of the fabulous duced by the shortages of rubber and the materials important to the production of and extravagant use of paper to print rationing of gasoline. We cannot stand newspapers, such as metals, machinery, the now famous magazine called "Vic by now and watch new handicaps un inks, and so forth. The one material tory," .for the self-glorification of the justly imposed. We cannot tolerate which forms the very life-blood of a present administration. those stupid minds which fancy they can. newspaper is newsprint, or the paper up It was further disclosed by the junior do without the newspaper-or who want on which the news is printed and dis Senator from Indiana [Mr. WILLIS] that to bend it to their selfish purposes. tributed to the people. the Government is using nearly 10 times The destruction of the newspaper in For more than 18 months, various as much paper today as it did in 1941. Germany was one of the steps taken to bureaus and departments of the Govern I believe that a full disclosure of tliis . put Hitler's gangsters into power. With ment have threatened to issue orders res increased use of paper by the Govern out a strong, free press in the United tricting the use of newsprint to an ex ment would show a determined desire States, the American people will be with tent varying from 10 to 70 percent. on the part of some men in our present out one of their most vigorous protago These threats have all been under the Government to supplant the free press of nists, one which more than any other guise of war necessity, using the vaguest our country by Government dominated force, save perhaps this Congress, has generalities in justification. Up to date, "news," through the use of handouts remained true to the idea of American no genuine justification for these from the various Government bureaus. liberty. threatened curtailments has been made I believe that a full investigation of Weaken the press, and the people will public. the publications issued by Government be without a means through which they The first order limiting the consump bureaus would show that enough paper can give fullest support to their Gov tion of newsprint was issued by theW. P. is wasted to print all of the newspapers ernment in the grim fight ahead. On its B. effective January 1, 1943. It provided in a sizable percentage of the States of side, the Government will be without one for an over-all reduction of approxi this entire Nation. of its most potent means to achieve an mately 10 percent. This the press ac As we move on in this gigantic effort early victory. . cepted, although it questioned the neces of global war, there will be constan~ de Congress shares today equal responsi sity for such a · reduction. Since then mands for regulations and restrictions of bility with the other branches of the there have been various reports and con every manner and kind, and the people Government in the successful prosecu flicting suggestions of further curtail will be looking constantly to their Repre tion of the war and in setting up means ment. However, it was officially an sentatives in Congress to protect them by which the civilian public may preserve nounced on February 9 that an order was and the press through which they may the rights and liberties guaranteed them soon to be issued, effective April 1, for a be constantly advised and informed of under the Constitution. We cannot ah further curtailment of newsprint amount every phase of our war effort. dicate. We cannot shrug off our respon ing to another 10 percent, and it was In campaigns for enlistments, in scrap sibilities. The fate of this Republic is as intimated that · further curtailments and salvage drives, in the sale of Govern much in our hands as it is in the hands of might follow. ment bonds and securities, in aiding the those bureaucrats who have been placed Through the continued vigilance of the people concerning the details of ration in official positions under the war powers press, aided by Members of the House of ing and restrictive orders, the press of granted by this body, but .who are not Representatives, a demand was made for America has contributed its full share directly answerable to the electorate of the facts upon which this order was to to the magnificent war effort of our this Nation as we are. We cannot stand be issued and proof of the necessity for country. by trustingly in the assumption that the any further cut. This unprecedented service, presenting purposes for which we enacted legisla The facts to prove that a further cut complete daily, visual coverage of na tion are the sole preoccupation of those was necessary were not submitted, and tional objectives, could not have been ac who are active in carrying out adminis on February 20, 10 days following the complished by any other medium or tration of the laws. Experience has announcement by the Government that agency. shown that we can place little confidence a further cut was absolutely necessary, Today and in the future, the house in the claims of certain individuals that it was officially announced that any fur wives of America will be determining the the war wholly engrosses their attention ther cut would be postponed indefinitely. daily diet under the point system of ra and that the vast powers granted them It is, of course, possible that this pro tioning the food of our entire popUlation are used solely to achieve victory over posed curtailment was the unplanned re through the aid of a page out of some the Axis Powers. sult of the confu~ion which comes with newspaper hanging on the kitchen wall The vital importance and essentiality the war effort. But tt is fitting to in or on the cupboard door. of our American press increases as the quire whether orders for a curtailment A newspaper is not a warship, a plane, shadows of this global war begin to of use of paper by newspapers is a con a tank, or a battalion of infantry, but it lengthen. The importance and essen tinuation of the harassment which has serves in its field just as fittingly and tiality of our American press will grow marked the present administration's at- importantly. as the rays of peace begin to dawn. It 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1699 will be doubly important that aU our Attempts to hamstring newspapers The legislative clerk called the roll, people be well informed by a free and · strike at the very principles on which and the following Senators answered to alert press concerning the various pro this country was founded. Our fore their names: posals of suggested programs for the fathers foresaw the double importance Aiken Gerry O'Mahoney future peace of thP. world. of a free press as an inalienable right of Austin Gillette Overton Congress has no greater responsibility the people and as a dynamic force in Balley Green Pepper Ball Guffey Radcliffe than to assure the people that the press promulgating the ideals and idea of Bankhead Gurney Reed of this country will be protected and liberty. If they did not, why would they · Barkley Hatch Revercomb preserved in full vigor, and to notify the have given it such singular mention in Bilbo Hawkes Reynolds Bone Hayden Scrugham heads of the bureaus that we, the repre that great document under which this Brewster Hill . Shipstead sentatives of the people, will not tolerate country has risen to a state which is the Bridges Holman Smith any further unnecessary or arbitrary re inspiration of-yes, the hope of the Brooks Johnson, Calif. Stewart Buck . Johnson, Colo, Taft strictive or restraining order that will world today? Bushfield Kilgore Thomas, Okla. cause the press of America to become Let me review and. summarize: First, Byrd La Follette Thomas, Utah either ineffective or impotent. the attempt to limit the press under Capper Langer Tunnell N. R. A.; then the hostile attitude of the Caraway Lodge Tydings The .Pewspapers of America stand in Chavez McCarran Vandenberg the shadow of no other group's patri Federal Communications Commission; Clark, Idaho McClellan Wagner otism. They have been marked for the tactics used by the F. B. I.~ and the Clark, Mo. McNary Walsh subsequent suit against the Associated Connally Maloney Wheeler their loyalty and for their energy and Danaher Maybank Wherry devotion to the cause you and I serve. Press by the Department of Justice; the Davis Mead White But there is a persistent effort to brand restrictions placed in the original draft Downey Millikin Wiley of the Price Control Act and in the Office Eastland Moore Willis them as pariahs, to smear and assail Ellender Murdock Wilson them, to separate them from their Gov of Defense Transportation orders; the Ferguson Nye ernment and from the people they serve. arbitrary censorship of the news and George O'Danlel orders from the Office of War Informa The movement should be seen for Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen what it is. If there is malice, let us tion; the rationing of rubber, gasoline, metals, and other materials; then the 10- ator from Florida [Mr. ANDREWs], the ascertain the ·reasons for it: If lt comes _ Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASS], the as the clumsy result of inexperienced percent cut of newsprint, and the subse quent trend to cut the use of newsprint Senator from Tennessee [Mr. McKEL· administrators, let that fact be known LARJ, and the Senator from Indiana [Mr. what coterie, what clique, or what group by 10 percent in addition, which threat ened ·order was withdrawn when a de VAN NuYsJ are· absent from the Senate of men constantly seek to impose these because of illness. restrictions· on America's first and last mand for a justification was made; the failure of the War Manpower Commis The Senator from Kentucky [Mr. line of freedom. _ sion to declare the press of the Nation CHANDLER], the Senator from Illinois [Mr. The newspapers of America, I say, are as one of our essential industries. Here LucAs], the Senator from Arizona [Mr. ready to share in any deprivation re is the evidence of the progression of a · McFARLAND], the Senator from Montana quired by the war; but prudence de restrictive hand reaching out to limit [Mr. MURRAY], the Senator from Mis- · mands that we inquire whether through and curtail the one instrument of in souri [Mr. TRUMAN], and the Senator the instrumentality of war regulations formatfon that was guaranteed its free· from Washington [Mr. WALLGREN] are the newspapers are being made the tar dom in the Constitution under which we absent on official business for the Senate. get of an attack by enemies of America live. Each restrictive step shrewdly pro The Senator from Georgia [Mr. Rus saboteurs who seek to destroy the news-· gressed under the·cover of some ascribed SELL] is necessarily absent. papers and, through destroying them, to emergency, but always short of a show Mr. McNARY. The Senator from Wy destroy one of the most treasured rights down, and always with a passing, sooth oming [Mr. ROBERTSON], the Senator of American citizens; ing assurance of "only this, and nothing from Idaho [Mr. THOMAS], the Senator When the Government established the more." from Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER], the Sen recent base for the use of newsprint, The newspaper is the voice of freedom. ator from New Jersey [Mr. BARBOUR], and they chose the amount used by the The great minds which built a refuge the Senator from Ohio [Mr. BuRTON] are various newspapers in 1941 when the in and bastion for freemen in the United necessarily absent. terests of the American people were con States perceived the necessity of keep The Senator from New Hampshire cerned with wars between foreign na ing the press free, and they took steps [Mr. ToBEY] requested that announce- . tions. That base ignored the present in to implement that freedom. Are we to ment be made that he is necessarily ab terest and increased demands for news permit the use of sly, indirect methods sent today attending the last surviving on the part of the American people when through which the press is now to be forum of pure democracy in the United our own flesh and blood and our own brought finally under control? States, the annual New England town country now are engaged in the death The fact that we are in a global war meeting in his home town of Temple, struggle of this global war. magnifies rather tha~ minimizes the N.H. We need but to turn our eyes toward importance of the press of this country. The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy-nine the countries of our enemies to see what As we move deeper and deeper into Senators have answered to their names. follows the destruction of a free press. this global war, our people are looking A quorum is present. We have only to remember the oppres with increasing anxiety and interest for. Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, the sion of the peoples of other lands to the unadulterated news of each day to· country was no doubt astounded to read know what comes as the result of Gov be brought to them by a press free from in this morning's newspapers reports as ernment control of newspapers by emer unnecessary and vicious bureaucratic, to what Admiral Standley, our Ambassa gency regulations. Yes; we have only to efficiency-destroying restrictions. Yes, dor at Moscow, is reported to have said read the history of our country to recall Mr. President; the people of America· with respect to the failure of the Russian from what conditions our forefathers are looking to the Congress, their elected people to receive information regarding fled and why they surrouncied the press officials and representatives, to protect the aid which the United States has been with these constitutional guaranties. their precious, priceless right to be giving to Russia during the course of the Any step falsely taken which impairs served as freemen by the free press of present war. the freedom and usefulness of newspa America. Mr. President, there is now pending pers is a perfidious act. Those who join LEND-LEASE MATERIALS FURNISHED TO before the Committee on Foreign Rela any such conspiracy are enemies of this RUSSIA tions a bill to extend· the operations of Republic and active supporters of those Mr. CONNALLY obtained the floor. the lend-lease law for 1 year. It is ex alien philosophies against which the Mr. McNARY. I suggest the absence pected that tomorrow the Committee on whole military and civilian power of this of a quorum. Foreign Relations will give consideration country is now being mustered and mar · The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk to the extension of that act. The For shaled. will call the roll. eign Affairs Committee of the Hm.:se of · 1700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 9 Representatives has already unani supplied to the Soviets by the British and has been lost on the way. ·But, after a slow · start, lend-lease shipments ·have greatly in mously, I understand, reported favorably ourselves. crea&ed. They are continuing to increase in a similar bill to the House, and it is now · I wish to call attention to the fact spite of the shortage of shipping and enemy under discussion in that body. that those who use such article~ol- . attacks along the difficult supply routes to Mr. President, .I regard the statement diers and others--are bound to know Russia. of Admiral Standley as a most unfortu that they are from the United States, Lend-lease shipments of war. suppUes to nate one. As a matter of fact, informa because they have characteristics and · the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in . tion of aid extended by the United States individualities which distinguish them November 1942 reached a new high. In to the Russian armies has been given to from articles manufactured in other November 1942 the exports to Russia were 13 times the total sent in January 1942. Two the Russian people. I am advised that countries. The people of Russia, seeing thirds of the value of November shipments Pravda, which is the official newspaper and using a great multitude of United were accounted for by military items. The of the Communist ·party and the Gov States and British lend-lease supplies, balance were industrial materials for Soviet ernment of Russia, on the 27th day of must of necessity know of the lend-lease munitions factories and food for the Soviet January printed in its columns a report aid which has been supplied to Russia. Army. . made by Mr. Stettinius, the Lend-Lease I think it is of interest to note that a Up to January 1, 1943, the United States Administrator, as to the aid which had recent story by Mr. Henry Cassidy, who has shipped to the Soviet Union under lend been·extended up until that date. I am lease more than 3,200 tanks. This ft; more is head of the Associated Press Bureau than have been sent under lend-lease to any furthermore advised that the Russian in Moscow, clearly indicates that the other country since the beginning of the press, from time to time, carries the ad people of Soviet Russia not only know lend-lease program in March 1941, although dresses and speeches of Mr. Churchill and of but appreciate the supplies which have lend-lease aid to Russia did not begin until President Roosevelt with respect to what been sent to them under lend-lease. October 1941--8 months later. we have been doing and what we purpose The full report of Mr. Cassidy's article, We have sent to the Soviet Union under to do with regard to Russia. which appeared in the New York Times lend-lease almost 2,600 planes. This is more I desire to submit a brief statement of of March 6, indicates that the people of , than we have shipped to the United Kingdom what we have been doing in that regard or any other m111tary theater. We have sent Russia know a good deal about the lend 81,000 trucks and jeeps and other m111tary within the scope of the war. lease aid which is reaching them. Mr. motor vehicles to the Union of Soviet Socialist For the morning newspapers ·or March Cassidy also had an article in the Feb Republics. 8 Mr. Stettinius released a press state ruary 28 issue of the Washington Star, The United Kingdom has also supplied ment which I ask that the clerk read. which points out substantially the same the Soviet Union with quantities of military The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- · facts about the knowledge of the Rus· equipment produced in Great Britain. The jection, the clerk will read as requested. sian people as to lend-lease aid. United Kingdom has shipped to Russia more The legislative clerk read as follows: The Russian newspapers generally re than 2,600 tanks and more than 2,000 planes. These arms are being supplied tocRussia by E. R. Stettinius, Jr., Lend-Lease Admin port in full the speeches of President the United Kingdom on a lend-lease basis. istrator, made public today the follow Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, Lend-lease shipments of food to the Soviet fng facts and figures on lend-lease ·aid to many of which relate to lend-lease aid. Union from the United States are rapidly Russia: I should like to have Senators observe growing in importance. We have now begun In addition to the many thousand planes, that up to March 1, 1943, the United sending food to the Soviet Union in greater tanks, and guns shipped to the Soviet Union States had sent 3,250,000 tons of lend quantities than to the United Kingdom. As the United States has provided: (1) Consid lease supplies to Russia, covering such the Soviet armies take the offensive a suf erable quantities of raw materials for Rus ficient supply of food is as vital to their suc sia's munitions industry: (2) important a great variety of it@lS of distinctly cess as planes and tanks .. transportation and communications equip American type that the Russian soldiers · The people of the Soviet Union have so ment for use along and behind the long and people, as I observed a moment ago, far waged their magnificent battle against Russian front. are bound to know whence these articles the Nazis principally with their own arms. Up to February 1, 1943, we had shipped to come. But lend-lease aid to Russia has started tQ the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics more We have sent to Russia more than grow to sizable proportions. It wlll grow still than 580,000 tons of steel, 46,000 tons of more iv. 1943. aluminum and duraluminum, 21,500 tons of 2,600 airplanes, more than 3,000 tanks, zinc, 94,000 tons of copper and brass, and more than 130,000 submachine guns, Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I also other industrial materials such as nickel and about 90,000 jeeps, armored cars, and ask unanimous consent to have inserted molybdenum for Soviet factories making other military vehicles, hundreds of in the RECORD another report by Mr. planes, tanks, and other war equipment. thousands of field telephones, thousands Stettinius for release February 19, 1943. We have shipped 50,000 tons of toluol and of miles of field telephone wire, and 580,- There being no objection, the report TNT and 75,000 tons of other chemicals for 000 tons of steel and steel products. Soviet production of bombs, high explosive was ordered to be inserted in the RECORD, shells, and other munitions. We have also sent them American as follows:. For Soviet railroads we have sent 75,000 motorcycles, gas-driven generators, . Since the beginning of the Soviet aid tons of rails and 17,000 tons of other railroad chemicals and chemical products, army program the United States has shipped more equipment. We have sent 140,000 field tele boots and sole le~her, and other indus than 2,900,000 tons of war supplies to the phones in addition to hundreds of thousands trial products. In addition to these Soviet Union. of miles of field telephone wire. We have munitions, large quantities of American Lend-lease shipments of war supplies to shipped 268,000 tons of petroleum products for food have been sent to Russia, and as to the Soviet Union in January were almost 10 the operation of Soviet planes and trucks. much of this there are various indica percent greater than in the previous month. Of the 99,000 military motor vehicles other tions to the Soviet Army and the Rus The great majority of the supplies that we than tanks shipped to Soviet Union from have shipped to Russia are reaching their the United States tens of thousands of trucks sian people that the food has come from destinations. In December 1942 and Janu are employed in maintaining supply lines this country. ary 1943 there were no losses, although fur behind the Russian front. We have shipped Mr. President, I ask to have inserted ther losses in later months are to be ex 72,500 trucks, 17,500 jeeps and armored cars, in the RECORD without reading a brief pected. ,7,700 motorcycles and 1,300 military tractors. Two-thirds of all shipments to the Soviet report prepared by Mr. Stettinius, issued Union from the United States have been We have shipped nearly 3,000,000 pairs on January 20, 1943, with respect to ex .. of army boots for Soviet soldiers who battle made in American ships. in snow and ice and mud in addition to penditures in .behalf of Russia. The The Soviet Army continues to sustain its 18,000 tons of sole leather for Red Army statement gives an outline of supplies great offensives principally with Russian shoes made in Soviet factories. furnished up to the time of the report. produced weapons. Lend-lease supplies have There being no objection, the report played a small but important part. Ameri Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, my was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, can tanks, planes, and trucks are continuo. authority for referring to the action of ing to go forward. In addition we have sent as follows: to .the Soviet Union many other vital mill· Pravda, the newspaper of Moscow, is The United States made important prog tary supplies. Fo:u example, we have sent that the New York Times on January ress in 1942 in sending arms and other, sup ' hundreds of thousands of miles of field tele 24, 1943, reported that Pravda, one of the plies to the Soviet Union under lend:-lease. : phone wire which have been of major 1m leading newspapers of the Soviet Union, We have not yet been able to send as JllUCh. . portance in .the. maintenance of Soviet Army contained a news item about the planes, as we should like-or as much· as the Soviet communications on the· 3,000-mile Russian tanks, motor vehicles, and like articles, Army needs-and part of what we have sent front. we have shipped a considerable 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1701 amount of steel, which Soviet factories have we have been experiencing in the imme~ I wish to see Russia and the United made into Russian tanks, and chemicals, diate past. . • States continue to cooperate. I wish to which they have used in the manufacture Mr. President, I wish to say to the see them cooperate after this war shall of Russian bombs and high-explosive shells that are now ripping apart the Nazi lines. American people and to the Russian peo- have come to an end. January shipments of food to Russia were pie that, regardless of what ·Admiral Mr. President, it seems to me that any one-fifth larger than in December. This food Standley may have said, regardless of man who is undertaking to look into is urgently needed by the Soviet Army. We what his reactions may be, the people of the future with a view to the world's sent many thousahds of tons of wheat and the United States and the Congress will welfare and to the peace of the earth flour, sugar, canned pork, dried beans and not be deterred in going ahead with the must reach the inevitable conclusion that other vegetables, lard, and vegetable fats. We reenactment of lend-lease, and in con- when the war shall have come to an end have so far been able to send only very small tinuing to supply to Russia every avail- the United Nations and the people who amounts of butter, which the Russians have requested especially for their wounded sol· able ounce of material and food neces- want to preserve the peace, who want to diers in military hospitals. In January but· sary to the winning of the W!:.r. We harness ambitions of conquest and of ter shipments amounted to 682 tons. This recognize the magnificent contribution world dominion, must form some char was the equivalent of less than one-sixth of which Russia has made to the war ef- acter of association or instrumentality an ounce from each man, woman, and child fort. We gladly, and without any re- for concerted action for the preservation in the United States. luctance, have been sending these sup- of the peace and for the curbing of wild We shall continue to make every effort to plies, and we shall not be deterred by ambitions which threaten the life and increase the flow of lend-lease supplies for any incident of the nature quoted in the security of peaceful people and the Russia to g~ater proportions. the press this morning. destruction of free government every- Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, the We are doing this not simply as an act where on the earth. In that associa Committee on Foreign Relations of the of generosity to Russia, but because we tion, in that instrumentality, which I Senate has had interim reports from the are acting as her ally, and every supply feel will be set up, Russia must be at the Lend-Lease Administrator and his as and munition which we can give to the council table along with the other nations sistants and has a full and complete Russians lessens the burden which other- who have borne the burden and the brunt report, partly in public hearings and wise we should have to bear in making of the present war. partly in executive hearings, the reports war. Mr. President, while we do not agree of which are not yet printed, as to the It is highly important that we main- with her political philosophy, Russia has volume of aid which we have been send tain this cordial relationship with made a notable struggle for 25 years in ing to Russia. Russia, not alone during the dark days working out her own domestic policies at It is most unfortunate that any inci of the war, but when peace at last shall home. After centuri~s of wandering in dent might be provoked at this time come. Russia is bound to know that she the darkness and the wilderness she has which would in anywiSe cause any fric will need the moral support and coopera- been struggling to work out some form of tion or unpleasant reaction as between tion of the United States and the other government suited to her own needs and Russia and the United States. United Nations when the war shall come agreeable to her conceptions of political Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, to an end no less than she needs them philosophy. - will the Senator yield for one question? now. She will never be able to for- We are not concerned directly with Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. get that at a time when she thought what Russia may do with respect to her Mr. VANDENBERG. I am very happy she was enjoying cordial relationships, own domestic affairs, but in an interna that the Senator has presented the rec relationships of friendship, practically tional sense we cannot ignore a great ord this morning in the fashion in which the· relationship of an ally with Ger- people with a population of 160,000,000; he has presented it. The able Vice many, the Germans treacherously as- holding dominion over the wide sweeps President of the United States sounded a sailed her, invaded her soil, and de- of Europe and Asia. We cannot ignore timely warning yesterday about the ne stroyed the lives of her citizens. When her, and I for one shall welcome the co cessity for our future friendly relation peace shall come she cannot ever lie operation of Russia in after-the-war con ship with Russia. He said, among down to slumber at night, with Germany · ferences and agreements as we have wei other things, that in connection with at her flank, without the consciousness corned her cooperation in the struggle we future contacts it is very necessary that of the assurance of aid from the other are now making for the survival of free we do not "double-cross" Russia. At Allied Nations in some form of collec- government and democratic institutions. least on the fact of the record up to date tive security, so as to make sure that the Mr. President, I regret the necessity to I am sure we can all agree-can we not world shall not again be drenched in criticize the ineptness of our Ambassador that we have not double-crossed Russia blood by such a war and such a tragedy to Russia. I cannot understand why he as yet? as we are now witnessing in the world. should make such a statement as he did Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator is ab I would remind Admiral Standley, and without having had accurate information solutely accurate in his implication, and all others who are interested, that while about the matter. But the information I thank him for the interruption. there is no western front already estab- which has come to me-not in a great Mr. President, I hold in my hand a lished by military force, the establish- volume-convinces me that the Russian copy of the report of Mr. Stettinius up ment of a front in north Africa has been people and the Russian Government do to December 31, 1942, which reveals that of tremendous aid and succor and as- know of the aid which the United States we have extended aid, in terms of dollars, sistance to the Russian armies. With the is undertaking to send to Russia. Per in the amount of $1,532,230,000 for arms, establishment of an American and British haps in its volume it is disappointing, I munitions, and supplies for Russian force in north Africa, which is a potential can understand how the Russians want account. and perhaps an ultimate threat toward some troops to stand by their side, troops I wish to observe that great volumes of the western front, Germany has been from the other United Nations. I can these supplies intended for Russia had compelled to recall from the Russian understand how Russia would like to have to be carried by convoy through the front many of her divisions in order to swarms of American and BritiSh and oth Arctic Sea to the northern ports of anticipate and to be ready to meet any er airplanes hovering along the flanks Russia. In the past we have suffered attack on the west, and that has con- of her armies as they advance across the very severe losses in those convoys. tributed substantially to Russian military snows of Russia. I can understand how Some of the munitions intended for Rus operations. Russia would like to feel that the navies sia never reached her because of the Mr. President, I glory in the exploits of the other United Nations are ringed dangers and hazards of sea transporta of the Russian armies. Nothing finer in about her in support of her war effort. tion; but in recent months our losses have all the history of modern warfare has But, Mr. President, the United States is greatly declined, and for the past 2 or 3 ever been written than the heroic and doing all that it possibly can to get sup months they have been insignificant. gallant defense of Stalingrad, and the plies to Russia. We do not command the With the opening of spring, however, the courageous rallying of Russian forces, seas, because there, lying in wait, is the Lend-Lease Administrator is quite frank whose fortunes therefore had not been of deadly submarine. We do not command in saying tbat the percentage of losses the best, to drive from Russian soil the the coasts of Norway and the far Arctic may increase over the low point which invaders and violators of their homes. from which land-based planes have 1702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 soared out and assaulted our convoys and That section 5 (k) of the Selective Training Colorado in his individual capacity de sunk our ships. We are not only send and Service Act of 1940, as amended, is prives the minority of its opportunity. Ing supplies through the northern ports, amended to read as follows: · to offer the substitute which was dis "(k) Until January 1, 1944, every regis but we have been sending them up trant who is -regularly engaged in an agricul cussed in the committee? through the Middle East, through Iraq, tural occupation or endeavor on a farm, or The PRESIDING OFFICER. The from Basra on the Persian Gulf, and we whose principal occupation consists of em Chair advises the Senator that it does shall continue to send them to- the limits ployment on a farm in connection with the not. The Senator fr-om Colorado offers of our ability to secure and to transport production .or harvesting of any agricultural his amendment as a substitute for the them. commodity shall, while he continues to be so committee amendment. That is an engaged or employed, be deferred from train We all know that transport is the so ing and service under this act in the land and amendment only in the first degree. It called bottleneck of the whole situation. naval forces of the United States; and until will then be in order for the Senator It not only hampers us in aiding Russia January 1, 1944, no such registrant shall from Wyoming, or any other Senator, to but hampers us in our own military and leave such occupation or endeavor or cease offer a further amendment, or a further naval operation in the South Pacific, and to be employed in connection with such pro substitute. That is because of the fact in the Atlantic, and in the European the duction or harvesting unless, prior thereto, that the amendment proposes to strike ater, and in north Africa. God knows he requests his selective service local board out all after the enacting clause. to Wisconsin yield to the in lieu thereof the following: amendment now by the Senator from Senator from Wyoming? :1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1703 Mr. WILEY. I yield only -that the together the boat will go. down. · It seems that, before we got into the war, he stood Senator from Wyoming may offer an to me that that is the proper analysis· for trying to keep this country out of it, amendment. of the situation. .. then he is sadly mistaken in that view Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. Presi~ent; I I wish now to speak concerning free point, because I did everything I could do · offer an amendment, which I send to the dom of the press. to try to keep·this country out of war. I desk and ask to have stated. · Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, thought we should keep out of it before The PRESIDING OFFICER. The before the Senator leaves the other sub we entered the war and I think we could amendment will be stated for the infor ject, will he yield? have kept out had we followed the right mation of the Senate. Mr. WILEY. I yield. foreign policies. I am proud of the part The CHIEF CLERK. In lieu of the lan Mr. VANDENBERG. I should like I took in trying to keep our country out guage proposed to be inserted by the again to comment along the line of my of war, and I have no apologies to make to Senator ·from Colorado [Mr. JoHNSON], interrogatories to the able Senator from anyone in this country for the position I it is proposed to insert the following: Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY] when he was took. That section 5 (k) of the Selective Train speaking. With reference to Admiral Standley's ing and Service Act of 1940 as amended be While the statement of Ambassador statement, let me say that it so happens amended by adding the following proviso: Standley was amazing, I believe · it was that I have been in Russia on two differ "Provided further, That for the purposes of equally amazing for the distinguished ent occasions, and spent some little time this subsection, a registrant shall be found Vice President of the United States yes there. I was one of the first Senators by his selective-service local board to be to come back here and advocate the rec necessary 'fo and regularly engaged in an terday to suggest that America is even agricultural occupation or endeavor essen capable . of double-crossing Russia, or ognition of the Russian Government. tial to the war effort ( 1) if he is engaged sub double-crossing anyone. I desire to When I advocated doing that, many stantially full time in the production of agri make it perfectly clear that in my opin newspapers that now are shouting for cultural commodities certified to the Selec ion American policy in connection with Russia and proclaiming Stalin the great tive Service System by the Secretary of Agri the war will never result in double est man in the world, criticized me. Some culture as being essential to .the war effort crossing anyone; and certainly the of them went so far as to suggest that I and set forth in local board release No. 164, be deported because I was for the recog effective January 16, 1943, and (2) if the record up to date clearly indicates that production of such commodities attributable on our part, at least, there has been no nition of the Russian Government. to such registrant is at least equal to the double-crossing of anyone. However, I was in favor of recognizing minimum standard of production per person Mr. WILEY. I thank the distin it, not because' I believed in that form of as set forth in such release No. 164: Provided guished Senator for his contribution. I government, but because I felt that th~ . further, That the Secretary of Agriculture kind of government the Russians should may frem time to time certify to the Selec agree with his conclusions. Of course, have was none of our business. fie posi tive Service System for the purposes of this there can be no thought of America ever tion I took, which seems to me to be the subsection such additional agricultural engaging in any double-crossing. We correct American position not only now commodities as in his judgment are essential and our allies are engaged in a fight for to the war effort, together with the minimum but in the future, is that we should not our very lives. If anyone realizes that attempt to tell Stalin and the Russians. standard of production per person which he fact, it is Joe Stalin. He is a realist, and determines to be applicable to such additional what kind of a government they should agricultural commodities." he knows the meaning of war. His have, or-tell the Greeks or the Chinese, country has given· over 6,000,000 lives to or any other peoples what kind of a gov PROPOSED FOREIGN RELATIONS ADVI this contest, and it is doing a tremendous ernment they should have. When we SORY COUNCIL-FREEDOM O:Jr THE job.. As was suggested by the distin-· start on such a· program we not only PRESS AND RADIO guished Senator from Texas [Mr. CoN will have a war every 20 years, but we Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, today we NALLY], the people of Russia know that will have a continuous war on our hands. have been privileged to.hear two stimu our materiel has been an important ele I do not know what was the purpose lating addresses, one of them being on ment in determining ·the reverses so far of Admiral Standley's statement. I must the subject of freedom of the press. I as the Germans are concerned. For us confess that I was surprised at his state did not know that the distinguished to use the statement made by Ambassa ment, but I have not the slightest doubt junior Senator from Dlinois [Mr. dor Standley, which w:as undoubtedly that his statement was correct and true. BROOKS] was to speak on that subject, made under circumstances about which because otherwise he would not have we know nothiiig, to give our-own people made it. or I should not have prepared my ad the impression that we are about to dress. Incidentally, Admiral Standley, it weaken the association between us and should be remembered, was one of the We heard another address, relating to the other United Nations, to me is mere the question of foreign policy. In my strongest--should I say?-intervenionists folderol, and does not sound sensible or in the United States prior to Pearl Har opinion, all the "fuss and feathers" about reasonable. Certainly· it is not realistic. Ambassador Standley is only a tempest bor. Admiral Standley was one of those in a teapot. Joseph Stalin is the greatest Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will who thoroughly approved of the Presi realist in the world. I am sure he appre the Sen a tor yield? dent's foreign policy, and made speeches ciates what America has done for Rus The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. in favor of it from one end of the country sia. He knows that a second front was CLARK of Idaho in the chair). Does the to the other. So it cannot be said that opened in north Africa. He knows that Senator from Wisconsin yield to the Sen he was an "isolationist," whatever that is. Germany has been compelled to take ator from Montana? The reason why Stalin is not telling from the front in Europe division after Mr. WILEY. I yield for a comment. the Russians of the aid we are giving division of her best troops and put them Mr. WHEELER. I simply want to say them is because, as the distinguished in Africa. Moreover, Mr. President, that I agree with what the Senator from Senator from Wisconsin said, Stalin is Stalin knows that we have split the Ger Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG] said about a realist. Stalin is for the Communist man air force, and that the terrific born.: the astounding statement which was Pa'tty and its principles first; and, sec bardment which Germany is now receiv made by the Vice President, when he ondly, Stalin is for Russia, and Russia ing has divided her air force so that it intimated that we might double-eros~ alone. He is a realist. He has stated cannot repel the attacks of the Russians Russia. The American people will not repeatedly that what he wanted to do on the eastern front. double-cross Russia or any other coun was to recover Russian territory. He is As I have already said, Stalin is a try. Russia can be sure of that. I not for the four freedoms, and he has realist, and there is no need of trying to was equally astounded by the statement never committed himself as being for befuddle our own people. I think what made by the distinguished Vice Presi- them. He could not commit himself to we had better do is to recognize that now, . dent when he said that today no one the "four freedoms" and still be for com as well as in the post-war period, there in this country will admit that he is an munism. He is a realist to the extent will be no "selling short" by anybody. isolationist. I do not know what the Vice that he knows that he could not put th~ We know that we are all in the same President meant by that, but if he meant "four freedoms'' into effect even if hct -boat, and that if we do not row and work that no one in this country will admit wanted to do so. 1704 CONGRESSIONA-L RECORD-SENATE- . MARCH~ So we should be frank and honest with A number of those conferences are go that the United -States is ·not goi'Qg to the American people. They are not chil ing to be held in Washington. double-cross Russia; it ts not going to dren. They know more than many of Let me say that I am glad to see the double-cross any other nation. It is the so-called leaders in Washington give chairman of the Foreign Relations Com not going to double-cross any nation them credit for knowing, They are not mittee again in the Chamber. Last week either in war or in the peace conference. fooled by the foolish statements which I called attention to the fact that the I do not think there is any possibility of are being made by many people who say Foreign Relations Committee had not having such a thing happen. The that they are going to reform the world given any consideration to the resolution United States in all the negotiations or that they aim to reform the world. which I have heretofore offered, Senate and in this war is not pursuing a sordid The American people want to know now Resolution No. 22. I am hopeful that the policy. -Its policy is not one of selfish what Stalin intends to do after the war. resolution will receive consideration soon. ness; it is not one of being covetous of What is his program? I mean to say that I hope the Chief Ex our neighbors' lands; it is not one of A short time ago a man came into my ecutive of the Nation will give the reso seeking indemnity. We want to bring office, and I asked him to sit down. He lution the green light. He and the under our sway no foreign citizen as a said, "You know, I do not agree with you, Secretary of State are the ones who are subject of the United States. We are and so I do not want to get into an argu holding it up. The resolution provides fighting for our institutions and for our ment with you." for a liaison committee between the Ex life; and let me say to the Senator from I asked, "What do you not agree with ecutive and the Senate; and it provides Michigan that the United States will me about?" that the President shall appoint from not, with my consent, and I do not be~ He replied, "I do not agree with you on the liaison committee one or more Sen lieve with his consent, ever double ators to serve with other conferees repre cross the great Russian people or any your post-war views." senting this Government at the various I said, "Will you tell me what my post - other people with whom we may be as-· conferences which are going to be held sociated in the joint enterprise of win~ war views are? I do not know what they in Washington in the near future. ning this war and winning the peace are. If you will tell me what part Rus See how important that is? The Pres after the war. sia is going to play and what part Eng ident or his advisers certainly are slip land is going to play and what part I thank the Senator for yielding to ping in their political acumen if they do me. Germany is going to play, then I will tell not appreciate the fact that the country you what my views are." Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I am very does not want the planning for the post grateful to the distinguished Senator For anyone to say today what his war period to be a one-man show. The views are on the post-war situation, from Texas for his assurance that he will people are fighting this war, paying for give me an opportunity to be heard be without knowing the part that the realist it in blood, sweat, tears, and cash; and Stalin 'ls going to play, is nonsensical fore his committee on the question of my they want something to say about the resolution, Senate Resolution No. 22. 1f and silly; and the American people are international planning. They want to being misled if they believe what is said I may have the attention of the Senator be heard in the conferences which are to from Texas for a moment further, I by anyone who thinks he can tell them be held in Washington. They are sick what part Stalin is going to play or how should like to impress upon him the fact and tired of all this national planning, that the resolution is not merely an ordi... much he has departed from the philos which in so many instances has missed ophy of Lenin and Trotsky, I do not nary resolution. Lawyer as he is, he the boat. They want· their representa knows that the treaty-making power of believe Stalin has changed or that he tives in on what is being planned inter will change. Stalin is no fool; he is this country is lodged in the Senate and nationally. in the President. Historian as .he is, he clever. He knows that Churchill is not Therefore, Mr. President, I repeat for communism, and he knows America has in his mind the situation which -has that I hope the distinguished Senator run down through the years, that when is not for communism. The American from Texas will se~ tQ it that my resoht p_eople believe the Russians are a great tion is given consideration before his there was lack of cooperation between race, great fighters, and good people, but committee. the Executive and the Senate, treaties we also know that communism was Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will did not come into being. forced upon them. Stalin does not dare the Senator yield? All my resolution would do would be to to let his people know all we have done Mr. WILEY. I yield. create what I call a foreign relations ad.. for them. He does not dare to let them Mr. CONNALLY. Let me say to the visory council. It would request the know how much better off the people in Senator that the Senator from Texas President to create such a council, made America are. He knows he could not will be very glad to contribute to that up of the chairman and the ranking hold them if he did. end. I feel sure that the committee will minority member of the Foreign Rela tions Committee of the Senate and of I apologize for taking up so much give the Senator's resolution considera~ time. tion;, but the Senator realizes, I am sure, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Mr. Wil.JEY. Mr. President, apropos that the committee has been under a House of Represe~tatives, the Secretary of what the distinguished Senator from great deal of pressure, and continues to of State, the Under Secretary of State Montana has said, a long time ago, be under a great deal of pressure at the and his experts and such other Senators speaking on the floor of the Senate, I moment. We shall certainly be very as the President might desire to desig drew the conclusion that no one could happy to affQrd the Senator an oppor nate. Thus a liaison committee would cut the cloth until an international pat tunity to appear before the committee be created. I repeat, every great news .. tern had been devised. Of course, that and to present his views, and we shall paper in this country and many maga pattern is not definite. Because of the be glad to appoint a subcommittee to zines have acknowledged the practicabil.. various factors mentioned by the dis consider the measure. I do not want the tty of this propOS!;tl, and yet, for some tinguished Senator, and because of other Senator to feel that the committee will months, no action has been taken. Now imponderables which will arise in the fu in any wise exhibit any discourtesy or let us go into action on it and create such ture, we do not know what the pattern lack of appreciation. a committee. will be. Let me say to the Senator, if he will To all the conferences, Mr. President, However, now that this matter has permit me to speak for a moment in which will be held in the city of Wash.. been brought into the picture, I desire relation to what the Senator from Mon ington in the near future the President to mention something else before I pro tana said about Russia and in relation would appoint from such liaison com ceed with my remarks. It appears that to what was stated this morning by the mittee one -Senator who would then vir-.· ~n the near future, Mr. President, a Senator from Michigan about some re tually be the representative of th-e Senate number of conferences are going to be ported remarks of the Vice President. and would feed back into the committee held in Washington-conferences on relative to what would be the situation the information obtained. In other problems dealing with international if we were to double-cross Russia, that words, the thing we are talking about tQ .. food supplies, with economic problems I have not read the Vice President's re day and which we are fearful will be in reconstruction, with freedom -of the marks in detail, so I do not know exactly lacking between Russia· and the United air, and with the so-called world order. what he said. However, I desire to say States, to-wit, collaboration and c.oop .. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1705 eration, would exist if there v:ere such a In 1931 the N. S. D. A. P. demanded On December 20, 1933, a decree put liaison committee. I repeat, some of the measures to make the press German that law into effect as of January 1. best minds of this country have been in that is, free from Jewish influence-and On November 12, 1934, there was a favor of it, and yet I have been able to the suppression of newspapers which regulation to implement the unity of get nowhere. injure the public welfare. party and state. The control of the FREEDOM OF PRESS AND RADIO By March of 1931 there was a German propaganda minister was established presidential decree for defense against over the activities of the various cham Now, Mr. President, I desire to proceed political excesses, permitting police bers and the press chamber and radio to the subject of the freedom of the press measures against publications endanger activities. and radio. In recent months we have ing publid- security. The execution of Between January 1933 and December heard a great many comments concern this decree was left to local authorities, 1934 hundreds of leftist newspapers and ing the curtailment of news pulp for but the minister of the interior could periodicals were suppressed. Periodi newspapers, the censorship policies of cally, religious and semireligious publica the Government, the F. C. C. licensing request police action. On January 30, 1933, the National So tions were banned. Some publications, policies, Government use of the press, such as the famous Ullstein and Masse Government use of radio, and the inva cialists came into power. By February 4 of 1933 there was a presidential decree newspapers, were reorganized. sion of government into the publishing for the defense of the German people Every important newspaper has a rep business. Perhaps it will serve a con which said: resentative in Berlin. Once every day structive purpose fo:.· us to briefly review these representatives are given instruc these subjects today. I may say, paren Printed matter, the contents of which might endanger the public security and tions by the Propaganda Ministry rela thetically, that I shall not repeat any order, may be seized and withdrawn by the tive to the treatment to be accorded va thing which the distinguished Senator police. rious news items. These conferences are from Illinois [Mr. BROOKS] said. secret and the revelation of the proceed Before presenting this review, it may On February 28, 1933, there was a ings outside the circle is said to have also serve some constructive purpose to presidential decree for the defense of cost one newspaper representative penal survey the chronology of Nazi press and the people and state which declared servitude for life. radio control in Germany and to study various articles of the constitution inop Newspapers of lesser importance re Fascist control of the press in Italy, along erative. That included the statement of ceive their instructions from the local with the control of · wireless telegraphy 1919 about the freedom of publication offices of the Propaganda Ministry. and telephony in Italy. and the freedom from censorship. Vari The German News Agency, DNB, usu We should lilcewise be conversant with ous articles of the constitution, including ally termed the "official German news the control of the press and radio in this one, were declared inoperative until agency,'' is practically an agency of the Japan. further notice and the decree further de Government and it is recognized as a Mr. President, no comprehensive, in clared: means of controlling the news at its clusive survey of the control of press and Therefore limitations • • • of the right source. . This news agency has a monop radio in Japan and Italy and Germany of free expression of opinion, including free oly in the distribution of news in Ger dom of the press • • • are permissible has ever been made. In the past few even beyond the legal limitations otherwise many. weeks I have been working with the applicable. On April 10, 1935, the control of non-· Library of Congress in an effort to as periodical literature was channeled semble such a survey which I believe By March 17, 1933, there was a presi through the Literature Chamber and should be available to every Member of dential order for the creation of a Reich there is evidence that nonperiodical lit Congress. Ministry for Public Enlightenment and erature was brought under complete The Library of Congress has had made Propaganda. control. for me translations from which there has By June 30, 1933, there had been a On May 31, 1938, a decree was issued been culled the information contained in clarification of tasks and jurisdiction of to provide that prior to any definite the· remarks I am now making. the propaganda ministry including jur registration in the professional list, the First, let us consider the chronology of isdiction and legislative authority over chairman of the state unit of the Press Nazi press and radio control in Germany. . the press, radio, art, and the theater. Federation must afford the gauleiter In Germany the press law of May 7, This group, incidentally, was headed the chief of the National Socialist Party 1874, recognized the principle of freedom since its creation by Dr. Goebbels. As a in each district of the Reich-an oppor of the press and merely prescribed cer matter of fact, it grew out of Goebbels' tunity to examine the question whether tain rules for the exercise of this right. Reich propaganda division of the Na the applicant is politically reliable. In 1919 the republican constitution in tional Socialist Party. They start with the Constitution to Germany included in its definite state On September 22, 1933, there was protect them, but in the course of 5 years ment of the free4om of publication- a law written for the creation of the it is swept aside and they are told that Reich Chamber of Culture. Point 25 in a gauleiter shall determine whether they • • • there shall be no censorship • • • (except) against obscene literature that law provides for the corporate state are for the regime in control; that is; for the protection of minors. structure. Provision is made in this law whether they are politically reliable. · for the creation of six chambers, name Briefly, Mr. President, Germany started In 1922, when the Republic and its in ly, literature, press, radid, theater, music, ·with a press law which recognized the stitutions were under serious attack, and fine arts. The propaganda minister principle of freedom of the press. Ger legal measures were provided for mat is given full legislative and administra many had a constitutional provision ters which might endanger the Republic, tive power for carrying the law into which provided for freedom of publica but publications were considered private effect. tion. Then control was extended wher affairs over which the state had only On November 1, 1933, Dr. Goebbels ever it was deemed necessary to "safe such control as was absolutely necessary issued the first decree under the author guard the public welfare." Then the to safeguard the public welfare. ity of the law I have just mentioned. National Socialist Party began to fight By February 25, 1920, the National So His decree provided for organization and "conscious political lies and dissemina cialist Party program had been adopted mandatory membership for anyone con tion thereof through the press." Then and demanded-point 23: nected with any "intellectual creation or Hitler began to express his doctrine that Legislative combat against conscious po achievement presented to the public by the press must be "put into the service of litical lies and dissemination thereof through means of print, film, or radio." That the state and nation." the press. decree of November 1, 1933, was put into Ah, Mr. President, I say again, we come By 1924 Hitler, in Mein Kampf, wrote: effect by a further decree of the propa to the time in Germany when, instead ganda minister on November 9, 1933. It (the state) has to watch especially the of being a free agent, the press must be press • • • not temporarily, but perma On October 4, 1933, we find a law pol put into the service of the state and the nently; • • • must assure itself with icy in existence relating to all news nation. ruthless determination of this means for edu papers and publications and terming Then there was a broadening of the cating the people, and put it into the serv them a "public task regulated by the state definitions against newspapers which "in ice of the state and nation. in this law." jure the public welfare," then a decree 1706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 to permit police measures against pub It was inevitable tbat this control through its official inspection of busi· lications endangering public security. should be extended to .the radio. Radio ness conditions. Then there was a presidential decree that broadcasting in Japan began privately That, Mr. President, is a chronology printed matter could be seized and with in 1921. By December 1923 there were of the control of press and radio in drawn by the polfce. Then there was regulations. Through the assistance of Japan. It is interesting to note that further censorship, and finally there was the Department of Communications the Japanese press has never tolerated created a ministry for public enlighten there was created a trust which incor independence in political ;matters. It ment and propaganda. The authority of porated three private broadcasting sys is interesting to note that the bureau this agency was extended over press, tems by 1925. In August of 1926 the crats of Japan would not permit a free radio, art, theater, and films. Then Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ab and independent press. gradually certain - publications were sorbed these three systems into one The chronology of Fascist control of banned and some newspapers were "re merger. After that a 1-yen initiation the press in Italy is equally interesting. organized." Finally newspaper repre fee was required of radio owners and On July 8, 1924, there was an Italian sentatives were told by the propaganda collected by the Government. In 1930 decree which empowered the police pre ministry what they could print, and there were eight stations, and in 1932 fects to confiscate any issue of a news there was created a news agency-an of the Government imposed an additional paper without bringing a charge before ficial news agency-which began to be a levy. By 1933 there were four Japanese the court. means of controlling the news at its radio stations outside of Japan proper On July 12, 1924, there were issued cer source. Flnally there was control of two in Formosa, one in Korea, and one tain regulations concerning the promul nonperiodical literature, and ultimately in Manchuria. The whole system was gation of the edict of 1848 which dealt there was investigation as to whether or nationalized. It was a very official with the press. not writers were "politically reliable." proposition. It was government-made, By early December of 1924 the minis That, Mr. President, is the history of government-controlled, and govern ter of justice prepared a decree which Nazi press and radio control. ment-exploited by 1933. has been applied to all opposition papers, It is not my purpose to find any dis In 1936 a news agency was created. It and which defines as a crime the publica astrous parallel in our Nation, nor is it was known as the Domei Tsushin Sha. tion of news "which might have an in my purpose to contend that writers in The business of this group was to "cir jurious effect on national credit at home this country who are not "politically re culate correct information or the raw and abroad, or cause alarm among the liable" are scrutinized very sharply by material for the formation of sound pub population or glve rise to disturbance of the administration. I merely present lic opinion." A man named Shohei Fu the public peace or prejudice the diplo this chronology of Nazi press and radio jinuma was Chief Secretary of the Cab matic activities of the government and control in Germany as a document which inet. He was the Japanese Dr. Goeb its relations abroad." That, Mr. Presi I believe warrants study by every think bels. At that time there was an Army, dent, is interpreted as granting govern ing American who is concerned with the Navy, and Cabinet Information Bureau. ment officials immunity from criticism maintenance of the "four freedoms." It was a kind of propaganda ministry, for acts of office. This measure also re Now let us briefly consider the control and it encouraged the merging of small introduced preventive confiscation, and of the press and radio in Japan. news agencies, so that the Allied News provided for the suspension of the paper.. In Japan the press and radio met with Agency was placed completely under of On January 8, 1925, 111 members of government difficulties almost from their ficial direction. the opposition read a document attacking earliest existence, in 1861. The Japanese Penalties for evading government di the regime, and the paper was suppressed press was not well established until 1872. rection became increasingly severe. By for publishing it. By the early part of From its very inception it was used to 1937 control was established in the Home January, 1925, 102 newspapers had been serve imperialistic interest, and for ad Office and War Office. The fines became suppressed under the new regulations, ministration propaganda. Most of the heavier, and by 1939 it was a criminal of and the following month other editions newspapers were founded by government fense to be found in possession of a radio were confiscated. In February of 1925 officials, and publications which did not set capable of receiving broadcasts from still more editions were confiscated. champiQn one of the government depart the outside world. Foreign residents In October there were further reprisals ments found themselves either confined were not exempt. Incidentally, in 1941 against an attempt to issue independent solely to cultural and social affairs or, if one observer wrote of the control of the newspapers, and by October 23, 1925, any approach was made toward inde Japanese military clique as "journalistic George Seldes, an American correspond pendence in political matters, foun<;l string pulling of bureaucrats which ent, was expelled for publishing the doc themselves subject to severe govern colors news beyond belief." ument of the opposition. He was ex mental punishment. The Japanese legislation in 1939 in pelled for "representing the Mussolini Even those newspapers which were cluded laws and regulations of a more government in the worst possible light consistently conservative earned the op stringent nature than any which pre and giving the views of the political op position of the bureaucrats. The press ceded World War No. 2, and on March ponents of the Duce." laws were stringent, and · there was al 25, 1939, there was enacted a law for safeguarding secrets of military material By November 18, 1925, other so-called most no Socialist and labor press. antinational papers were suppressed, and The constitution of 1890 gave to the resources. It included a provision for the inspection of books, and it enabled by December 31, 1925, the public prose people of Japan the right of "freedom of cutor had authority to prohibit the ap speech in publication, printing, assem officers to conduct investigations and ask questions. pearance of any paper twice condemned blage, and association within the scope for press offenses. The printers them of the law,'' but in practice this was not This law was supplemented by another law on June 23, 1939, and by still another selves were made liable for all fines in workable because of stringent laws curred by the papers they printed, and which were applied. Laws and orders law on April 11, 1939, which placed all international telecommunications at the the local press association had to enroll and decrees controlled the press, even disposal of the Government. the names of all editors. Only Fascist to the extent of possible suspension. unions were permitted to enroll. :Until 1897 the Minister of Interior was On April!, 1939, there was a national general mobilization law which con By January 7, 1926, the Home Secre allowed to judge and punish the viola trolled communications materials and tary had issued a circular which indi tors of both laws and ordinances. Later services concerning information. enlight cated that in ordering the confiscation the punishment of an editor or publisher enment and propaganda. This law was of an issue, the prefects need not trouble was turned over to the courts, but the revised by the law of March 1, 1941. to determine whether an item was false censorship of all publications is in the On March 6, 1941, another national or true. "The preservation of order is hands of the Police Bureau of the De defense security law was enacted and on an elementary and primary duty of every partment of Interior, and has been since March 8, 1941, there was a new peace government and is independent of any 1921. Newspapers, as well as scientific preservation law which related to propa opinion that may be held as to the bad and literary circles, have felt the pres ganda. faith of the person who endangers the sure of government, and controls are On March 28, 1941, the foreign ex order." exercised by means of police bans on the change control law was enacted, and this By October 1926 there were only 21 discussion of certain subjects. law, of course, could reach the press papers left after a general suspension by 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1707 Fascists. Sixteen -of these papers were writers into classifications in respect to By the latter part of May 1941 news dailies. the degree of their loyalty to him and papers were editorializing on the crea By October 31, 1926, after Anteo Zam to his party. It is the story of a leader tion of the Office of Government Re boni had tried to kill Mussolini, all 27 who was very intolerant of those who in ports, apparently designed as a perma papers were suspended for an indefinite their writings or in their verbal utter nent superpublicity agency clothed with period, and 4 were suspended for 20 days. ances disagreed with him or with his statutory authority. This agency was By March 12, 1927, the Central Execu party. closely scrutinized as a funnel of all Gov tive Board of the National Federation of Senators are all familiar with the First ernment information which might tech~ the Press had divided newspapermen War Powers Act and with the Second nically have been a step toward the into four classes: (1) Fascist Party mem War Powers Act, and with the provisions abandonment of the freedom of the press bers, (2) nonparty members with a in these acts which relate to the utiliza in America. clean past, (3) former anti-Fascists who tion of vital war information. This agency, incidentally, in no way had repented, and (4) the unredeemed. We are familiar with the sweeping supplanted all the other publicity bu All other newspapermen were divided Executive orders which clapped secrecy reaus and press agencies in the various into two classes: Those officially recog and censorship rules on hundreds of Government departments. More re nized by the party, and the remainder. commercial plants. We can recall that cently the Byrd Committee on Executive By February 26, 1928, Law No. 384 had away back in 1939 there were protests Reorganization reported more than 30(} provided that no editor or any journal or of the Federal Communications Commis general publicity writers in the Federal journalist could exercise his profession sion against any restrictions on the free agencies, and their number at that time except after enrollment in the official fiow of information to the United States was estimated at as high as 700. The register, which is permitted only by the from any source whatever within or out propaganda at that time amounted to Government. There is no appeal from a side the United States. about 100,000,000 pounds a year and cost refusal. In 1939, as this Nation observed the about $25,000,000 for paper and printing. On June 13, 1935, a representative of 150th anniversary of the Bill of Rights, I will return to this subject a little later~ the Chicago Tribune was expelled from there was . apprehension over the fate The Chief Executive made an excel Rome for -an article on the shakiness of of some parts of our charter of liberty lent start toward the right sort of Gen Italian finance. As far as I know, inci ... in the event that we should be drawn sorship. He picked out a good man to dentally, no representative of the Chi into war. The :f).rst among the 10 be the Director of Censorship when he cago Tribune has ever been barred from amendments which were enacted more selected Mr. Byron Price, of the Asso Rome for any articles on the shakiness than a century and a half ago provided ciated Press. The cooperation of the of New Deal finance. that Congress should· make no law re fourth estate was complete and entlm By December 7, 1935, the powers of specting an establishment of religion or siastic. censorship of the Minister of Propa prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or The whole theory of press censorship ganda and the press were extended, and abridging the freedom of speech or of in the closing days of 1941 was that it propaganda officials were empowered to the press; or the right of the people would be used to keep essential military order police anywhere to seize news peacefully to assemble, and to petition information from the enemy, and it was papers and books without instruction the Government for a redress of griev distinctly understood that it would not from the Minister of the Interior-who, ances. be used to keep any incompetency from by the way, was also II Duce. The whole question of press censorship public discussion. The American press By August of 1936 the press had re was discussed the latter part of Febru and the publishing world in general ac ceived instructions concerning some 25 ary 1941 after the Chief of Staff of the cepted in good faith the code issued by explicit items which they could not men Army, Gen. George C. Marshall, had tes the Director of Censorship. This code tion, and throughout 1937 there were tified before the Senate Military Affairs was issued by the 15th of January in more specific instructions to the press Committee. The publication of that 1942. Broadcasting stations, inciden dealing with certain detailed news items .testimony brought up the whole ques- tally, were under m-ore stringent censor~ which must be treated in a certain way. tion of the place of the press and the ship than the press, because radio is not By 1938 the Italian Minister of Edu radio in times of war. High ranking of domestic in any sense of the word. · cation had set up a committee to ex ficials in the national defense organi By February 8 of last year the White amine all post-war publications in order zation submitted plans for the censor House had ordered all Cabinet and other to eliminate all elements politically hos ship of press and radio which would have high-ranking officials to submit their fu tile to the principles of the Italian established a tight central control by ture speeches to the Office of Facts and regime. A list of banned books was to officers of the armed services over in Figures for advance clearance. Shortly be prepared and in the future publica formation about national defense, but after that the Office of Censorship issued tions were to be censored before issued. that plan was discarded early in 1941. regulations concerning international According to reports it had been pre communication. I am sure that all can recall that on sented to the Chief Executive in June By March 19 regulations adapting the April 29, 1940, the Italians put the pres- . of 1940. 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act to the sure on the Osservatore Romano for its By the latter part of February 1941 needs of the present war were issued by pro-ally stand, and by May 14, 1940, the the American press was cooperating vol the Secretary of the Treasury in con .street sales of the Osservatore Romano untarily with the United States, Canada, Censor~ outside the Vatican City were prohibited, junction with Byron Price, the and England, and voluntarily withhol~ ship Director. By April 1 there seemed and the paper dropped its war news ing certain items in. the public interest. to be some confusion about our censor column. By October of 1941 there appeared to be ship policies, and there was talk of re-. Mr. President, the control of wireless a general agreement that we needed a organizing the overlapping and contra telegraphy and telephony in Italy is an clearly defined censorship policy rather dictory wartime information services, other very interesting subject to all those than a voluntary policy. perhaps into a centralized agency with who are interested in the preservation When the foremost editors of the Na a unified policy for the dissemination of freedom, but it is a detailed subject, tion gathered in Washington for their of war news. and I will not attempt to discuss it at annual conference on April 17, 1941, the Three months after our entry into the this time, though I am now preparing biggest problem confronting them was global war our military censorship of a memorandum which I expect to insert Government news censorship. At that news was more stringent than ever be in the RECORD at a later date. I can say time most of official Washington was fore in our history. There was some that there are very rigid Italian regula free from censorship, though there were public confusion in March of 1942 be tions for broadcasting, and that the pen certain notable exceptions. When the cause there had been a suppression of alties for violation of the Italian code President sent a message to the Ameri facts already known to the enemy, and in this connection are extremely rigid. can Society of Newspaper Editors he a number of editorial writers through..: I have given, Mr. President, the story went all out for a free press. It was out the Nation began to talk about the of Fascist control of the press in Italy. evident, however, that in a democratic incompetence and the blundering of our It is the story of a political party and a country which was technically at peace press-relations policy. political leader, who permitted no criti it.was impossible to keep the lid on mili By April of 1942 it was evident that cism, and who divided all newspaper tary secrets. freedom of the press was on trial. It was 1708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 also evident that we were standing at the and we have a pretty definite organiza nage used by each publisher to produce crossroads between voluntary censorship tion to see that voluntary censorship his net paid circulation in 1941 plus a 3- and compulsory censorship, and the is followed. percent spoilage allowance. newspaper industry was facing a supreme The Chief of the Office of War Infor During the last war, when there were crisis. There was some apprehension by mation has authority to control all war shortages, the Government laid the facts May Of last year that the administration information, but I do not believe that he before the representatives of all the in was attempting to cripple the newspapers has ever exercised this control of the dustries involved. The plans were and suppress all criticism of its policies. War and Navy information services. It drafted and put into effect on a volun On June 25, 1942, the Office of Cen is my understanding that they still issue tary basis. These were cooperative re sorship published a revision of the code all their own releases, and that the Office strictions, and they were by and large of wartime practices for newspapers and of War Information intervenes only successful. That policy has not been fol radio stations, which placed channels of when the War and Navy Departments lowed effectively in the present war. public information more firmly under the make joint announcements with other The amount of print paper which big administration control. Under the re war agencies. publishers may use during the present· vised code important news relating to the GOVER~ENT PROPAGANDA year has also been cut by a pattern operation of the war effort could not be Mr. President, I now desire to speak similar to that which was applied to printed or broadcast unless it had been about Government propaganda, which newspaper and magazine publishers. It released by appropriate authority or was somewhat stressed by the distin is apparent that this curtailment order passed by censorship. The new sections guished Senator from ffiinois [Mr. could seriously threaten the press of the of the radio code paralleled the press BROOKS], but I have some additional Nation. code in most particulars. Also new re information which might supplement Perhaps the best evidence of any need strictions of a general nature were added. what he has already said. for curtailment in the amount of news By the hitter part of September of At the present time old-line Govern pulp available to newspapers should be last year there were grave issues as to ment departments like the Department given by Government itself. Here in what information endangered the se of Labor, the Treasury, and the others, Washington the Government issues a curity of the United States, and whether maintain their own publicity organiza snowstorm of news releases which are military censorship was being used to tions, as does every agency. It has been apparently still considered as essential. conceal nonmilitary purposes. Capital said that there are more than 30,000 press It has been said that the Public Printer correspondents began to call for a show agents and publicity aides on the -pay in Washington is estimating· a 50-percent down on censorship policies, and there roll. How many million dollars a year increase in the use of paper in 1943 over were a number of protests on the way that costs it is hard to say. The Office 1942. silence was imposed under the voluntary of War Information this year may need a Think of it; we are telling the citizens code. There was a continuai expression total of about 4,400 people to conduct of- this country to curtail, yet these agen of alarm over the creeping suppression propaganda activities at home and cies are flooding the country, and a large which many people felt was a threat to abroad. That would cost about $37,000,- percentage of what they use in flooding a free press in wartime. 000. Our overseas propaganda by the it is mere rot. By December of last year the Office of Office of War Information may cost There have also been rumors in Wash.. Censorship was on a hot spot in connec about $27,000,000 in this fiscal year. ington that the Office of War Informa tion with censorship legislation. It will Mr. President, I believe that the Amer tion would begin to issue a 4·- to 6-page be recalled that on November 30 of last ican press has retained a remarkable de summary of the week's news in Wash-: year the Senate recalled from the House gree of freedom in a world war of rigid ington. I am not going to comment on of Representatives a bill it had unani restrictions, and I believe that the Amer the pulp outlook, though a number of mously adopted authorizing the censor ican press has done an outstanding job experts contend that the pulp outlook ship of all communications between the of self-government. I have no quarrel has improved. I am going to comment United States and its Territorial posses with the general censorship provisions,· briefly on the publishing activities of sions. though I do believe it is apparent that we Government itself. The withholding by the administra need a further clarification of policy and Remember, in Germany, Italy, and tion of the details concerning damages a definite coordination of all activities Japan the government took over pub suffered in the sneak Japanese attack relating to press and radio. It is obvious lishing activities. In this country we on Pearl Harbor met with widespread that even our present system offers pos have gone wild in putting into the hands criticism. sibilities for potential abuse. Against of Government some 50,000 paid news .. The Office of War Information, orig these possibilities we must constantly be papermen to publicize Government ac-· inally intended to coordinate and con on the alert. tivities. On top of that we flood this trol the release of war information, was Along with the censorship policies of country with carloads of mate1ial every helpless when the Office of Price Ad Government, I think we must be aware day. Then the Government is reaching ministration and the Office of Petroleum of certain mechanical limitations which down and buying space in the news Administration battled over the wording have been imposed upon the press. I papers of the country, getting space, in.. of a press release on the suspension of think it is apparent that some of the at terfering with the free press. As stated gasoline rationing cards in the East. We tempts of Government to put press asso by the Senator from Illinois [Mr. are told that as a consequence, 'news of ciations under the power of Congress to BRooKs], the Government publication, the suspension leaked ' out prematurely. regulate commerce had in them the germ Victory, has already been discussed Gn The same kind of muddling occurred on of rigid Government control. the floor of the Senate. It is only a small the announcement of canned goods The restrictions on news pulp also have part of the material coming from the rationing more recently. in them the germ of rigid Government presses of the Government itself as a war By the 5th of last month the Office of control. American newspapers began publisher. Censorship had issued new and con rationing newsprint with the new year, There are tens of millions of posters solidated regulations governing all com and our rationing has been on the basis issued by the Office of War Information. munications entering and leaving this of 1941 usage. The rationing of news The Office of War Information main .. country. There was a great deal of com print may be a necessary step, but it is tains a publications and graphic bureau, ment concerning the Allied censorship certainly inconsistent with the extended and some of their publications run to al in north Africa early this year. publication activities of Government it most 3,000,000 copies. Their pamphlets My own feeling is that our censorship self, and with the fact that Government range from 16 to 32 pages. Some of them of news must not be permitted to de itself is utilizing more and more space iJ). are simple, pocket-size numbers, and stroy the faith of the people in their American newspapers which leaves less some of them are profusely illustrated Government. There is no excuse for the and less space available for a free Amer publications. muddling of administration announce ican press. Some of the volume of Government ments concerning recent rationing poli As every Senator knQws, in January of publicity was cut late last year, but it cies. Today press and radio are regu this year the W. P. B. ordered the use still has not stopped the torrent of Gov .. lated as to what they can tell the public, of newsprint in 1943 limited to the ton- ernment publications, and it cannot be 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-=-SENATE 1709 denied that some of the 0. W. I. publica- · ·It does not regard the New Deal and the Mr. President, that must never happen· tions reflect party politics. I must con war, in the words of Stanley High, as here;· and it never will if the American ,,, fess also that I am alarmed by the state "joint and inseparable enterprises." people and the American Congress re ment of the 0. ·W. I. last month to the Mr. President, in conclusion, the en main alert. effect that the 0. W. I. was going to take croachments on a free and untrammeled PRACTICAL RELIGION IN THE WORLD OF over all Government farm news. expression of public opinion elsewhere TOMORROW-ADDRESS BY THE VICE Mr. President, I am alarmed also by have sometim~s been · very gradual. PRESIDENT the statement of the 0. W. I. that it They usually begin as propaganda for would take over the control of almost a particular administration or a particu Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. all Government news agencies. lar leader and they end in complete con President, very much has been said to I refuse, however, to believe that this trol of all forms of social communication, day about a certain address delivered by administration is contemplating the pub so that today German newspapers are the Vice President recently. I now ask lication of a Government-owned daily mouthpieces of the state, and German unanimous consent to have printed in n'ewspaper published at the taxpayers' newspapers, according to Goebbels, are the body of the RECORD at this point the expense. "sharp instruments of policy" ready to be address which has been referred to so It is apparent from all of the foregoing o.ften today. The address was on the played on "like a piano." subject of practical religion in the that Congress must closely scrutinize all There, Mr. President, is a master of the publication activities of Government, world of tomorrow, and was delivered analysis, telling how the German people by the Vice President at the Conference and it is equally apparent that the be are being fooled through the newspapers, hind-the-scenes conflicts between the on Christian Bases of World Order, held because the newspapers are used to be under the auspices of the Board of Mis 0. \V.I. and the Office of Strategic Serv played on "like a piano." ices must be definitely and permanently sions and Church Extension of the Meth The first freedoms to be lost by any odist Church, at Delaware, Ohio, on settled so that we do not have conflicts in people who are controlled by dictators the field of our psychological warfare. March 8, 1943. were the freedom of expression and the There being no objection, the address At the outset of 1943 we still had no freedom of a free press. agreed policy or coordinated program was ·ordered to be printed in the RECORD, The tremendous increase in the pub as follows: · for psychological warfare-we still had licity and informational activities of the no C')mpletely unified effort, though we Federal Government, the tremendous in There are three great philosophies in the had a half dozen agencies working on world today. The first, based on the EU crease in material publicizing the Gov premacy of might over right, says that war parts of the job. ernment activities, carries with it a dis between nations is inevitable until such time It is equally apparent that we must tinct menace for the future. as a single master race dominates the entire separate our propaganda and censorship Today the Federal Communications world and everyone is assigned his daily task activities or else correlate them so that Commission has a life-and-death power by an arrogant, self-appointed fuehrer. Tlle they do not create confusion. second-the Marxian philosophy-says that which it can wield over every radio sta class warfare is inevitable until such time We are fighting for the four free tion in the land, and we know that the doms and we must fight for freedom as the proletariat comes out on top, every Chief Executive has the authority to where in the world, and can start building of the press at home. Last September seize any and all radio apparatus and a society without classes. The third the American press blew the lid off the equipment. which we in this country know as the demo issue of censorship, and one of our great Mr. President, we fiqd engraved on the cratic Christian philosophy-denies that man journalists wrote about the creeping was made for war, whether it be war be paraJysis of that censorship and wrote Archives Building in tllis city the words, tween nations or war between classes, and about power-hungry bureaucrats. "The past is prologue." The only thing asserts boldly that ultimate peace is inev that stands between the menace of that itable, that all men are brothers, and that Last February there was a proposal absolute power is the Congress of the which would have made it a criminal God is their Father. United States. So, I repeat: It is for This democratic philosophy pervades net offense to divulge the contents of any us to be alert. We must make sure that only the hearts and minds of those who Government document marked "confi on the home front there are no more live by the Christian religion, both Protes dential." If that proposal had been en Pearl Harbors. tant and Catholic, but of those who draw acted into law, then any officeholder their inspiration from Mohammedanism, with something to conceal could have Mr. President, we know that the twin Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, and other gotten out of the reach of journalistic threat of censorship and propaganda led faiths. When we look beneath the outer investigators. France down the long road, from which forms, we find that all these faiths, in one there was no turning, to ultimate dis way or another, preach the doctrine of the Mr. President, we know that the press dignity of each individual human soul, the has continually endeavored to expose aster. I do not believe that these things will doctrine that God intended man to be a any bureaucratic and brass-hat incom good neighbor to his fellow man, and the petence. We know that the press ex happen here. They will not happen doctrine of the essential unity of the entire posed the misuse of theW. P. A. for po here because an enlightened people and world. litical purposes. We know that the press a vigilant Congress will never permit Those who think most about individualism stopped the plan to pack the Supreme them to happen. They will not happen preach freedom. Those who think most Court. We know that the press ruined here because no man and no party can about unity, whether it be the unity of a na the 1938 congressional purge, but we be so blind as to eliminate a great safe tion or of the entire world, preach the sa::red guard for the perpetuation of freedom. obligation of duty. There is a seeming con also know that the press has played a filet between freedom and duty, and it takes major role in the war effort. It has Mr. President, if "the past is prologue," the spirit of democracy to resolve it. Only made the American people aware of the let us realize that we must take steps through religion and education can the free menace of inflation. It made it pos different from those taken by the so dom-loving individual realize that his great sible to amend the selective service leg called Axis Powers, because there the est private pleasure comes from serving the islation. It made it possible to have people lost their rights. highest unity, the general welfare of all. Nevertheless, it is well for us to be This truth, the essence of democracy, must gasoline rationing and it made the scrap capture the hearts of men over the entire drive successful. conscious of these problems and to pur world, if human civilization is not to be . The American press has donated sue a policy of vigilance which will in torn to pieces in a series of wars and revolu nearly $100,000,000 in space for war pur sure the perpetuation of a free press. tions far more terrible than anything that poses. The American press made it pos In other lands we have seen the first has yet been endured. Democracy is th3 sible for Henry Kaiser to do a job in the gray afternoon haze of government cur hope of civilization. face of mossback opposition. tailments and censorship darken into the To understand the significance of thes3 The American press made it possible to lengthening twilight shadows of an in three philosophies dominant in the world creasingly inflexible control, and eventu today, let us look at each one in turn. Dur secure a clarification of the rubber issue. ing the last 80 years, the outstanding ex It exposed the early fan-dancer defects ally into the thick black night of fet ponent of the sacredness and inevitability in the Office of Civilian Defense. It has tered oblivion, with a dominant competi of war has been Prussia. By nature the continually pounded away on the issue of tive government in the propaganda pub common people of Prussia are simple and one-man control over war production. lishing business financed by the public. hard-working, and make excellent Citizens 1710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH g·. except where they have become infected by been If thls money had been &pent instead to help build up a new democratic Germany, tM Prussian doctrine that might makes on peace, prosperity, and understanding. and we, without. yielding at all to the old right. The Prussian philosophy causes its Germans by blood are neither better nor warlike spirit of Prussia, shourd encourage adherents to practice many of the highest worse than Englishmen, Americans, Swedes, t~em to try. We shall need the help of all virtues, but these virtues are all ultimately Poles, or Russians. But the Prussian tradi Germans who give convincing evidence that placed at the disposal of supreme evil. Hit tion of the last century, and especially the they do not subscribe to the master-race ler, seizing the Prussian militaristic tradition Nazi education of the last 10 years, have myth and are genuinely opposed to the as a powerful instrument in his hands and created a psychic entity so·. monstrous and doctrine that might makes right. The re putting it to use with his own religious so dangerous to the entire world that lt J.s. . education we insist upon should not crush frenzy, has become the anti-Christ of this absolutely vital to exercise some control over out any sincere desire to practice democracy generation-perhaps the most complete anti German education when the war comes to and live at peace among the world family of Christ who has ever lived. It is not enough an end. · Prussian schoolmasters have been nations. . to bring about the downfall of Hitler. We of greater importance to the German Army · It will not be necessary for Americans to must understand the origin and growth of than Prussian captains, and Prussian text teach in the German schools. The all-im the Prussian spirit, and do something to books have had greater value than ammuni portant thing is to see that the cult of war counteract that spirit, 1f we wish to bring tion. It is the disciplined wm to power and and international deceit is no longer preached permanent peace. tlie worship of war as the method of power as a virtue in the schools. We cannot The Prussian attitude toward war and su that have made the German Army &uch a countenance the soft, lazy forgetfulness premacy has strong roots. Whether it reaches terrible instrument of force. which characterized England and France in back to tl;;le days of Caesar or whether it first Just as Hitler took the Prussian military their treatment of Germany in the thirties. took form under the guidance of the Teutonic tradition and organized it into gangsterism, The cost of such short-sighted appeasement kpights in the Middle Ages, we are certain of · so he took the Prussian education system is too great in men and money. We must this: by the time of Frederick the Great, the and streamlined it to marshal the millions not go down that mistaken, tragic road again. Prussians consciously adopted the doctrine of German boys and girls behind his evil · All of my discussion thus far has been of total war and the total state as the chief conspiracy of world conquest. Hitler's chil· concerned with Prussianism. Now I want end of man. Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm dren have been trained to believe implicitly to talk about Marxianism. This philosophy II modernized and made completely deceitful that the State is more important than the in some ways is the child of Prussianism, be and ruthless that which Frederick the Great . individual, and that the individual must be cause Marx, its high priest, W8!3 molded in had founded. willing and ready to sacrifice himself for the his thinking by Hegel, the great philosopher Shortly after Kaiser Wilhelm II .rose to German Nation and for the Fuehrer. Start of the Prussian state. Marxianism has used power, a generation before the First World ing with the young mothers and fathers, the Cheka, just ·as Prussianism has used the War, one of the more tender-hearted of the married or unmarried, and taking the chil· Gestapo, but it has never prea,ched inter German generals said, in addressing his dren through the day nurseries and a series national war as a.n instrument of national troops: "Our civilization must build its tem of schools for different ages, Hitler has in policy. It does not believe one race is supe ple on mountains of corpses, an ocean of doctrinated the German children with what rior to another. Many of the Marxian activi tears, and the groans of innumerable dying he calls his leadership principle--that among ties of the last 10 years which people of the men." men as in nature there is an eternal strug West have most condemned have been in ' We know now, to our sorrow, that those gle between the weak and the strong, and spired by fear of Germany. The Russian were not just idle words. But God grant they that the decadent democracies are destined people, who are the chief believers in Marx will not be true much longer. to crumble before the superior might of the ianism, are fundamentally more religious Bernhard! and Treitschke, through the Nazi elite. German boys have been system ' than the Prussians. The great mass of the printed page and through the classroom, atically trained in brutality. German girls Russian people is still hungry for spiritual preached the glory -of war and the necessity have been systematically trained to believe food. The Russians have a better opp9r of Germany picking a quarrel with England that their supreme duty is to be mothe1·s, . tunity to find that spiritual food than have or France. Frederick the Great, Moltke, and married or unmarried, of children dedicated the Prussians under their regit;ne, which Bismarck were proclaimed as being superior to the service of the fatherland and the glorifies the violence of the old Teutonic gods. to Goethe, Schiller, Bach, and Beethoven. Fuel1rer. Through the use of mystic cere This question of religious freedom in Rus Hegel laid broad and deep the philosophy of monies-pagan dances, bonfires, sun festi sia has been getting attention · from the the totalitarian state. Other philosophers, vals on mountain tops, and many other type~ Church of England and from the Roman and especially Nietzsche, seized on the Dar of ritual-both boys and girls have heen Catholic Church in this country. In a recent Winian doctrines of natural selection and trained to look upon Hitler as divine and issue of the magazine Commonweal, which survival of the fittest to erect a seemingly they pray to him as God. surely cannot be said to have Marxian lean scientific but false materialism to justify The evil Influence of this systematic deg ings, the managing editor discussed two books their ruthless acts. radation of millions of German boys and by exiled Russians on the status of religion In saying all of this, I do not mean to indi girls cannot be counteracted in a short time. in Russia. Quoting from both books. ona cate that Prussia was the only wicked State Even Hitler's death will not end it, because written under the auspices of the Church of in the world. England, France, Russia, Spain, many of Hitler's children, conditioned as they England, and the other by a professor· at and the United States were not always per are, will believe that he is still their leader, Fordham University, the editor came to the fect. But Prussia and Japan were the only in the spirit if not in the flesh. Hitler dead : conclusion that the p-osition of tl).e Christian countries which systematically devoted the may be almost as dangerous as Hitler alive. Church.in Russia has definitely improved. highest virtues of their citizenry, generation This, then, is the vastly difficult problem The future w~ll-being of the world de- after generation, to the glorification of the with which the United Nations wm have to pends upon the extent to which Marxianism, atate and to the ruthlessness of war. cope, · 1f the victory which now is coming : as it is being progressively modified 1n Russia, The ancestors of many of the people of closer is to bring more than just a short ' and democracy, as we are adapting it to twen German origin in the United States were breathing spell before another Prussian at . tieth century conditions, can live together in members of the minority in Germany who tack is launched upon the world. peace. Old-line Marxianism has held that dissented from the extremist tendencies It is not up to the United Nations to sa:v democracy is mere word;;;, that it serves the toward m1litarism. Thousands of these dis just what the German schools of the future • cause of the common man with platitudes senters migrated to this country in the 20. should teach, and we do not want to be guil rather than with jobs, and that belief in it or 30 years after the failure of the revolution ty of a Hitler-like orgy of book burning. results. in a weak governmental organization. of 1848. Their children, grandchildren, and But it is vital to the peace of the world to And we who believe in democracy must acl- great-grandchildren today are among our make sure that neither Prusslanism, Hitler . mit that modern science. invention, and finest American citizens. They are patrioti ism nor any modification of them is taught. technology have provided us with new bottles cally doing their part in the present war for There are many cultured German scholars , into many of which we have not yet poured freedom, and we honor them for the spirit · with an excellent attitude toward the world · . the wine of the democratic spirit. they have shown. who should be put to work on the job of re . In some respects both the Prussians and It is in the years since 1848 that the liberal writing the German textbooks in their own . the Russians have perceived the signs of the culture of the old Germany has been so com way. I believe these men would glorify ; times better than we-and I hope that reac• pletely submerged by the worship of strength peace and international honesty, reestablish tionary politicians w111 not quot e this sen and power. In this period of less than a ment of the Gennan culture of Beethoven, ; tence out of its context, in an effort to prove century, under Bismarck, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Schubert, Schiller, and Goethe, and the grad-· that I have come out for dictatorship. The and Hitler, Germany has launched five ag ual preparation of the German sp-irit for an , fact is that the Prussians have done an ef gressive wars. appreciation of the fact that & bill of rights !fective job of making their bureaucrats em The result has been that, over the last 30 for the individual is as vital as a bill o! i cient in coordinating the social forces in the years, the spirit of Prussianism has cost the duties toward the state. ! service of the state. The Russians have put 1ives of at least 20,000,000 men, has crippled Doubtless thousands of German boys wm , great emp-hasis on serving ap-d gaining the . at least 10,000,000 others, and has caused the come home from the war. bitterly disillu !enthusiastic adherence of the common man. nations of the world to squander hundreds sioned of. Prussianism and Hitlerism. Thou ·It is my belief that democracy Is the only of billions of dollars on death, destruction, sands of both young and old at home wi11 ' true expression of Christianity, but Jf lt 18 ~d hate. How different tfi\ngs would have feel the same way. They wlll honestly want ; not to let Christ~anity down, democracy must 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD---:SENATE 1711 be tremendously more efficient than it has 1ty. We must make our religion practical. Victory, Inc., !or the purpose of doing what been in the service· of the common man, and In our relations with China, for example, we they could, in their own field, to assist the 1ri resistance to selfish pressure groups. · must act in such a way as· to enhance the country in its war effort. Artists for Victory ·After this war is over the democratic cap material as well as the spiritual well-being has since grown to 28 societies, comprising a italistic nations will need to prove that they of her people. So doing will uot only be of membership of over 10,000 artists from all are supremely interested in full employment spiritual advantage to ourselves, will not only parts of t.he country. All these artists are and full utilization of natural resources. do much to prevent war, but will give us imbued with a spirit of patriotism and · a They will need to demonstrate that the con more material prosperity than we can other si!lcere ·and strong desire to use their talents suming power of their people can be made to wise enjoy. And in saying this, I do not for the winning of the war. equal their productive power. The right to preach the missionary spirit as a forerunner As you all . know, the war morale is being work at a regular job and for a decent wage of a new imperialism. impressed upon the public with appeals and is essential to the true dignity of man. Nearly half the people of the world live in exhortations via radio, the press, the movies, If the western democracies furnish full eastern Asia. Seven-eighths of them do not and other channels. Effective as these means employment and an expa~ding production, know how to read and write, but many of are, they leave little lasting impression. Since they need have no fear of a revival of old-line them listen to the radio aud' they know that the conduct of the war is affected by our communistic propaganda from within. If the world is on the move and they are deter fears and passions, our bravery and devotion, they do not furnish full employment, com mined to move with it. We can at their our loyalty and courage, and by our sacrl munistic propaganda of this kind is inevitable request help them to move in knowledge fices, the graphic visualization of the themes and there is nothing which the Russian Gov toward a higher standard of living rather of the war-to impress them continuously ernment or our Government· or any other than in ignorance toward confusion and upon our hearts and minds-is a necessary government can do to stop it. In the event anarchy. · factor in civilian morale. Graphic presenta- of long-continued unemployment, the only Throutihout history, every big nation has tion is in fact a war weapon. · question will be as to w:Q,ether the Prussian been given an opportunity to help itself by Artists for Victory has effectively demon or Marxian doctrine will take us over first. helping the 'world. -If such an opportunity is strated this in its national war poster com I believe in the democratic doctrine-the seized with a broad and generous spirit, an petition, out of which 300 posters were se infinitude of practical possibilities opens up. religion based on the social message of the lected for exhibi~ion at the National Gallery prophe_ts, the heart insight of Christ, and the Thousands of businessmen in ·the United of Art in Washington from January 17 to wisdom of the men who drew up the Consti States have seen this kind of thing happen on February 17. In this exhibition the war tution of the United States and adopted the a smaller scale in their own businesses, as slogans which have been resounding through· Bill of Rights. By tradition and by struc their broad and enlightened policies have in out the country were given form and color. creased their prosperity and given jobs to Artists from practically every State in the ture we believe that it is_po.Ssible to reconcile their neighbors. Christiauity is not star the freedom and rights of the individual with gazing or foolish idealism. Applied on a Union took part in the great undertaking of the duties required of us by the general making the issues of the war clearly and world-wide scale, it is intensely practical. simply understaudable. In this effort fully welfare. We believe in religious tolerai).ce Bread , cast upon the · waters does return. and the separation o.f church and state, but half a million dollars' worth of art production N-ational friendships are remembered. Help was created by the artists. They devoted · we need to ·Ught again the old spirit to ·meet to starving people is not soon forgotten. We the challenge of new facts. over 100,000 man-hours to this work, which of the United· States who now have the great· they gave unselfishly and without thought o! We shall decide· some time in 1943 or 1944 est opportunity that ever came to-any people whether to plai).t. the _seeds for World War do not wish to impose on any other race or · personal gain. No. 3. That war will be certain 1f we allow to thrust bur money or techufcal experts or The themes selected for the posters are Prussia to rearm either materially or psy-· ways of thought on those who ·do not desire based on the President's first war message ' cbologically. That _war will b.e. probabl~ in them. But we do believe that if we measure on the· -state of the Union, made to Congress case we double-cross Russia. That war will up to the responsibility. which Providence has on January 6, 1942. They deal effectively be probable 1f we fail to demonstrate thJtt we placed on our shoulders, we shall be called on with important issues on the hoz;ne front, cim furnish full employment after this war for help by many peoples who admire us. such as .Production, War Bonds, The Nature comes to an end and -Fascist interests moti When we respond to this cry -for help, we of the Enemy, Loose Talk, Deliver Us From vated largely by _anti-Russia):l bias get control shall be. manifesting not only a Christian Evil, Slave World or Free World, The People of our Government. Unless the western de spirit. but also obeying. A. fundameutal law Are Qn the March, and Sacrifice. mocracies and Russia come to a . satisfactory of life . . The program of Artists for Victory includes understanding before the war ends, I ·very We of the western democracies must distribution and dissemination of these vital much fear that_ World War · No. 3 will be demODftrate the practicality of our religion. messages in the widest possible ways. Its inevitable. Without a close and trusting un We must extend a helping hand to China· object is also to assist the Federal, State, and · derstanding between Russia and the United and India; we must be firm and just with local governments in the prosecution of the States, there is grave probability after thiS Prussia; we must deal honestly and fairly war and, to that end, it commits the entire war is over of Russia and Germany sooner with Russia and be tolerant and even help· artistic profession to the united will to vic or later making common .cause. ful as "she works out her economic problems tory. Artists for Victory embraces the fields Of course the ground for World War No. S in her own way; we must prove that we our of the graphic arts, painting, sculpture, can be laid by actions of the other powers, selves can give an example, in our American mural painting, architecture, landscape even though we in the United States follow democratic way, of full employment and full architecture, decoration, and all the kindred the most constructive course. For example, production for the benefit of the common arts and crafts. On the Board are Hobart such a war would be inevitable 1f !lussia man. Nichols, president of the National Academy should again embrace the Trotskyist idea of By collaborating with the rest of the world of Design, who is president of Artists for fomenting world-wide revolution, or if Brit to put productive resources fully to work, we Victory, Inc.; John Taylor Arms, etcher; A. F; ish interests should again be sympathetic to shall raise our own standard of living and Brinkerhoff, landscape architect; Arthur anti-Russian activity in Germany and other help to raise the standard of living of others. Crisp and Hugo Gellert, mural painters; Ir countries. It is not that we shall be taking the bread out win D. Hoffman, painter and etcher; Julian Another possible cause of World War No. 3 of the mouths of our own children to feed Clarence Levi, architect; Paul Manship, might rise out of our own willingness to the children of others, but that we shall co sculptor; and J. Scott Williams., painter, as repeat the mistakes we made after World operate with everyone to call forth the ener well as other distinguished men of art. War No. 1. When a creditor nation raises gies 'of everyone, to put God's earth more · Under these auspices and with the coopera its tariffs and asks foreign nations to pay completely at the ser-vice of all mankind. tion of numerous Government agencies and up, and at the same time refuses to let them ARTISTS FOR VICTORY private Industry, the results obtained are pay in goods, the result is irritation of a sort placing Artists for Victory in a position of that sooner or later leads first to trade war Mr. WAGNER. Mr. President, I have growing responsibility in relation to the war. and then to bloodshed. been greatly impressed by the splendid With support from private industry, Artists The gospel of Christ was to feed the hungry, voluntary contribution of the artists of for Victory was able to set up the national clothe the naked, comfort the sick, and visit America in dedicating their talents in our war poster competition, to mobilize the those who were in hard luck. He said that united effort for victory. In that con treating your neighbor decently was the way artists of the country for the purpose of ob to show that you loved God. The neighbor nection, I ask unanimous consent to have taining inspirational fighting posters on the hood in Christ's day was a few miles in di printed in the RECORD, as a part of my vital issues of the war. The artists who par ameter. Today the airplane has made the remarks, a statement I have prepared ticipated in the competitions were not moti whole world a neighborhood. The good .. on the Nation-wide organization of vated by any prize considerations but re· neighbor policy, whether at home or abroad, American artists known as Artists for sponded s):. ontaneously out of a deep desire is a Christian policy. Those who preach Victory. to help our country in this perilous period. Up to now, 18 posters have been reproduced, isolationism and hate of other nations are There being no objection, the state preaching a modified form of Prussian nazi- 13 of which ar~ being used by Govern 18m, and the only outcome of such preach ment was ordered to be printed in the ment agencies such as Office of War :"nforma lug will be war. REco:im, as follows: tion, War Production Board, the Treasury If we want peace, we must treat other At the outbreak of the war, 20 art societies Department, and the Office of Inter-American nations in the spirit of democratic Christian- formed an organization, known as Artists tor Affairs. Additional posters were 1ssued bJ 1712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 . R. Hoe & Co., of New York, who also under DEFERMENT FROM MILITARY SERVICE applicant for deferment? What is to be wrote the expenses of the war poster compe OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICUL the nature of the satisfaction? A man tition and awarded prizes to four artists ag TURE .on a ·farm might ask for deferment be gregating $1,200. The CouncU for Democ in racy, of New York, offered four more prizes, The Senate resumed the consideration cause his services were required the and·the I. B. M. Corporation another prize- of the bill (S. 729) providing for the de production of farm commodities, and the : a total of $2,700 in awards. Copies of these ferment from military service of persons board could say: posters are being distributed and shown in engaged in agricultural occupations. No; we cannot defer you yet, but we will see. many places throughout the country. Mr. JOHNSON ·o.f Colorado. Mr. If we can find a satisfactory replacement for · President Roosevelt has lauded the patri President, on November 13 last a bill was you, then, of course, we will not defer you. otic spirit that dominated the efforts of Artists for Victory, Inc., and its artists, in a approved amending the Selective Service The board could then send out to that letter addressed to the president of the or Act. That bill contained the so-called farm some young person-Perhaps a ganization, as follows: Tydings amendment. A few days ago woman or some inexperienced farmer the Senator from Alabama (Mr. BANK THE WHITE HOUSE, and say, "That is a satisfactory replace Washington, November 16, 1E42. HEAD] introduced a b111 in which he was ment,'' while, of course, it would not be DEAR Ma. NICHOLS: I have seen the report joined by 36 other Senators to amend the satis!acto.ry to the farmer in any sense by Artists for Victory on its national war Tydings amendment. The Bankhead of the word. Therefore, that language poster competition. It is proof of what can bill was referred to the Senate Military is important anJOHN SPARKMAN, and substitute for the pending bill. As Sena many others. ator suggests. I am not taking issue tors will .recall, the Senator from Wyo with anything he bas said about the The program of Artists for Victory is na ming [Mr. O'MAHONEY] then otfered a tional in scope. Fully 100,000,000 impres O'Mahoney proposal, but I believe that sions of the war posters have already appeared seoond amendment, in the form·of a sub under the regulations of the Selective in magazines, newspapers, and periodicals stitute for the substitute which I had Service System, pursuant to the so· such as Life, the New York Times, trade, and previously offered. That is the parlia called Tydings amendment, it must ap .. art publications, etc. The United States mentary situation before the Senate at pear, after consultation between the Treasury Department is sponsoring a travel the present time. agricultural manpower officials and ing exhibit of the posters which were shown The diffe.rence between the so-called other officials, that the agricultural at the National Gallery. This exhibit wlll O'Mahoney amendment and the· last be sent on tour to key cities throughout the worker produces so many units a month country. Through this exhibit loc.al War form of the Bankhead amendment is not of essential agricultural products. Es bond committees can dramatize the sale of very great. The O'Mahoney amend sential ,agricultural employment is de· War bonds and stamps. ment proposes to amend the portion of fined. What the O'Mahoney amend.. The program of industrial cooperation is the act known as the Tydings amend ment does- being continued through the printing in full ment by affixing thereto an appendix. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I was color of 50 selected posters from the compe It would not change the language of the coming to that point. tition as war-poster labels available ln per Tydings amendment at all. It would forated sheets. These labels will, it is ex Mr\ TYDINGS. If the Senator from pected, reach almost every man, woman, and merely add a provision at the end of the Colorado will allow me-- child in the country with their powerful Tydings amendment. The Tydings The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the patriotic messages concerning the issues of amendment contains certain language Senator from Colorado yield to the Sen· the war. In thls effort Artists for VIctory which is objectionable because of the ator from Maryland? has secured the cooperation of the Ever-Ready experience we have had with the opera Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not Label Corporation, of New York, which wlU tion of the act since the 13th of Novem yield. print and distribute 5,000,000 of these war ber. The objectionable language to labels immediately. ArtiSts for Victory ex which I have reference is as follows: The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen-: pect that over a b1llion copies of these labels ator from Colorado declines to yield. Every registrant found by a flelective-serv Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The sec will be distributed throughout the country ice iocal board- through banks, retail store.!. war-industry ond difference between the so-called plants, schools, and many· patriotic commit And so forth- O'Mahoney amendment and the Bank tees and organizations. shall be deferred from training and ·service head amendment is with respect to the All sections, all f-actions, and all creeds are in the land and naval forces so long as he standards to which the Senator from thus being welded together ln a full aware remains so engaged and until such time as- Maryland has referred. The Bankhead ness of the dangers that threaten the Ameri amendment does not contain those can way of life. The wide distribution of . This is the language which in my opin these war labels will, In addition, lteep our ion .is not .satisfactory- standards. It provides for a formula. people aware of the ideals for which we satisfactory replacement can be obtained.. Something is multiplied by something entered the war-ideals which might other else, and the result is divided by some Wise be forgotten in the stress of the struggle. That language sounds all right; in othe.r factor to find out whether or not Artists for Victory is making valuable con.. theory perhaps it is all right, but in ac a man is to. be deferred. The formula tributions to the country's war effort. and tUal practice it does not work satisfac is complicated and not practical in its it contemplates as full a participation in the torily. In the first place, to whom shall application. The Bankhead amendment solution of the cultural and social problems the replacement be sati&factory? Shall would endeavor to accomplish the same of the peace. it be the selective-service board, or the result by a different method. The Bank- 1943 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1713 head amendment has ·a limitation sub essities. The packers had their storage to serve in the armed forces. That feel stantially as follows: space full of beef and meats of all kinds. ing is not peculiar to any one group of Substantially full time on a farm in con The elevators, mills, warehouses, and our people or to any people of any par nection with the production or harvesting storage places throughout the country ticular employment. The farmers have ot any agricultural commodity set forth in were filled to overflowing with agricul that urge the same as do the men who . local board release No. 164- tural commodities. In fact. they were live in the city; and the farmers feel Instead of the complicated and diffi so full that they were a burden upon the that they have a duty to perform in the cult formula to which I have made ref storage facilities. Then came December service of their country. However, I de erence, and which was· worked out by 7, 1941. sire to say that at the present time, un the "brain trust" in the Department of Let us see what the situation is today, der all the present circumstances, the Agriculture and the Selective Service There is hardly a pantry in the country successful farmer who has his farm or Division, ·we have a sensible application which is not empty. There is hardly a ganized and is producing sizable quan in this amendment which any board can grocery store anywhere which does not tities of food, producing meat of all understand: have bare shelves. kinds, and grain of all kinds, is just as necessary, if not more necessary, to the Substantially full time on a farm in con There is hardly a meat case in any nection with the production or harvesting of retail establishment which is not devoid war effort than is any general we have in any agricultural commodity set forth in local of meats of all kinds. The packers are the Army at the present time. board release No. 164-- short of meat. They cannot supply the Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the demand. The agricultural surpluses Senator yield? and listed in a certain list prepared by which were so burdensome a few months Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I am glad the Department of Agriculture. That is ago seem to be disappearing very rapidly. to yield. the difference between the two amend The other day the Department of Agri ments in those particulars. Otherwise Mr. WILEY. I have listened with in they are similar in their effect and pur culture stopped the sale of wheat below terest to what the Senator has said and pose: Both of them are mandatory in parity price for livestock feed, which in have obtained a great deal of light from their provisions and direct the Selective dicates that we do not have the huge his remarks. I w.as wondering how the Service Board to make certain defer surpluses we once thought we had. bill would change the situation in rela ments. What do we find the situation to be tion to farm help, in view of the fact that Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, in the rest of the world? We find the on the 6th of this month Mr. McNutt is will the Senator yield? people of China starving. We find the . sued a directive. What would be the dif Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. people of Russia living mostly on dark ference in effect upon the farm help of Mr. VANDENBERG. What does the bread. In Poland, Denmark, Holland, the country? word "substantial" mean? and Belgium, little children are starving Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The dif Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The Sen for lack of food. In Spain a serious sit ference in effect, I think, would be con ator from Michigan is an expert on uation exists. In France conditions are siderable. The difference in the correct words. If there is such an expert in the even worse. According to reports re approach today is important, as well. Senate, it is the Senator from Michigan. ceived from our soldiers, conditions in The Congress, not Mr. McNutt, should I would not attempt to define for the Sen north Africa are deplorable. The other lay oown the laws, so far a3 that is con ator from Michigan what "substantially" day I received a letter from a soldier cerned; but, as a matter of fact, the di means. stating that Arabs sat around the camps rective worked out between the Depart Mr. VANDENBERG. If the Tydings of American soldiers with their legs ment of Agriculture and Mr. McNutt on amendment fell down because its lan crossed, waiting like buzzards for some the 6th day of March should have been guage was susceptible of wide latitude in one to give them a morsel of food, and worked out under the Tydings amend interpretation, it seems to me that the that they made raids on the garbage cans ment on the 13th day of November. word "substantially" is likely to fall down of the American soldiers. Famine every They neglected to issue that directive to for the same reason. where throughout the world, except in the selective service boards. They Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not North America. Unless something is waited all those months without issuing think it is quite so wide open as the done, very shortly we also shall experi it. I am of the opinion that the only language contained in the act. The ence famine. That is the inspiration, the reason they finally issued it on the 6th wording occurs in the O'Mahoney cause, the objective, and the purpose back day of March is the Bankhead bill, which amendment and also in the 'Bankhead of the pending bill. came from the Senate Military Affairs amendment. Some say, "Well, let us see what the Committee. Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the Army has to say about this." Mr. Presi Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, let Senator yield? dent, this matter is one which does not me point out to the Senator that the di Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. concern the Army. The bill has nothing rective also continues the provisions of Mr. TYDINGS. Is it not true that whatever to do with the size of the the Tydings amendment for farm units . the question of what is "substantially Army. It simply has to do with the pro and for provision of replacements. full time" will have to be decided by the duction of agricultural commodities. It Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. That is draft board, and that the very defect is not the business of the Army. The correct. I was going to mention that in · contained in the Tydings amendment Army has a very important business. further answer to the Senator from Wis · will be written in bold English words into That business is to fight the two most consin. The directive which has been · the substitute now pending? dimcult wars America has ever waged. issued still has the dimcult formula of Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not It is not up to the Army to produce the dividing and multiplying in finding an think it will take much judgment on the needed food. That task is up to the answer for all the selective service boards . part of anyone to determine whether a American people; and it is up to the before a farmer can be deferred. But worker is employed substantially full Congress of the United States so to under the Bankhead amendment it is time. At least the mathematical for 'handle the situation that the farmers mandatory that farm workers, if they mula which has been applied by the De of the country may produce the food. are engaged in the production of agri partment of Agriculture and the Selec That is not the Army's job. It is our cultural commodities essential to the war tive Service System will not be required job. The place where action must be to determine the matter. · taken is right here in the Senate, and effort, be deferred. They cannot even be On December 7, 1941, the Japanese the time is right now, this very day. In taken into the Army if they volunteer. struck at us in a most dastardly·manner a few days it will be time for planting; Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the and involved us in two great wars. Up to in fact, in many sections of the country Senator yield further? that time most pantry shelves were full it is already time for planting. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. · of supplies of all kinds. The small mer One dimcuity arises from the fact that Mr. WILEY. The other day I listened chant had an ample stock of goods on there is a certain glamour about being a to a radio commentator who described his shelves and in his warehouse. The soldier, and there is a certain feeling of the situation. I wonder whether this wholesaler was likewise stocked with nec- obligation on the part of all the citizens particular bill would provide any relief. LXXXIX--109 1714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 I refer particularly to the fact that, ap I think selective service ceases to be such do is to work on it. As a result, it seems parently, different cities and different when there is general occupational de to me that anybody who wants to avoid counties are called upon for quotas which ferment. the draft can get a job on-a farm, whether have been arrived at by means of some On the other hand, I recognize the he is indispensable or not in respect to method of mathematical computation. complete truth of everything the Sena the particular farm operation. It s~ems The result is that in many States and in tor says about the necessity of conserv to me that a test finally has got to be ap many cities there are still young men be ing an adequate farm-labor supply. As plied to determine the indispensability of tween tt... e ages of 18 and 38 years who a result of all the inquiries which have the individual who finds himself on a par have not been taken into the service be been made, will the Senator say to me ticular farm where he works. cause in those places there is a larger that there is no way effectively to pro Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Has the percentage of single men of such ages tect indispensable farm labor under the Senator read the so-called Bankhead than there is in places where men in the theory by which we tried to proceed via amendment? married group have been taken. On the the Tydings amendment, except by gen Mr. VANDENBERG. No; I have been other hand, in other States and in other eral occupational deferment? listening to the Senator's explanation of cities the selective service boards now are Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. In my it. drawing on the group of married men opinion, it could have been worked out Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I should who have dependent children. by the Selective Service System; but they like to read it, for I think it states the A few days ago I received a telegram did not do it. They could have worked case in strong language. It says: from my own county, stating that a whole it out under the Tydings amendment, (k) Every registrant who is engaged or contingent of farmers was leaving from but they failed to do so-they miserably employed substantially full time on a farm Milwaukee to go into the service. I won failed. As evidence of that fact, I call in connection with the production or harvest der whether there is any provision that attention again to the administrative di ing of any agricultural commodity set forth when the number of men counties and rective which was issued on March 6, in local board release No. 164 of the Selective States are supposed to furnish under a which must condemn them. Why was it Service System as being a commodity es not issued on November 13? sential to the war effort shall, while he con certain call is apportioned, consideration tinues to be so engaged or employed, be de shall be given to whether in those area~ Mr. VANDENBERG. I completely ferred by his selective service local board the group of available single men is al agree with the Senator; but I ask him from training and service under this act in ready exhausted, and that, if so, the area again-- the land and naval forces of the United should not be called upon to furnish mar Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The real States. ried men under a quota until the num answer, of course, to the Senator's ques tion-- Mr. VANDENBERG. The commodity ber of available single men in other areas has to be indispensable, but the worker is exhausted. Mr. VANDENBERG. That is what I should like to have-the real answer. does not have to be. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The real Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The President, of course the Senator brings answer is that the crisis is so severe that commodity has to be indispensable, yes. up the difficulty under the Tydings we must have blanket deferment; that Mr. VANDENBERG. But the worker amendment. However, before we leave is, we must keep on the farm every boy does not have to be. the question originally propounded to me who is on the farm. Senators can call Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Oh, yes. as to the difference between the legis it blanket deferment if they want to do Mr. VANDENBERG. The amendment lative act and procedure and the direc so. The workers must be kept on the does not say so. tive or the document issued by Mr. Mc farms, and we must get more help on Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. It says Nutt, let me say that the directive which the farms. he has to be producing an indispensable has been issued can be changed tomor commodity, and if he is not producing row, whereas if we make provision by law A few days ago Secretary Wickard, in testifying before one of our committees, such a commodity he is not indispensable, it will be on the statute books and will and he is not deferred. not be changed until we get ready to said: Since I appeared before you a month ago, Mr. VANDENBERG. Is the Senator change it. That, I think, is a very, very willing to have the bill read that the important difference. I have become increasingly alarmed about our inability to get enough farm labor to worker must not only be "engaged sub Now, returning to the Senator's ques reach the goals that we have established for stantially full time," but that he must be tion as to quotas, let me say that of farm production this year. I am more indispensable? course he has pointed out. what has alarmed today than I was yesterday- Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I should broken down the Tydings amendment And so on. The Secretary of Agricul like to know who would determine the and operations under it. The Tydings question of indispensability. amendment is before the draft boards. ture is alarmed, and so am I alarmed. Then the State is called upon to fill a Mr. VANDENBERG. So am I; and I Mr. VANDENBERG. The same person certain quota; but the boards are down agree with what the Senator says; and who will determine whether the worker at the bottom of the barrel so far as I agree with Secretary Wickard's conclu is engaged substantially full time. single men are concerned, and they have sion about the situation. I agree that Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Oh, no:· to select married men. They have to fill the directive of March 6 has been insuf the question is to be determined by cer their quotas. They have to take married ferably delayed. tain facts, such as, Is the worker sub men. They see a farm boy out in the Then I come back to the question, Is it stantially making his living by the pro country, and they say, "Well, we should not possible to implement the Tydings duction of certain foods, certain com get that rosy-cheeked fellow. He will amendment by legislation in the fashion modities? make a good soldier." So they put him of a directive, so that we may reach the Mr. VANDENBERG. Suppose a farm in class I-A. That is exactly what has problem directly without a general blan er has 10 workers when he needs only 5; happened. That is exactly what has ket deferment? That is my question. the proposal would defer all of them. happened in my State; and, as the Sen Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. That is Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I am not ator has stated, that is exactly what is what we want to do. We want to try going to suppose for a moment that . happening right now in the State of to implement the Tydings amendment so farmers would be so asinine. They do Wisconsin. that it will be effective. The only way we not do business in that way. I think Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, can implement it so that it will be effec we have to have a little faith in the will the Senator yield? tive is to make it mandatory. If we leave farmers of this country and concede Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. it optional, the same conditions will con that they will play fair, and at least Mr. VANDENBERG. Will the Senator tinue which have prevailed during the will not hire more men than they need. comment on this point for me: My sit past many months. _ I know industry does that when they get uation, as the Senator has outlined, is Mr. VANDENBERG. If the Tydings cost-plus contracts which are charged that I have a basic prejud.ice against oc amendment is changed in the fashion the to the Treasury of the United States; cupational deferment by class. I think Senator •recommends there is no neces but the farmer does not have that privi legislation to -that effect in . respect to sity that the deferred draftee shall be in lege; he cannot reach into the Treasury the selective service is bad legislation. dispensable to the farm. All he has to of the United States and do that. If he 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENAT-E
hires labor, he has to pay for it out of production of any a.grtcultural commodity ~ sent the matter to them. They w111 his own pocket, and he does not hire forj;h in local board ·release No. 164 -of tl:;le Tender final judgment whether he is Selective Serv-ice .System as being a commodity a single man more than he needs at any essential to the war effort. · more valuable on the farm than he time. would be working in a war industry in Mr. VANDENBERG. That is un That is the way we state it-"substan town. doubtedly so, but the Senator can see tially full time." Mr. TAFT. ·That is what I do not un what I am trying to get at. I may have I shall state the way the formula of the derstand. · I do not think the bill is used an unfortunate illustration. Let Senator from Wyoming works out. It is clear as to· whether a man who is mar me use the 1llustration of a man in town a complicated, confused, mathematical ried and deferred on the ground of de who, when his draft number is up, wants formula, the production of the "brain pendency is covered by this bill or is not to do anything he can in order to avoid trust." covered by it. service under the draft; all he has to WAR UNIT Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. He is do is to get a job on the farm, and he A war unit is a measure of production of covered by it. Of course, every farmer, is safe under the language of the pro essential farm products. In the attached -every registrant, is covered by it; it is all posal. table essential farm .products _are given a inclusive. Whether a farmer has two Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. He ·relative value in terms elf war units. The following, for example, are each equivalent children and a wife -would not make a would have to remain on the farm. to one war unit: 1 milk cow, 20 ;feed lot cat particle of difference. Mr. VANDENBERG. 'For how long? tle, 1 acre in beets, 5 acres in dry beans, 20 Mr. TAFT. Would the Senator say Mr. JOHNSON of -colorado. When acres in wheat, 1 acre in carrots, and so forth. that the intention of the bill is to treat a ever he quit the job on the farm he man who is deferred for dependency just would have to go to his draft board anrl CONVERSlON FACTOR as if he were a single man so far as say The conversion factor is the percentage report. What we want him to do is to that a given product, whether it be a single ing to him, "You can stay on the farm stay on the farm and "hit ~ the ball.'' animal or a ·single acre of special type pro or go into the Army" is concerned? Mr. VANDENBERG. All he has to do duction, bears to a war unit, for example: Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. So far as is to remain on the farm and he is ex ·1 acre 01 wheat is 0.05 of a war unit; 1 acre of this bill is concerned, that is true. The empt. onions is 1.00 of a war unit; · acre of strrw question is not exactly as the Senator Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. He has berries is 1.50 of a war unit, and so forth. states it, "stay on the farm or go into to work at the production of essential The number of acres given to a certain type the Army." He has another oppor of production or the number of a;nitn_als of _commodities; that is all he has to do. a specified type multiplied by t he conversion tunity; he can go to town and go into In that sense he does not have to go !actor results in the wal' unit value, for ex.~m industry, if the board approves such a into the draft; but we have to have ple: 3 range cattle multiplied by the co.nver change. men on the farms. sion factor of 0.07 resl.llts in a 0.21 war unit; Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. 'President, will 19 acres of Irish potatoes multiplied by the the Senator yield? the Senator yield? conversion factor of 0.50 is equivalent to 9.60 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield The PRESIDING O.FFICER. Does the war units, and so forth. first to the Senator from Montana. .Senator from Colorado yield to the Sen There is the difference between the Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I was ator from Wyoming? · O'Mahoney approach and the Bankhead .about to say that it seems to me that Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. . appr.oach. The Senator from Alabama under the O'Mahoney amendment the Mr. 0 1MAHONEY. The question says "substantially full time on a farm in farmer has to come to Washington and which was addressed to the Senator from. connection with the production of feod get a clearance from the Department of Colorado•J>y the Senator from Michigan that is needed in the war etiort." The Agriculture, as I understand the amend pointed directly at the divergence be O'Mahoney amendment goes back to the ment. tween the amendment now -otiered by the unit rule. It is a difficult formul-a, and I _Mr. O'MAHONE.Y. I am sure the Sen Senator from Colorado and the amend suppose when the farmer reads it he will ator from Colorado will say that that is ment which is reco.llliD;ended by the say, "I had rather go into the Army than not .the case. minority of the Committee on ·Military try to figure out this provision." Mr. WHEELER. That is true if I read Atiairs. That amendment takes -careful Mr. TAF'l' and Mr. WHEELER ad- it correctly. It provides: consideration of the_individual contribu dressed the Chair. Provided further, That the Secretary of tion of each individual registrant to the - The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does Agriculture may from tl.m.e to time certify to production of an essential commodity. the Senator from Colorado yield; and the Selective Service System-- It makes the difference between a bro.ad if so, to whom? Mr. O'MAHONEY. That is in the sub... occupational -deferment to which the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield ·Senator objects, and_a deferment, which first to the Senator from Ohio, who was stitute offered by the Senator from Colo· is based upon the individual.contribution on his feet first. rado. of each individual registrant to the pro Mr. TAFT. I should like to ask a Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. This is duction of an essential agricultural com question as to the application of this to the language for which the Senator is modity. When that condition exists a farmer who is married and deferreCalifornia. He may the formula I have just read. So the from Colorado has to say about that. have two oars. I do not know whether QJMahoney amendment ties the farm Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The rule he has or not. Not being a lawyer I worker to that unit rule, and that is we have applied to agriculture is a rule cannot very well answer that. At least, the objection some of us had to the which has been applied to industry. We however, this is the situation. O'Mahoney amendment. have done nothing other than to apply a Mr. TAFT. The bill says every reg Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the rule which has been in etiect right along istrant engaged in farming shall be de Senator from Colorado yield? insofar as industry is concerned. ferred. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. In regard to the contenti-on of .the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Very Mr. AIKEN. I think we might as well Senator from Wyoming, that he has a well. A farmer who is married is de realize that the bill deals primarily with better formula for determining whether ferred under this bill so long as he re married men. The farms of the country or not a man is doing something worth mains on the farm and produces certain have been nearly stripped of the single while on the farm, let me point out that agricultural commodities. If he decides men, and if we took every last single man our amendment reads- that he wants to change his occupation left on the farms between the ages of 18 Shall be engaged or employed substantially and go to the city and get a job, he can and 38, we would not get over 250,000. full time on a farm in connection with tb.e _go to his local selective board and _pre- Those are the figures which applied a 1716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9 month ago, and the number is probably of the country, and it is certainly in com ing of political fear or caution, or the considerably less than that today. So pliance with our theories of democracy desire to walk on eggshells so as not to the bill deals primarily with married men and universal service, that that should be break any of them. I am talking about on the farm. There are about 2,600,000 the rule. really following the lamp of experience married men between the ages of 18 and I am wondering now whether we in trying to devise wise laws which can 38 on the farms, and probably between should enact the proposed legislation, not be interpreted as a species of class a million and a quarter and a inillion and and provide that all those now on the legislation beyond absolute necessity in a half of them would be physically quali farm shall stay there, or that any others a war in which all classes· and all citi fied for duty in the armed services. So who are not on the farm but who go there zens, regardless of politics, religion, color, when we consider this matter, I think we before they are inducted into the service or condition, are interested in the result. should consider that we are concerned shall remain there, provided they are en I want us to follow, as far as we can, primarily with men who have been gaged in agriculture substantially for the ideals of a democratic nation, in classed in 3-A for family reasons. full time, leaving it up to the board. preserving what we are trying to preserve Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I thank In thinking about it, in connection of democracy and equality. the Senator from Vermont, and I call the with the farmers whose helpers have al Frankly, I am somewhat bothered attention of the Senator from Ohio to ready gone into the Army, I wonder how about both the bill as offered and the the fact that we are about down to the they are going to feel about this freezing amendment offered by the Senator from bottom of the barrel in all categories, so of other farm hands on the farm, when Wyoming. I mean that I cannot be sure far as single men in the United States theirs have not been frozen on the farm of myself in voting for either of them. are concerned. Therefore, if this bill but are frozen in the Army, insofar as Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I am very did not deal with the married men, it that may be possible. certain that had such a bill as this been would be worthless, as the Senator from I am a little in doubt about the wis proposed to the Senate a year ago, it Vermont has pointed out. dom of the proposal. I am on the fence would have been overwhelmingly de Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will about it. I told the Senator from Ala feated. At that time we did not realize the Senator yield? bama this morning that I thought his what the food situation would be. There bill was half wrong and half right. There was no way by which we could foretell Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield to are certain features of it about which I the Senator from Kentucky. it. As I have said, our pantry shelves cannot enthuse, yet I realize the neces .. were full, our stores were loaded down Mr. BARKLEY. I felt, at the time of sity of conserving farm labor as much as the adoption of the Tydings amendment, with food, our warehouses and storage we can. Can the Senator from Colorado places were filled, and we never thought and I have felt more strongly ever since. relieve my mind of some of the difficul that. though it probably was the best we we would be facing famine so soon; but ties which I face? we are. could do at the time. one of its defects Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. In the in fixing 6 months as the maximum de first place, of course. the bill does not do Mr. BARKLEY. Let me ask the Sen ferment for a man engaged in essential anything about the man already in the ator about that. I see that famine is agriculture was that the 6 months might Army. As the Senator from Kentucky predicted, and all that, but I am wonder terminate in the midst of a harvest. has already stated, he is frozen in the ing how close to famine we really are, Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. That was Army. as a matter of fact. I know it is always taken out. Mr. BARKLEY. I understand the bill .desirable, when we want the whole peo Mr. BARKLEY. I was thinking of it does not deal with those men. ple to do something, probably to over as it was first offered. But aside from Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. It is un estimate the necessity, so that they will that. my theory has been-and I have fortunate that the bill was not enacted come up promptly to what th'ey should not been thoroughly convinced that I am before December 7, 1941, but few of us do. ·wrong about it-that probably it was not thought that the farm crisis would de Speaking of meat, I was told by the started in time. If the local boards had velop the way it has developed. We did Secretary of Agriculture not more than been given full authority from the begin not have sufficient foresight; our hind a week ago that, while many dairy cows ning to determine whether a man should sight is much better. Now. we find our have been slaughtered because of the be left on the farm or should be drafted, selves in a very difficult situation. We economic situation of the dairy indus it would have been better than our be · find famine facing us on every hand. try, there are 500,000 more beef cattle in lated effort now to correct the situation, We find famine all over the world. We this country today than there were a because all the draft boards, in all the know that we will be facing famine here year ago. If that is true that would not counties, are patriotic men. they are in the United States. We are attempt indicate a famine in meat. I realize level-headed men, and they are doing a ing to be the breadbasket for the world, that the Army eats more meat and more good job under the law and under the and we know the world needs some coun solid, substantial food than the same instructions which they have received try to be its breadbasket, and to take care number of men would eat at home. A from the selective service authorities in of its breadbasket for it. We have that different kind of food is required for Washington. They know the men in additional problem facing us, and this the men in the Army. Of course, we their localities or, if they do not know crisis has developed. cannot neglect them in any regard. them, they can ·find out all about them. Simply because we were wrong in the Then, too, we have sent food to our· They have facilities for learning whether first place, shall we say we are going to allies; but the testimony before the Com the work of these men is essential, continue wrong to the bitter end, that we mittee on Foreign Relations a few days whether they should be deferred indefi are not going to make any change simply ago was that our shipments amounted nitely, or for a period wl1ich they might because of the inequities between the boy to only about 6 percent of our total themselves fix. who was drafted before the bill was en production. The increased consumption Many young farm hands have already acted and the boy who was drafted after of the Army and the Navy, and the in gone into the Army. I would hesitate a ward? creased shipments abroad, which are long time, under the present circum Mr.BARKLEY. I should say "No" to somewhat offstep by reason of lack of stances, to vote for any' bill which would that question. Of course, we all have shipping, or because commerce has been take them out of the Army and put them been compelled, in view of the novelty interfered with, result in a total per back on the farms, although I under of the situation and the circumstances centage of increase in consumption stand that is being advocated. I am which we have faced, to grope more or which on the surface does not present somewhat in sympathy with the attitude less in the dark in seeking to solve many an alarming figure. It may be that in of the Senator from Michigan toward of these problems. In addition to that, some other commodities, of which there wholesale occupational deferment. I sometimes we have not had the courage is not a surplus, or of which there may doubt the wisdom of saying by law that even to go in where the light of ex be a shortage, such a situation exists, any class of citizens of this country shall perience and wisdom would have directed but in the heavier, more substantial be relieved from military service, because us to go, because we are tender-footed meat products, unless I either misunder the war we are in is a war in which we and cautious, and we are not always sure stood the Secretary of Agriculture, or are all engaged, it affects all of us, and to what the reaction on the morale of the he was mistaken-- the extent necessary for all classes to people will be in a given situation. We Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. No, the render service, I think it is in the interest cannot ignore all that. I am not speak- Senator from Kentucky did not mis- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1717 understand the Secretary. The Secre pointed out more than a year ago on pose that a man at any given time is tary's statement is correct, according to this floor exactly the situation which was working on a farm, and is certified as all the statistics, but the Secretary has developing which has culminated in the being essentially and substantially on also stated that this year, 1943, we need present ve~y dangerous and tragic situ full time engaged in agriculture. He a 5 percent greater production than we ation. I have received letters by the would be deferred. Suppose later on had in 1942, and 1942 was the greatest hundreds from Missouri. A man wrote he decides that he wants to quit farm farm food production year this country me and said: ing and go into an industry, where many has ever had. I presu.ne that is so, gen I have been in the habit of feeding 100, farmers have gone. I have been told erally speaking. 200, sometimes 300 cattle. I have been feed that for every man the Army has taken Mr. BARKLEY. Is that 5 percent ing cattle for a great many years. I am 68 from the farm, industry has taken any greater production an over-all5 percent, years old. My two boys have been drafted. where from three to five. I think three over everything? I cannot obtain any farm labor. The farm to one is a conservative estimate, and Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Yes, that labor has gone to the munitions plants. I probably it is four to one. cannot run my place and feed my cattle. I is an over-all 5 percent increase of am going to sell off my cattle and put in a Mr. BANKHEAD. I will s·ay ta the everything which the S~cretary said we truck garden to support myself and the old Senator that it probably. is three to must have. woman until this thing is over and the boys seven. Recurring to the meat situation, I do come home. Mr. BARKLEY. Three to seven? not think there is any doubt at all that The Senator means seven to three. we have more cattle in this country to The result is that while there may Mr. BANKHEAD. Seven to industry day than we have ever had. have been some increase in the actual and three to farming. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, will number of cattle, the farmers are selling Mr. BARKLEY. That is a little more the Senator let me interrupt him at that their feed upon which the beef cattle than two to one. Of course, they have point? of the United States were always depend already gone, hundreds of thousands of ent instead of feeding it to the cattle. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Yes, I them, and they are working, and prob shall be glad to. · Mr. President., this is a situation which ably would be certified, if the board had should have been perceived a year or a any such power, as being engaged in an Mr. BANKHEAD. The number of year and a half ago. Some of us have cattle as has been pointed out, is not essential industry, to wit, turning out been talking about it on the floor of the munitions of one kind or another. Sup the d~cisive factor. The weight of the Senate that long. I have had this mat cattle is the decisive factor. The Sec pose any given man who now is deferred ter up repeatedly with the Department of by the local board on the ground that retary has stated in recent days that Agriculture and the Selective Service there is a shortage of protein :"eed for his whole time, or substantially all his Administration, pointing out that ex time, is taken up in agriculture wants the cattle, ar.d that the estimate is that actly this situation was going to develop, the cattle crop-if it may be so termed to go to a munitions factory, and ap but we have been pushed away. plies to the board, and the board turns now in existence in bulk for slaughter Since I am on my feet I wish to say will be less in weight by several hun him down. Let us assume he decides tl:at I doubt very much that any of the he can get around that situation by dred million pounds than it was last proposed measures are going to do any year notwithstanding the increased · simply quitting farming altogether, so more than lock the barn door after the that he could not any longer be certified need. The Secretary also pointed out horse has been stolen, because many that the protein feeds the cattle had as being engaged in an essential agri farms have gone out of ~roduction. The been feeding on are less because the cultural industry. There is no way of young men working on the farms are in making him work on the farm if he does people, by reason of scarcity of oth~r the Army. I think, instead of this be not want to. In that situation what foods, are eating much of the protem ing a legislative matter, it should have would this bill do? food which it was intended should be been an administrative matter, because consumed by cattle. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. He would it is very difficult to legislate with all lose his deferment, and he would be clas Mr. BARKLEY. We all know, of the contingencies in mind. It is much course, that it takes rr.ore protein feed to sified I-A. more difficult to handle it as a matter Mr. BARKLEY. But suppose the feed cattle until they are 2 years old of legislation than it would have been than it does to feed them until they are 1 board then were authorized, or suppose to handle it as a matter of administra it exercised the authority, to determine year old, and then sell them. At the tion. same time more meat is obtained from whether he should go to the Army or go 2-year-old cattle than from !-year-old The whole situation, from the point to some industrial plant where he could of view of selective service, of manpower, get a job. cattle. and the Department of Agriculture, has, Mr. BANKHEAD. But if we follow the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The in my opinion, resulted in the most tragic board can do that. statement of the Secretary with respect failure this country has ever known. to the number of cattle we must also Mr. BARKLEY. The board can do I do not know anything the Congress that in either case. follow his statement with respect to the can do to correct it, except to pass legis weight of the cattle. He said that, Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Yes; the lation on the subject, halting and clumsy board can do that in either case. It can notwithstanding the number of cattle, it and doubtful as the legislation may be. is inevitable that there will be a very determine whether he shall go in the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, let me Army or into industry. He may decide large meat reduction because of the re ask another question of the Senator from duction in the weight of the cattle. whether he will stay on the farm, but the Colorado. I do not wish to take too board decides whether he shall go into Mr. BARKLEY. That might be con much of his time. tributed to by two situations. One is the Army or into industry. It can deter Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I am al mine the question either way. that we have killed the cattle at a ways glad to be interrupted by the Sen younger age when they have a lesser ator from Kentucky. I thank the Sen Mr. President, I wish to call the atten weight. . Another is that we have run ator from Missouri [Mr. CLARK] for his tion of the Senator from Kentucky to a short of the type of feed necessary to contribution. matter in regard to shortage of food produce the extra weight in cattle. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr .. President, the which perhaps he has not thought about. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi bill and also the substitute offered by the The fundamental difference between the dent, will the Senator yield to me at that Senator from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAH United States forces and Hitler, for in stance, lies in the way they handle cap point? ONEY] propose to leave it to the local Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. boards to determine, first, whether any tured or occupied countries. Whenever Mr. CLARK of Missouri. On the ques given draftee or registrant is engaged, Hitler captures a country he steals all the tion raised by the Senator from Ken especially in agriculture, substantially food the country has. He takes it right tucky I cannot speak for any other State at full time. That is awkward lan away from the people. He robs them of than 'my own, but I am familiar with guage, but that is what it means. Then food and of everything else. When the conditions in my State. I have been also they are to determine whether he United States forces capture enemy speaking in the Senate about this very can go to a munitions factory, or to any occupied territory they feed the people. manpower problem for over a year. I other industry outside agriculture. Sup- We not only let them have what they 1718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 9
previously possessed but we brfng in 1 The second is that the legislation Mr. PEPPER. Does that apply to the other supplies for them. should be fair as between man and man number of cows a farmer has to milk, . We expect to take considerable terri in regard to the duty to perform mili the number of hands he shall use in milk tory during the next mo.nths, and un tary service. ing, and matters of that nature? Are doubtedly will, and as we take territory The third is that it must be fair to they laid down in the circular? we must step in and feed the citizens of agriculture, upon which such imperative Mr. O'MAHONEY. The proper stand the countries we occupy. We want to do demands are being made at the present ard is laid down. it and we will do it. It will require im time. Mr. PEPPER. Assuming that I am in mense quantities of. food. Leaving out the first principle, I am error about that,· the other question is Then, in regard to the beef, the people afraid that the proposed legislation does whether or not these criteria would of the country· have· more money now not deal fairly as between man and man exempt a man who should be exempt to than ever before. There is practically in respect to their several obligations to carry on the farm operation. What is no unemployment in this country; perform military service. As the able the standard to be applied to an indi Workers have money to buy beef. They Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDEN vidual worker on the farm to determine do not use substitutes for beef. They BERG] has said, if a man went from the whether or not the farm could e;.et along take the real thing. Our Army i.:; using city to the farm and obtained a job he without him? Would the Senator say an immense quantity of beef, and we are would be exempt by virtue of the pro that there may not be cases in which a trying to get some. for lend-lease pur posed legisl?,tion. As I understand, all worker could be spared, and that in every poses. As a result, even though we are ·that the bill or the O'Mahoney amend case on every farm every man not yet in a statistically 'good position, so far as ment does is to reguire that a man be drafted should be deferred? cattle are concerned, we are in a -bad engaged substantially in the perform Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I have situation because of the great demand. ance of farm work. That does not mean been a farmer all my life, and I have Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, may I that he must be diligent, or do a good never hired a . man for 1 minute .whom ask the Gena tor .a further question? job, or necessarily be faithful in the per I did not need. I believe the answer to Mr. JGHNSON of Colorado. I yield. formance of his work. the question of the Senator from Florida Mr. BARKLEY. I glanced' over the Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will will have to be left to the judgment of Secretary's testimony in which he de the . Senator from Colorado yield? I the farmer. As I have already stated, the tails the agricultural situation in some must interrupt the Senator from Florida farmer is not operating on a cost-plus what pessimistic terms, but I do not find at this point. basis. where he advocates this bill. What Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. Mr. PEPPER. If I correctly under would .the Senator say with respect to Mr. O'MAHONEY. The characteriza his position on the bill now before the stand, it is not left to the judgment of tion which has been employed by the dis the farmer. Senate? tinguished Senator from Florida does not Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not apply to the minority amendment. I Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. If a farm know that he was asked about this par- think that should be clear. laborer is working for a farmer, so long ticular bill. . That is the substantial difference be as the laborer remains on the farm and Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, I will tween the amendment offered by the Sen works for the farmer, he is deferred. say that naturally the Secretary did not ator from Colorado [Mr. JOHNSON l and Mr. PEPPER. .Regardless of whether want to make any statement in direct the one offered by the minority. The the farmer can get along without him? conflict with the attitude of the President minority amendment would require a Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The or the administration, but the Secretary minimum of individual contribution. farmer can determine whether he can said that no more men should be taken The amendment offered by the Senator get along without the man. from the farms. from Colorado would not. Mr. PEPPER. As I understand the Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; I saw that state Mr. PEPPER. I have the language language of the bill which the able Sen ment. of the O'Mahoney amendment before me. ator is now sponsoring, it contemplates Mr. BANKHEAD. He agrees to the It reads as follows: a blanket deferment, and a man could principle of the bill, whether he approves That for the purposes of this subsection, not be taken away from the farm unless it in this form or not. He gives warning a registrant shall be found by his selective he requested his selective service board that this situation is growing worse all service local board to be necessary to and to allow him to go somewhere else. Is the time; that we cannot hope to have regularly engaged in an agricultural occupa that not correct? as much production as we had last year, tion or endeavor essential to· the war effort Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. No; that not only because of the shortage of labor (1) if he is engaged substantially full time is not entirely correct. A man must be but because of the shortage of farm im in the production of agricultural commodities making his living of! the farm and must plements and the fact that the best certified to the Selective Service System by be engaged in the production of certain workers, the young men on the farm, the Secretary of Agriculture as being essential to the war effort and set forth in local board specified farm commodities. have gone and the· replacements are not release No. 164, effective January 16, 1943, Mr. PEPPER. I invite the Senator's equal to the. ones who have gone. He and (2) if the production of such commod attention to the following language: points out· that we cannot get as much ities attributable to such registrant- production per man this year as we had Until January 1, 1944, every registrant- last year. With all these factors he Mr. O'MAHONEY. That makes it in Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. That is positively asserts that no more men dividual contribution. not the amendment that is before us at should be taken from the farms this year. Mr. PEPPER. Indeed, it does not. if the present time. A substitute has been Mr. PEPPER. Will the Senator from I read it correctly. Let me finish the offered for that amendment, and we are Colorado yield? clause- now discussing the latest Bankhead Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield and (2) if the production of such com amendment. to the Senator from Florida. modities attributable to such registrant is at Mr. PEPPER. The language in italics Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, my least equal to the minimum standard pro duction per person as set forth in such release in Senate bill 729 is not now before the sentiments are somewhat the same as No. 164. Senate? those expressed by our able leader [Mr. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. No. BARKLEY]. I have just returned from Does the Senator believe that that re Mr. PEPPER. Will the Senator kindly my State, and I know there is a very quires the individual worker to turn out a - refer to the language and indicate the severe and acute shortage of labor. The certain amount of work a day, a week, or a standard with respect to the .need of the State is engaged primarily in the pro month? individual person on the farm? duction of food. Mr. O'MAHONEY. Absolutely; it re Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I will It seems to me that in considering quires the production of the minimum in read the language: legislation of the nature proposed three dividual contribution set forth in release Every registrant who is engaged or em principles should be apparent. The first No.164, and because it does, certain Mem ployed substantially full time on a farm in is that the country should be dealt with bers of the Senate object to it. They connection with the production or harvest fairly, because the military forces have want to eliminate the second qualifi ing of any agricultural commodit)' set forth their imperative needs. cation. in local board release No. 164- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1719 That release lists all the essential farm farm boys on the farms and in the jobs with him that that should be done. It commodities important to the war in where they are now, without any regard should be done for the simple reason that dustry, and nothing else. to the wages which they are being paid anyone who views the present picture Mr. PEPPER. So it is not required that in the jobs they now occupy. I am in knows that at the present time we are the particular person be found by a dis favor of the principle of occupational having to furnish food to Russia; and, as interested agency to be essential to the deferment. I think we should have had a matter of fact, Russia has indicated, operation of the farm. There are many it from the beginning. Not only should as I understand from reliable authority, sons of farmers throughout the country industrial occupational deferment be that at the present time she is more who have no more right to be deferred provided for by a board which knows anxious to have food shipped to her than than have the sons of other farmers who something about industry, but agricul to have equipment. We are having to have gone to war. If a farmer can ob tural deferment should be taken care of ship food to north Kfrica, riot only to tain another man to take the place of by a committee or agency which knows our armies, but to the armies of other his son, or if the father is not sick. and something about the needs of agricul nations there, and also for the natives. can carry on the farm operation, why ture. As I understand, in England the In addition, we have to send food to should the Congress, without giving any authorities do not freeze a worker in a Great Britain. That food is being sold one any discretion to pass upon a par factory unless they fl.re satjsfied about in the stores there, a~ has been pointed ticular case, say that the boy on the the wage rate and the working condi out here. We are sending food all over farm shall be deferred? tions in the factory. We know very the world to keep people from starving Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. If he is well that there are places in this coun and to keep them friendly. producing substantial amounts of the try where the wages which farm labor We have to send food abroad to feed food supplies which the country needs, ers receive are pitiful. In some sections our soldiers. Furthermore, we are the he ought to be deferred. of my State farm wages have barely arsenal of democracy, and we are trying Mr. PEPPER. He ought not to be de reached $3 a day. to furnish a part of the equipment needed ferred if someone else can be put in his I am not sure that it is altogether fair by Russia. We have sent Russia over a place. to a farm boy who is diligent and faith billion dollars' worth of equipment. We Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Merely ful in the performance of his duties to are not only helping to equip the Russian because he is the son of a farmer, that compel him to accept any rate of wage Army, the British Army, the Chinese should be no reason for not deferring which a farmer may be willing· to pay Army, our Army in north Africa, the him. him, or which he may have been willing French Army in north Africa, and our Mr. PEPPER. Does the Senator re to accept for work in the past, and say armed forces elsewhere, but we are ship gard the pending bill as one which would to him that he cannot leave that par ping equipment to South America and be of very much help to the farmer if it ticular job and accept employment we are shipping machinery to Russia. were passed? where he would be paid more-essen We are undertaking to do that, and at Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Indeed I tially out of the public treasury of his the same time we are undertaking to do, or I should not be trying to have it country-than he has been receiving on raise an armed force of 11,000,000 men. passed. the farm. As I have already said, we The truth about it-and we ought to Mr. PEPPER. Would the bill give the should be fair as between man and man. face it-is that we are not going to be farmers all the assistance the Senator I do not believe it is fair to a farm boy able to furnish men to go to work on wants to give them in cultivating and to allow a neighbor's son to work in an the farms in Florida, in Montana, and harvesting their crops? airplane or tank factory and receive $8 in California; we are not going to be able Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I am not to $10 a day, or work in a shipyard and to furnish the men needed by our fac trying to give the farmers anything. I receive $300 a month, while the first boy tories that are turning out war equip am trying to do something which will is frozen by law and reQuired to work ment, and we are not going to be able result in the production of food for the on the farm and receive not more than to have enough food to feed the people people of the United States, for our $1.50 or $2 a day when he is able to of Europe when we go into Europe, so armed forces, and to fulfill our respon make more. that we can keep the people of Europe sibilities in enemy territory. I believe those factors are entitled to and of other foreign countries from Mr. PEPPER. I am entirely in sym consideration, and I am afraid that un "going Communist," unless we have a pathy with the objectives of the bill, but der the terms of the able Senator's bill surplus of food in the United States. what I am suggesting is that it is only a discretion is not vested in anybody to We are the richest and the most pow · partial solution of the problem. In some make fair adjustments as between man erful Nation on the face of the globe. cases it may actually do injustice, in and man. I am afraid the committee We all admit it, and everyone recognizes favor of one man as against someone has not gone quite far enough to take it. However, regardless of how rich or who has already gone to war. comprehensive steps which would guar how powerful we may be, we are not I mean to suggest, with apologies to antee labor to the farmers. I agree that going to be able to keep all those people the Senator and in compliment to the it is the job of the Food Administrator to supplied with food and clothes and spirit of the proposed legislation, that see to it that the farmer has labor, but equipment, and at the same time fight a I do not believe it would guarantee labor this· bill would not accomplish that end. war and raise an Army of 11,000,000 to tl~e farmer. The farm labor problem Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Pres men. We must not only raise this huge in Florida would not be solved if we ident, of course we differ with the Sena armed force but we must send them to the should pass the pending bill. I should tor from Florida with regard to the effec four corners of the world, and build the like to see the able Senator and his com tiveness of the bill. We know it will help ships in which to send them there. The mittee and the very able and distin and will provide labor on the farms; and failure to realize that is what is funda guished Senator who is responsible for we know the importance of producing mentally wrong today in connection with the bill try to draft more comprehensive food for the Army. In my opinion, as I the production of our food supply. legislation which would guarantee an have already stated, it is just as im I agree with the Senator from Missouri adequate supply of labor to the farmer portant to produce food as it is to carry when he says that we are locking the and give proper discretion to some one a gun, and there is no difference be door after the horse is stolen. The boys either the agricultural representatives in tween the two services so far as the war on the farms have left. Single men and a given county or to the draft board effort is concerned. married men have left the farms of Mon to pass on particular cases so that in Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will tana; they have left the farms all over justice would not be done anyone. the Senator yield? the country. They have left them to go Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. As the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I yield. into factories in Seattle, Portland, Los Senator from Florida has said, the pend Mr. WHEELER. The Senator from Ang~les, and San Diego, in Connecticut, ing bill may not be a cure-all. We may Florida [Mr. PEPPER] said we should anti Massachusetts. They have left them realize only a part of the results we are work out a comprehensive plan so that because the factories are paying higher hoping for; but it would certainly be of the farmers in Florida and the farmers wages. No one objects to their receiv-' some value. in California and the farmers in Mon ing high wages; but some of the manu Mr. PEPPER. With the permission tana and the farmers throughout the facturers who are operating on a cost of the Senator I should like to make other sections of the country may be as plus basis have more men than they one further comment. We are freezing sured of having sufficient help. I agree need; and the more they pay them and 1720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE - MARCH 9 the more men they have, the more money about disaster to our own system of gov married men who are raising families; they receive. Under those circumstances ernment. because if we do not do so we shall de we are not going to do the job we should We have gone about the job in a hodge. stroy homes and shall adversely a:trect do. podge way. Probably no one is particu· children; and in addition to all that, the The other day the New York Times larly to blame for that; we are all to fathers who are taken into the armed published a very potent editorial, which blame for it. Someone has blamed the forces will not make good soldiers, any I had printed in the RECORD. If the local draft boards. They are not to way. Senator will pardon me- blam: for the situation. They were told I shall vote for some kind of legisla Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. to get so many men, and they went out tion on this subject, but I fear that what President, I should like to proceed with and got them. we may enact will not do the work which the matter I have been discussing. Let me say that I have prepared an we desire to have done. Mr. WHEELER. If the Senator will amendment which I think I shall o:trer Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Presi yield further for a moment, I simply de to the pending bill, providing that mar· dent, I sincerely hope the Senator will sire to call attention to the editorial ried men with children shall be exempt· not o:trer his amendment with relation to which was published in the New York ed. Why do I favor doir.~.J so? Simply family deferment. Times. Certainly the New York Times because of the fact that when we draft I promised to yield to the Senator from has suppo:>. ted the administration's farm young married men we seriously a:trect Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE] very briefly and policy all down the line. It could not be the welfare of their wives and children. then to the Senator from North Dakota. classified by the Vice President or any Someone has said that we should be fair, After that, I should like to proceed. I one else as being isolationist. EVen and that we should not exempt anyone desire to speak only for a few minutes Walter Winchell could not classify it as by law. However, the President of the longer, and I should like to finish. I an isolationist publication. It was one United States exempted some persons. I now yield to the Senator from Iowa. of the strongest supporters of the ad· am not criticizing him; but I say he ex Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, I dis ministration's foreign policy, and prob· empted men between the a 1es of 38 and like to interrupt the Senator, but I have ably was more of an interventionist than 45 years. He did so by Executive order. heard several Senators this afternoon even the President himself. Yet the New He said that such men should not be express great concern over the evils of York Times has taken the position that taken, whether they are single men or group deferment, and I thought it would an c:trmy of 11,000,000 men may be too married men with dependent children or be well to remind them that in the origi large. It calls attention to its position otherwise. Why should we exempt a nal selective service we deferred 20 or 25 in an editorial entitled "The Size of the single man between the ages of 38 and 45 groups, and one of the outstanding Army." The editorial is one of the long. years? When we talked to the repre groups deferred as a group is made up est editorials which have been published sentatives of the Army who appeared be. of Members of the Congress of the United in that newspaper in a long time. The fore our committees they said that single States. editorial calls attention to the fact that men between the ages of 38 and 45 years Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I thank an army of 5,000,000 men may be more should be exempted because a great the Senator for that contribution. I e:trective than an army of 10,000,000 or many of them broke down and had to be think it is a complete answer to those 11,000,000. It is one of the strongest and sent to hospitals after they were trained who are greatly disturbed by blanket best and most recent editorials relative for active service and were made to deferment. Now I yield to the Senator to the whole situation I have seen any. march 20 miles while carrying a heavy from North Dakota. where. It states that the fact that a man pack, and that of course they could not Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, the is in favor of a small army is no reason stand up under such service. Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE] has why he should be considered to be sug. However, we shall have to use more made the statement I was going to make. gesting that he wants a soft war-noth· than a million men in our army, not in Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I shall ing of the kind-but that he wants an combat service, but in doing mechanical proceed with the bill. I have only a e:trective army. work, in service at the airports, and so little more to o:trer. The Tydings . Everyone who visits the camps and forth. A million or a million and a half amendment, in my opinion, was enacted who has traveled over the country knows men will be needed in such work. Men in good faith. It was thought at the that there is a waste of manpower in the between the ages of 38 and 45 years em· time it would solve the problem. I factories and also in the bureaus in ployed in such work are doing a hard thought it would solve it; I thought it Washington. Go down to any one of day's work. They are being taken into was a great achievement and a marked them-! care not which may be se· the service; but if a married man with step forward; I thought the farmers lected-there will be found employees dependent children is taken in, will his would be given an opportunity to remain falling all over themselves-some of them mind be on the war e:trort? When he is on the farm and that the adoption of the single men, others married men whose stationed at a camp, what kind of a sol amendment would result in keeping men wives are working and drawing large sal· dier will he make? What will he be on the farm. Unfortunately, it has not aries and wages. There is no justifica· thinking about? He will be thinking worked in that way. I have received tion for that situation. about the mother and his children. numerous telegrams and letters on this That is one reason why we have a By way of illustration let me point out subject. I have picked out 3 from my shortage of farm workers; and the short· that I have working in my office two correspondence, because I received them age will continue regardless of whether young men-- today and because they come from 3 dif· or not we pass the pending bill. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Pres· ferent quarters of my State. First, I I shall vote for the bill, but I simply ident, I must proceed with my remarks. read a telegram received this morning say that we should n...>t delude ourselves Mr. WHEELER. I assure the Senator from the southeastern section of Colo· by believing that the passage of the bill that I shall finish in a moment or two. rado addressed to me: wlll solve the problem; for it will not The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the RoCKY FORD, COLO., March 9, 1943. solve it. Nothing else will solve it, and Senator from Colorado yield further to Senator EDWIN C. JoHNSON, it will grow worse and worse if we at· the Senator from Montana? Washington, D. C.: tempt to raise an Army of 11,000,000 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not Say, Ed., who in Washington outranks a men. Someone has said, "We should do want to yield very much longer. I will local draft board? Saturday by radio and whatever the military authorities say." yield in order to hear the Senator's story, Sunday by Associated Press we are told that local boards are to defer farm workers. It The New York Times says that the pres· Mr. WHEELER. I merely want to took a big load off my mind, and thought that ent problem is not simp:~· a military one, finish what I was saying. As I said, two all we had to do now was to go ahead anc.l and that in figuring out what we should young men are now working in my office. feed the Army. The time of the year to plant do and what size Army we should have Each of them is married and has two is here and we are all ready to start planting we must take into consideration the children. When those young men are onions and beets and carrots. And now I am _needs of agriculture, the needs of our taken into the Army, their wives will have advised by the local draft board's attorney war production in munitions factories, to go to work in order to support the that the press report was baloney. and the over-all picture throughout the children, and the children will have to be G. A. BLOTZ. country. If we do not take all those fac· placed il;l some kind of an institution. Mr. Blatz is weil known to me as a. tors into consideration we shall bring I say that we should exempt the young farmer in the Arkansas Valley. He l94R CON.GRESSIONAL REC0'RD-SENA.TE 1721
fM'll'ls a very lal'g~ a~rea~e •. atrd'.· is· "'Ve:DY of1 g-etting away from it: They.' take in dividuals-a.nd have everbeen·anxious to sincere in: his statements, I now· readt one neighl:)or.'s boy,.·but here- is· anothe11 pass over unsound and' unwise and. some from a letter l' teaeived· fr.otn D~alilg burden• from the sponsibility, and while war makes it nee· Colo!: shoulde'ts df the local selective- service essary. that we delegate"' great powers to John Cra1g, clerk· or our' lbca1 draft" board, boards. They can depend' upon the the. €hief Executive; which' he: in turn said1 that the farm· draft'--defei"fnent tftllt was mandatory direction contained in· tliis delegates to., ceiitaih of the departments mbstly propaganda. or '1eandy- coating- t'o' ap bill' to· answer the· queries whieh· will of Oovernm·ent, When there is evidence pease the farmers." He n'ladEf~ 11gh.'t·· of the· come to tliem· from: their n~ighoors and that the· powers• al'e being abused.:-or whole affair and said that all• that is wanted frtends as' to Wh'y they took one boy' and when, mistakes- are obvious-we ate iS to defer the head• of• the- farm family. If diti not take another. We· must not chiefly to blame. if we-do· not insist upon Mr. Craig iS right,. farmers and the- general leave this matter to th~ir discretion be the correction of the abuses or mistakes. publlc certainly have been deceived: Busi If we, insist. that all young· men who ness pebpl'e Ji-ere alld other generally· well' cause· they· are under too mucJi pressure informed• people al'e under the impression to stand up under tliat sort'. of a discre. ha-ve been. engaged•in · agricultur-e or any that farmertt and tlieir. sons an"tl' other- f'8.l'm tionary power. They ha'Ve taken boys other of. the great industries of our. coun workers ar.e tcrbe deferred~ JUst an.y. numbeJ.'. all' oVe't ' the- c head of triaL and error;. Heaven knaws. we Most senators- know: tf.rat tJ:tousands of cattle, 9,600· sheep. and 300 hogs: I asked hav.e had. our full share of: that. NO f&il' young. men from the farms liave tempo fol' exemption· of only;·+ men; one· of them 36 person w.oufd deny. that inr connection rar-ilY atian'don«:rd thetr·agrtcultural pur years old and. mar.ried, This one they just with the. manufacture of the. munit1ons suits tcr engage·irr the- manufacture' of the put in 1-A is f of t'lie 4. ! don't see. how of. war and, the rationing of food· and· munitions ot -war. I§ it fair, because· of I can run· with a~ · less expertenced' men. :t' other products' and material& evr.ots are this migrati appointed as administrator within the dis ARTICLE XI The Convention shall take effect tn all tts cretion of a court or other agency controlling 1. A consular officer of either High Con provisions the thirtieth day after the day of the administration of estates, provided the tracting Party shall have the right to in the exchange of ratifications and shall con laws of the place where the estate is admin spect within the ports of the other High Con tinue in force for the term of five years. istered so permit. tracting Party within his consular district, 2. If, six months before the expiration of 3. Whenever a consular otncer accepts the the private vessels of any flag destined to and the aforesaid period of five years, the Gov office of administrator of the estate of a de about to clear for ports of his country, for ernment of neither High Contracting Party ceased countryman, he subjects himself in the sole purpose of observing the sanitary shall have given notice to the Government of that capacity to the jurisdiction of the court conditions and measures taken on board such the other High Contracting Party of an in or other agency making the appointment for vessels, in order that he may be enabled there tention of modifying by change or omission all necessary purposes to the same extent as by to execute intelligently bills of health and any of the provisions of any of the Articles of if he were a national of the State by which other documents required by the laws of his this Convention or of terminating the Con he has been received. country and to inform his Government con vention upon the expiration of the aforesaid period of five years the Convention shall con ARTICLE IX cerning the extent to which its sanitary reg ulations have been observed at ports of de tinue in effect after the aforesaid period and 1. A consular officer of either High. Con until six months from the date on which parture by vessels destined to one of its ports, tracting Party shall within his district have the Government of either High Contracting the right to appear personally or by author with a view to facilitating entry of such ves Party shall have notified to the Government ized representative in all matters concern sels, provided that the captain of the vessel of the other High Contracting Party an inten ing the administration and distribution of shall have requested of the consular otncer tion of modifying or terminating the Con the estate of a deceased person under the the issuance or visa of the appropriate bill vention. jurisdiction of the local authorities, for all of health. In witness whereof the respective Plenipo such heirs or legatees in the estate, either 2. In exercising the right conferred upon tentiaries have signed this Convention and minors or adults, as may be nonresidents of them by this Article, consular otncers shall have hereunto atnxed their seals. the country and nationals of the State by act with all possible despatch and without Done in duplicate in the English and Span which the consular otncer was appointed, unneceEsary delay. ish languages, in the City of Mexico, on this unless such heirs or legatees have appeared, ARTICLE Xll 12th day of the month of August, 1942. either 1n person or by authorized representa G. S. MESSERSMITH (SEAL) tives. 1. All proceedings relative to the salvage E. PADILLA (SEAL) 2. A consular officer of either High Con of vessels of either High Contracting Party tracting Party may on behalf of his non wrecked upon the coasts of the other High, Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, the resident countrymen collect and receipt for Contracting Party shall be directed by the . Committee · on Foreign Relations very their distributive shares derived from estates consular officer of the country to which the carefully considered the convention, and in process of probate or accruing under the vessel belongs and within whose district the reported it favorably. I do not op provisions of so-called Workmen's Compen wreck may have occurred, or by some other pose it. sation Laws or other like statutes, for trans person authorized for such purpose by the law of such country and whose identity shall The PRESIDING OFFICER. The mission through channels prescribed by his is Government to the proper distributees, pro be made known to the local authorities by convention before the Senate and open vided that the court or other agency making the consular officer. to amendment. If there be no amend distribution through him may require him 2. The local authorities of the receiving ment to be proposed, the convention will to furnish reasonable evidence of the remis State shall immediately inform the consular be reported to the Senate. sion of the funds to the distributees. officer, or the other authorized person to . The convention was reported to the whom reference is made in the foregoing ARTICLE X paragraph, of the occurrence, and shall in Senate without amendment. the mean time take all necessary measures The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 1. A consular otncer shall have exclusive resolution of ratification will be read. jurisdiction over controversies arising out of for the protection of persons and the preser · the internal order of private vessels of his vation of the wrecked property. Such au The legislative clerk read as follows: country, and shall alone exercise jurisdiction thorities shall intervene only to maintain Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators pres in situations, wherever arising, between otn order, to protect the interests of the salvors, ent concurring therein), That the Senate cers and crews, pertaining to the enforce if the salvors do not belong to the crew of the advise and consent to the ratification of ment of discipline on board, provided the wrecked vessel, and to ensure the.. execution Executive D, Seventy-seventh Congress, sec vessel and the persons charged with wrong of the arrangements which shall be made for ond session, a convention between the doing shall have entered territorial waters the entry and exportation of the salvaged United States of America and Mexico de or a port within his consular district. Con merchandise, such merchandise not to be fining the duties, rights, privileges, exemp sular officers shall also have jurisdiction over subjected to any customs charges unless in tions, and immunities of consular officers of issues concerning the adjustment of wages tended for subsequent consumption in the each country in the territory of the other and the execution of labor contracts of the country where the wreck has occurred. country, signed at Mexico City on August 12, crews; provided that their intervention will 3. When the wreck occurs within a port, 1942. have a conclliatory character, without au there shall be observed also those arrange The PRESIDING OFFICER. The thority to settle disputes which may arise. ments which may be ordered by the local This jurisdiction shall not exclude the juris authorities with a view to avoiding any dam question is on agreeing to the resolution diction conferred on the respective local au age that might otherwise be caused thereby of ratification. (Putting the question.) thorities under existing or future laws of the to the port and to other ships. Two-thirds of the Senators present con place. 4. The inte_rvention of .the local authori curring therein, the resolution of ratifi 2. When an act committed on board a pri ties shall occasion no expense of any kind cation is agreed to, and the convention vate vessel under the flag of the State by to the owners or operators of the vessels, ex is ratified. which the consular officer has been appointed cept such expenses as may be caused by the RECESS and within the territory or the territorial operations of salvage and the preservation of waters of the State by which he has been the goods saved, together with expenses that Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses received constitutes a crime according to the would be incurred under similar circum sion I move that the Senate take a re laws of the receiving State, subjecting the stances by vessels of the country. cess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. person guilty thereof to punishment as a ARTICLE XIII The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 criminal, the consular officer shall not exer o'clock and 42 minutes p. m.) the Sen cise jurisdiction except in so far as he is per Honorary Consuls or Vice Consuls, 1\S the ate took a recess until tomorrow, mitted to do so by the local law. case may be, shall enjoy, in addition to all the rights, privileges, exemptions, immuni Wednesday, March 10, 1943, at 12 o'clock 3. A consular otncer may freely invoke the noon. assistance of the local police authorities in ties and obligations enjoyed by honorary any matter pertaining to the maintenance of consular otncers of the same rank of the most internal order on board a vessel under the favored nation, those rights, privileges, ex NOMINATIONS flag of his country within the territory or the emptions, immunities and obligations pro Executive nominations received by the territorial waters of the State by which he vided for in paragraph 3 of article I and in Senate March 9, 1943: has been received, and upon such request the articies V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII requisite assistance shall be given. of the present Convention, for which they DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE 4. A consular otncer may appear with the have received authority in conformity to the The following-named persons now Foreign officers and crews of vessels under the flag laws of the State by which they are ap Service otncers of class 7 and secretaries in of his country before the judicial authorities pointed. the Diploma tic Service to be also consuls of of the State by which he has been received ARTICLE XIV the United States of America: for the purpose of observing proceedings or 1. This Convention shall be ratified and Fritz A. M. Alfsen. of New York. of rendering assistance as an interpreter or the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged Aubrey E. Lippincott, of Arizona.. agent. in the City of Mexico. H. Bartlett Wells, of New Jersey. ~943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1729 WAR MANPOWER COMMISSION IN THE ARMY heart and yet with its greater heartache, Albert L. Nickerson, from the State of APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR lead us to apply the cooling balm to Massachusetts, to be Director, Bureau of ARMY feverish pain and fear. Bless us with the Placement, at $8,000 per annum, in the Wash To Finance Department ington office of the War Manpower Com spirit of humble service and cause us to mission. First Lt. Percival Stanley Brown follow in the ways of a beautiful humility Denton 0. Rushing, from the State of To Air Corps and nobility of soul. Dear Lord, we wait Arkansas, to be field supervisor, at $4,600 per Second Lt. Leroy Hugh Watson, Jr. at the altar; the times are nervously sen annum, in the Kansas City regional office of sitive; we urgently pray that Try serv the War Manpower Commission. PROMOTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY ants may heed Thy word: "Wisdom Joseph Earl Smith, from the State of Ohio, To be colonels, Medical Corps resteth in the heart of him who hath un to be area director, at $4,600 per annum, in Edward Augustus Coates, Jr. derstanding and the tongue of the wise the Youngstown area office of the War Man James Albertus Bethea power Commission (vice Marion A. Gregg, Asa Margrave Lehman useth knowledge aright." In the name transferred) . Oramel Henry Stanley of Him who manifested to the world the Lorentz E. Wormley, from the State of Sewell Munson Corbett glory of deathless love. Amen. California, to be senior training specialist, at Samuel Reily Norris Benjamin Norris The Journal of the proceedings of yes ~4 , 600 per annum, in the Portland area office terday was read and approved. of the War Manpower Commission. To be captains, Medical Corps POSTMASTERS David Paul Ward MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT FLORIDA Edwin Emmons Corcoran A message in writing from the Presi Evelyn C. Hunter, Neptune Beach, Fla. To be colonels, Veterinary Corps dent of the United States was communi Office became Presidential ~uly 1, 1942. Allen Chamberlain Wight cated to the House by Mr. Miller, one of GEORGIA Elwood Luke Nye his secretaries, who also informed the :Mack B. Smith, Drybranch, Ga. Office be CHAPLAINS House that on the following dates the came Presidential July 1, 1942. To be captains President approved and signed a bill and Elvis L. Hopper, Hapevllle, Ga., in place of Roger Dace Russell a joint resolution of the House of the W. R. Conine, resigned. John Frederick Gaertner following titles: Stephen C. Tate, Tate, Ga .•. in place of May nard Mashburn, resigned. IN THE MARINE CORPS On February 19, 1943: APPOINTMENTS H. R. 1446. An act authorizing appropria ILLINOIS To be second lieutenants tions for the United States Navy for addi· Webster Hanna, Noble, Ill., in place of G. G. tional ship repair facilities, and for other Martin, deceased. John F. Coffey purposes. Andrew M. Zimmer On March 2, 1943: KENTUCKY William F. Mazlack H. J. Res. 82. Joint resolution to provide Carolyn V. Ducker, Butler, Ky., in place of Richard A. Kelly urgent deficiencies in certain appropriations C. 0. Ducker, resigned. Preston S. Marchant for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943. Jackson C. Turnaclitr LOUISIANA EXTENSION OF REMARKS Clinton C. Barron, L111ie, La. Oflice became ros:rMASTERS Presidential July 1, 1942. · MISSOURI Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I ask MARYLAND Morris D. Greenwood, Fredericktown. unanimous consent to extend my re John H. Dickbrader, Washington. Mary Estelle Ennis, Joppa, Md. Office be marks in the RECORD and to include came Presidential July 1, 1942. OKLAHOMA therein a very interesting and timely article on lend-lease by Mr. Walter MASSACHUSETTS William T. Gaddis, Catoosa. WISCONSIN Lippmann, which appeared in this morn Patrick J. Connelly, Boston, Mass., in place ing's Washington Post. of P. F. Tague, deceased. Frances A. Hollister, Clinton. George C. Smith, Downing. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? OKLAHOMA William L. Lee, Drummond. There was no objection. Monroe Burton, Poteau, Okla., in place of Alphonse J. McGuire, Highland. LEND-LEASE Monroe Burton. Incumbent's commission ex Leone E. DeMuth, Hollandale. pired June 23, 1942. Letha G. Sherman, North Prairie. Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask OREGON Minnie 0. Bartelme, Okauchee. unanimous consent to address the House Paul A. Mills, Woodburn, Oreg., in place of Louis H. Schultz, Reedsburg. for 1 minute and to revise and extend my H. F. Butterfield, removed. Grover E. Falck, Seymour. remarks and include therein an article Louis H. Rivard, Turtle Lake. by Maj. Gen. C. M. Wesson. _ CONFIRMATIONS The SPEAKER. Is there objection? There was no objection. · Executive nominations confirmed by [Mr. SNYDER addressed the House. the Senate March 9, 1943: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES His remarks appear 'in the Appendix.] THE JUDICIARY TUESDAY, MARCH 9, 1943 BREAD-SLICING BAN UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS Curtis L. Waller to be judge of the United The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. Mr. States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad Circuit. · Montgomery, D. D., offered the following dress the House for 1 minute and to re prayer: vise and extend my remarks. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE The SPEAKER. Is there objection? DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Eternal God, our Father, we pray that There was no objection. Thurman W. Arnold to be an associate we may love Thy ways with the full force Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. Mr. justice of the United States Court of Appeals of decision and purpose. In all crises let Speaker, when the American housewife for the District of Columbia. it be our settled aim to watch, lest any goes to the grocery today, she can again COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY idol have dominion over us. Bestow buy sliced bread as she bought it before TO BE HYDROGRAPHIC AND GEODETIC ENGINEERS upon us the spirit of devotion which shall the ban on bakery slicing was imposed WITH RANK OF LIEUTENANT COMMANDER FROM prove that it is just and good to obey Thy by Food Distribution Administration THE INDICATED DATES laws as taught by our Saviour. Order No.1 on January 18.' As you know, Leonard C. Johnson from March 1, 1943. 0 Thou who wert the pilot of the Food Administrator Wickard rescinded John Bowie, Jr., from March 1, 1943. Galilean Lake, the fountain of light of all the slicing ban yesterday. Ector B. Latham from March 1, 1943. George R. Shelton from March 16, 1943. our days, enable us to lift the galling Mr. Wickard deserves credit for acting Ira T. Sanders from March 24, 1943. burdens of grief and pain and hold high with good Hoosier horse sense in this Edward R. McCarthy from March 24, 1943. the torch of faith before the winding matter, and I want to be among the first Francis B. Quinn from March 24, 194.3. paths of clamor and strife. As we touch to congratulate him. I am confident he Emil H. Kirsch from March 26, 1943. life's throng an~ press with its great was not responsible for the order in the LXXXIX--110