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Ihla^Ter of |Pi)Ilos(Opf)P in Geography *^ IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON THE HABITAT OF ALIGARH CITY / DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD DFTHE DEGREE OF iHla^ter of |pi)ilos(opf)p IN Geography *^ BY SAFIA KHANAM Under the Supervision of Dr. S. Waseem .A. Asharaf DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2005 •in UaiY*"^' DS3650 Dr. S. Waseem A. Ashraf DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Lecturer ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH - 202 002 (U.R) INDIA Certificate This is to certify that Miss Safia Khanam has completed her dissertation entitled "Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Habitat of Aligarh City" for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography under my supervision. (Dr. S. Waseem A. Ashraf) Supervisor Ph. No.: 0091-571-2700683, Fax: 0091-571-2700528 Emaif: [email protected])m CONTENTS Acknowledgment List of Table List of Figure introduction 1-6 Chapter 1: Concept and Nature of Environmental Pollution 7-A7 1.1 Origin of Pollution 9 1.2 Sources of Environmental Pollution 10-12 1.3 Air Pollution 12-23 1.4 Water Pollution 24-33 1.5 Noise Pollution 34-37 1.6 Land Pollution 38-39 1.7 Radioactive Pollution 39-43 1.8 Non Point Pollution 43-44 1.9 Acid Rain 44-45 Chapter II: Literature Review 47-69 Chapter III: Physical Cultural and Demographic Setting of 70-96 the Aligarh City 3.1 Physical Environment of the City 70 3.1.1 Location 70 3.1.2 Relief and Structure 70-74 3.1.3 Climate lA-11 3.1.4 Drainage 77-81 3.2 Demographic and Cultural Environmental of the City 81 3.2.1 History of the City 81 3.2.2 Morphology of the City 82-84 3.2.3 Population of the City 84-88 3.2.4 Urban Land Use 88-90 3.2.5 Industrial Development 91-92 3.2.6 Educational Structure 92 3.2.7 Residential Structure 92-93 3.2.8 Occupational Structure 93-94 3.2.9 Roads 94-95 Chapter IV: Issues of Air Pollution and their Remedia»diall 97-113 Measures 4.1 An out line of Air Pollution in Major Indian Cities 99-100 4.2 Status of Air Quality in Aligarh City 101-109 4.3 Measures for Controlling Air Pollution 110-112 Chapter V: Issues of Generation, Disposal and 114-141 Management of Solid Waste 5.1 Solid waste as a Source of Pollution 116-117 5.2 Role of Population in Production of Waste 117-118 5.3 Generation and Disposal of Solid Waste in Aligarh 118-123 City 5.4 Waste Collection zones, Disposal and Management 123-126 5.5 Ward wise Solid Waste Generation of Aligarh City 127-132 5.6 Household Garbage and Solid Waste of the Total 133-138 Sampled Household in Aligarh City 5.7 Remedial Measures 138-140 Chapter VI: Environmental Pollution and its Impact on the 142-158 Health Conclusion 150-157 Propose Plan 159-160 Bibliography Appendix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praise be to Allah, The Lord of Creation, The Merciful, The Compassionate, The Ruler of the Day of Judgment, The Sovereign of Sovereigns, the most Beneficent and Benevolent .Who capable of worth doing, guided me in the right direction and showered me indefinite blessings of strength courage and confidence to bring out this uphill task. It is with great pleasure I acknowledged my gratitude and indebtedness to my esteemed supervisor Dr. 8. Waseem A. Ashraf for his excellent guidance, time to time help and cooperation that enabled me to complete my dissertation. Words are not enough to express my debt of gratitude. I am also thankful to Prof. Salahuddin Qureshi, Chairman Department of Geography for providing the required facilities throughout my dissertation work. I am thankful to Prof. (Mrs) Abha Lakshmi Singh Department of Geography for her invaluable suggestions. I am also very thankful to Dr. Shahab Fazal, Department of Geography for having spent the valuable time from his busy schedule for consistent guidance. It was not possible to shape the dissertation in this form without his continuous help; suggestions and constructive criticism. I cannot but express my deep regards for him. I am also thankful to Dr. Irfan Sabir and my seniors Mr. Minhaj- ul- Huda, Kazma Khan and Yasmeen Naseer for their proper help in completing this work. Thank is also due to Mr. Mazhar Khan computer programmer and Mohd. Hasan. My special thanks to all my colleagues and friends specially Lubna, Uzma, Zeba, Shahina, Kaneez-e-ibrahim, Farhat and Naheen who have constantly been with me as a source of encouragement and support. For chiseling my efforts and carving my personality, my parents need the special mention. I should not fail to mention the exceptional encouragement given to me my sister Bushra and my most lovable and caring brothers Mohammad Akram Khan, Mohammad Azam Khan, Mohammad Amin Khan, and Mohammad Ghous Khan. [Safia Khanam] LIST OF TABLE S.No. Title Page No. 1.1 Major Pollution of Air and their Impact on Health 22 and Vegetation 1.2 Air Pollutants, their threshold, effect on human 23 health and their sources 1.3 Pathological effects of heavy metal water 33 pollutants on man 1.4 Radioactive elements 41 1.5 Cosmic radiation 42 1.6 Radiation from medial and dental exposure 42 3.1 Population ofAligarh city (1971-2001) 85 3.2 Ward wise population density (per sq. km) of 86 Aligarh city, 2004 3.3 Aligarh city urban land use (2004) 89 3.4 Development of Industries in Aligarh city (1971- 91 2001) 4.1 Ambient air quality status of various cities/towns 100 during 2001 4.2 Ambient air quality status (pollutant 103 concentration in |ig/m^ (2000-2004) 4.3 Average concentration of SPM in Aligarh city 104 (2000-2004) 4.4 Average concentration of SO2 in Aligarh city 106 (2000-2004) 4.5 Average concentration of NOx in Aligarh city 107 (2000-2004) 5.1 Generation of solid waste in Aligarh city (1994- 119 1995 to 2003-2004) 5.2 Monthly generation and disposal of solid waste 121 in Aligarh city 2002-2004 (in MT) 5.3 Solid waste system in Aligarh city, 2004 125 5.4 Solid waste management 125 5.5 Ward wise solid waste generation in Aligarh 127-128 city, 2004 5.6 Solid Waste of the Total Sampled Study 134 Area in Aligarh City, 2004 6.1 Nature of diseases and persona affected in Aligarh 144 city (1994-2004) 6.2 Number of persons affected by diseases caused 146 partially by environmental pollution 6.3 Relevance of diseases per thousand persons as per 148 sample survey in 2004 LIST OF FIGURE S.No. Title Page No. 3.1 Aligarh city location map 71 3.2 Aligarh district, Drainage System 80 3.3 Aligarh city population density in different 87 wards, 2004. 3.4 Aligarh city urban land use (2001) 90 4.1 Aligarh city air polluting zones, 2004 102 4.2 Level of SPM (ng/m^) in Aligarh city (1999-2000 105 to 2003-2004) 4.2 Level of SO2 Mrrr') in Aligarh city (1999-2000 108 to 2003-2004) 4.3 Level of NOx (ng/m^) in Aligarh city (1999-2000 109 to 2003-2004) 5.1 Aligarh city sites of solid waste generation and 126 disposal, 2004 5.2 Aligarh city solid waste in different wards, 2004 129 5.3 Aligarh city per capita solid waste generation in 130 different wards 2004 5.4 Mode of storage household waste 135 5.5 Mode of disposal household waste 135 5.6 Solid waste in the Mohalla 135 5.7 Solid waste spread everywhere 136 5.8 Industrial waste in the Mohalla 136 5.9 Waste collection by Municipality 136 5.10 Frequency of waste collection 136 INTRODUCTION Today the problem of protecting the natural environment and marinating the balanced ecosystem has become a major task of all developing countries. Conditions infact, are moving from bad to worse and more and more new problem are coming up every day and these problems are largely concentrated in and around cities. New approaches are needed to halt the century's rapid environmental decline, vAW the country muster the political will to change before time runs out. Environmental degradation in cities is pervasive accelerating and unabated, putting at risk people's health and livelihood and hampering the economic growth needed to reduce poverty level and health problems. The severity of environmental problems is left more in developing countries which are experiencing rapid population growth. The scale of cities development in India is quite alarming and the size of urban population is one of the highest in the worid. Which effect garbage profile i.e. Municipal waste, agriculture waste noise pollution, air pollution i.e. indoor and outdoor. Water pollution i.e. toxic substances, city sewage and Arsenic and other industrial discharges. The effects of pollution are not only devastating to human but also to animals fish and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture and industry. The increasing human population and the rising level of technology, both have become significant factors in the variations in worid climate and are responsible for the various changes in atmospheric conditions as well as environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is one of the serious crisis to which we are facing today. It is fact that three basic elements air, water and land which constitute harmony of nature for proper and balance living of all organisms, it was fortunate enough that such hospitable and balance environment was the destiny of our predecessors. But it is contrary to living of the present environment.
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