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Home , Moksha (Jainism), Siddha

Religious Ethics: Philosophy of and ; Reflections on Varying Dimensions of Indian Vandana Singh Visiting Faculty, AIPS, AUUP alues are what we, as a profession, of . In another hymn, Som (moon) has judge to be right. They are more than been praised so highly that it has been regarded Vwords-they are the moral, ethical, as the Lord of Heaven and Earth, and the king and professional attributes of character, an of all men and deities (Gods). This shows that embodiment of a behavioral code that is to people used to worship many powers of one govern the attitude of an individual . A central God, and they were also aware of the existence aspect of ethics is “the good life”, the life worth of that one God. The main purpose of giving so living or life that is simply satisfying, which is much importance to nature and its powers as held by many philosophers to be more important deities by our ancestors was that these powers than traditional moral conduct. were beneficial for us – this is what is meant by India has a unique feature of welcoming foreign a deity, but gradually the common men adored religions which entered the manifold of the them as God. In the same way Indra, air (vayu), Indian religious Institution like Christianity sun, moon, Ganesh and with them many rivers, and Islam along with witnessing the origin mountains, trees, and animals etc became and development of native religions such as adorable to common man. , , and Sikhism The further investigations and deeper which hold a significant place in the religious made by the learned vedic saints, developments in India. convinced them that there must have been Karma translates literally as action, work or someone who has created, protected, and deed and is often described as the “moral law of sustained the sun, moon, heaven and earth. For cause and effect”. The notion of reincarnation and this very reason, first of all three Gods (Ishwar) karma is a strong pillar of . The were taken into consideration, and they were – states that “As a person puts on Brahma (the creator), (the protector), new clothes, discarding old and torn clothes, and (the sustainer and destroyer). Their similarly an embodied enters new material wives Saraswati, Laxmi and were also bodies, leaving the old bodies behind” considered adorable. Then eventually superior to all these ones was considered and appointed As we take a look on the rebirth cycle of Karma by the name of God or Supreme Spirit or the we need to take into account the religious Absolute.The first thought about man’s future foundations in ancient India. In the past, our was that if he abided in God in this life, he ancestors considered the powers of the nature would be granted his fellowship and Company as the qualities of God, and their simple hearts even after death; and if he worshipped the were filled with the praises and greatness of nature (i.e. powers of nature) he would wander these powers. Whenever, they praised any of after the nature (after death).In other words it these powers they praised it so highly that they was ascertained that the worshippers of nature even started worshipping it. There are many will ultimately go to the nature only. It was verses (), in which each deity (power also thought that having enjoyed the fruits and of nature) has been praised as a unique power. again to suffer for their evil works (evil doings). For example, Indra (deity or God of rains), has Such repeated rebirths have been told to take been praised in one of the mantras saying that place even in wood, rocks (stones) and the like, neither man nor any deity can attain the status besides the human rebirth. Therefore, before 15 Religious Ethics: Philosophy of Karma and Moksha; Reflections on Varying Dimensions of considering the subject of heaven and hell, we while others are underprivileged and destitutes, will have to be clear about the thought of the some are healthy while others are sick (blind, cycle of rebirth. handicapped) etc. etc. Such happenings of this Man is an embodiment of soul who is created in world have been explained on the basis of the the image of the divine power. Man was given previous deeds of the soul or Jiva (the karma the privilege of having the soul to abide in the doctrine giving place to the rebirth or Avagaman fellowship of God (the creator of heaven and doctrine). Many people annually observe earth). The of all living creatures (except Ancestor – worship (Shradha) to pay homage man) are shattered after their death, as they to their departed ancestors. If they had know do not have the personalizing element (spirit) that the souls of their departed ancestors had in them. Therefore, when man dies his soul taken rebirth in some form in this world, they and his spiritual body being tied or wrapped would never have thought of that particular with his spirit, cannot be shattered. Andrew ancestor – worship (Shradha) of their departed Murray once commented that the soul relates to ancestors. the world through the body and to the spiritual James Dayal himself has presented world through the spirit. the case of his mother when she was about to We are also aware of the fact that the animals die. Before her death at 1:00 a.m. she told her do not have the element of wisdom (sound husband (Acharya’s father) “I am going to my judgment), whatever understanding they might heavenly abode. I can see the angels visibly possess, it is in their mind. Therefore,the brute present in person bringing a chariot to receive men are like animals; we too, consider them (the me”. At such a moment his father asked his brute men) as animals. Moreover, the elements mother to wait till 6.45 a.m., when her two sons of animals and of immovable objects (rocks, shall also be there to see her. She said, “she trees, wood etc.) are different in their body will wait till seven in the morning.” At exact 7 relations or body structures – they cannot be O’Clock she left for her heavenly abode. Such transformed into one another. Let us remember cases make it very clear that the departed that man is called the master-piece creation of righteous souls go directly to heaven, they God because he possesses the spirit and intellect never require any other human body for taking or understanding. rebirth. According to the cycle of rebirth, men with The ultimate goal of life, referred to as evil thoughts take rebirth, after death, in moksha, which has been described as the lower creatures. But, the situation of men realization of one’s eternal relationship with and animals after death is entirely different – God; realization of the unity of all existence; after death the souls of animals get shattered perfect unselfishness and knowledge of the Self; because they don’t have the spirit to personalize liberation from ignorance; or detachment from their soul and spiritual body. On the contrary, worldly desires. man being in a trinity of spirit, soul and body In Monoism (Advaitavad) – The monoist (Advaiti) and created in the image of God – his soul and calls liberation experience as the unifying his spiritual body cannot be shattered due to experience (). The unifying experience the binding force of the spirit (as the binding or Samadhi in monoism is the losing of one’s self power of the spirit personalizes the soul and the and identity into the greater self within. It is spiritual body of human beings). a complete merger like a river which joins the Generally one of the greatest evidence put sea. It is like the darkness which disappears as forward to show the effectiveness of the cycle soon as there is appearance of light. The advaiti of rebirth (Avagaman doctrine) is that in this has to keep his , leading to its own world – some people are rich while others are elimination finally. The monoist is, therefore, poor, some are enjoying all sorts of luxuries left with no real object of love other than his 16 Religious Ethics: Philosophy of Karma and Moksha; Reflections on Varying Dimensions of Indian Religions own self. No wonder then, liberation experience seeks that will ultimately pave way in advaita is so rare or remote. for (Moksha). Buddhism advocated In Vaishnavism – Moksha to Vaishnava, is religious equality and brotherhood of mankind union in a Personal and Loving God. The final and the absence of religious discrimination and liberation, according to this view, is essentially sacrifices with simple and practical religious after death, since the body belongs to the practices depraved nature the . This experience Sikhism – The sikh concept of Mukti (Moksha) comes to him through devotion (), is essentially that of Jiwan Mukti, the one surrender, and deeds without desire of reward attainable in one’s life time itself. The Sikh (karmayoga). Worship and meditation have a mukti is positive concept in two important ways. special place in it. Love and ecstasy accompany First, it stands for the realization of the ultimate devotion. , a real enlightment (jnana). The mukta Moksha is not a complete merger or loss of is not just free but he is the master of sense and conscious mind, the devout does not lose his self, fearless and devoid of rancour , upright yet identity. According to Shri Ramanujacharya humble, treating all creatures as if they were he and Badarayana, the liberated soul would himself, wanting nothing, clinging to nothing. receive from God a spiritual body . He rises from the life of do’s and don’ts to that of perfection. Secondly, the mukta is not just a The Shaivites– Shaivites also believe in the friend for all; he even strives for the freedom as ultimate union of the soul in God, but they do well. He no longer lives for himself. He lives for not believe in the merger or non-difference. The others. union signifies a state of no separation. The experience to them is progressive: first nearness Christianity: In the Bible – Salvation (Moksha to God, then conformity to the nature of God, or Mukti) is of the Lord .The wages of sin is and finally the non-separating union with God, death; but the gift of God is eternal life through without losing one’s own identity. Jesus Christ our Lord (Rom 6:23). The Loving God so loved the world that he gave His only Jainism– In the Jain , Moksha and begotten son (Jesus) that whosoever believes in Nirvana (total merger) are considered as Him should not perish (in the fire of hell) but synonymous concepts. In other words Moksha have everlasting (spiritual) life (Jn 3:16). In and Nirvana are one and the same they are of other words, the eternal life is to know the only the opinion, that when a person attains Moksha true God, and Jesus Christ, who God has sent or Nirvana, he gets liberation from the cycle (Jn 17:3)In Christian experience, the inward of deaths and births and then he becomes a knowledge of salvation may be the result of , one who has accomplished the ultimate one’s sudden encounter with the living Christ goal of his life.In Jainism,to attain Moksha or the result of one’s devoted Christian home. one must be free from association with karma The devout knows it in his daily fellowship with whether good or bad; because if karma is left, it the Lord; he know it in his daily communion is destined to bear fruit. and prayer. It is a liberating experience for the Buddhism – The Buddhist religion lays Christian: “If the Son (Jesus Christ) makes you emphasis on individual effort as a means to free, you are free indeed” (Jn 8:36)The Christian’s achieve Moksha. The main point of focus in profound meditation is not any dissolution or the Buddhist philosophy is Moksha. It states merger of soul; it is soul’s fulfilment in Christ. that the primary cause of human sufferings It is being yoked together in the Father through is the increasing and never ending human Jesus Christ the Son or through the Holy Spirit desire which results in pain and miseries. (Mt 11:29; Jn 17). The Christian Samadhi is The Buddhist philosophy emphasises on the not something negative, but a life abundant (Jn detachment from the worldly pleasures and 10:10). The Samadhi is not a escape from the

17 Religious Ethics: Philosophy of Karma and Moksha; Reflections on Varying Dimensions of Indian Religions world, but a participation in God’s new creation 1. Transforming and purifying the mind in Christ. Christ is the Grace of God and the and the body to achieve inner perfection, God-given way for salvation of humanity. He through righteous conduct, virtuous living, (Christ) is the full emboidiment of God (Jn 14:6; self-restraint, detachment, equanimity, Col 2:9) and compassion. Salvation in Islam 2. Cultivating right knowledge and proper Islam teaches that all people are sinners discernment, by practicing introspection and that salvation can be attained through and self analysis. observing the Five Pillars of Islamic practice: 3. Practicing devotion, concentration “ the belief that Allah is the only god and that through meditation and self-absorption Muhammad is his messenger; performing the whereby the mind and body are completely five daily prayers; Namaz fasting throughout purified and stabilized. the month of Ramadan; charity, giving to the 4. By restricting our actions which prevent poor; the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a us from knowing who we are. The desires lifetime.” of our heart, worldly inclinations, egoism, “By performing these works, a Muslim hopes deceit, pride, sinful conduct etc become that at the judgment day the recorded good obstacles in the attainment of the path to deeds will overpower the bad ones, and he or salvation. she will reach paradise. Faith in Allah and 5. Being humanitarian in our approach, belief that salvation is by his grace and mercy empathizing with others and developing is also encouraged. However Allah reserves an attitude of long suffering and self the absolute right to decide the destiny of the sacrifice. deceased, paradise or hell.” Liberation thus means “freedom from all bonds, After considering all these views on salvation and desires, limitations and even the trap of death. eternal life, it is hard to believe that they could There are many invisible chains that hold us ever be reconciled. Religions hold irreconcilable shackled to the world. Everyone who lives in this positions in three aspects : the nature of the world is a prisoner of his own thoughts, desires resources needed for attaining salvation, the and actions.” Percieving the agony of sin, even actual way of being saved and the meaning of the learned Shankaracharya cried out “Repeated salvation from an eternal perspective. Religion birth, repeated death and repeated lying in the claims that we have all the resources in ourselves mother’s womb-Save me, O destroyer of Mura, , good deeds, devotional rituals, meditation by your grace”. Salvation thus implies to the techniques, physical , accumulating liberation of the soul from its bondage of rebirth wisdom, etc. Therefore the course of action in or transmigration as a result of the fruits of salvation works in the opposite direction. It is karma. It includes release from the universality of God who takes the initiative and descends into sin, release from the individual sins or slavery of his own creation in order to save us, not humans sins, release from the bondage of evil powers, etc. accumulating merits and working out their way Sin is such a bondage which has automatically toward God by their own understanding and transmitted to human nature from generations to interpretation of religion. generations and now it has become an inseparable How can one achieve liberation? Are there any part of human life thus separating man from his specific practices, which are necessary to attain creator. What are these iniquities standing as a liberation? Our scriptures suggest various barrier between man and God? These iniquities methods to purify the mind and emphasize on are man’s worldly desires, lust,ignoranc, self- the following approaches as effective means of centered attitude, anxieties, thoughts, concerns, liberation. relationships, goals and natural limitations.

18 Religious Ethics: Philosophy of Karma and Moksha; Reflections on Varying Dimensions of Indian Religions

“From unreality lead me unto the Reality, ● Acharya Daya prakash: Fulfillment of the From darkness lead me into Light Vedic Quest And from death lead me unto life Eternal” ● Practical Guide to Moksha: Sanjeev References: Newar ● The Future of Man: Heaven, Hell and ● History of Ancient India; V.D Mahajan cycle of Rebirths by : E .Singh ● History for Law students: Anju Khanna ● Moksh: E Singh ● Manushya ka Bhavishya; Swarga,Narak ● Acharya James Dayal: Karma and aur Awagaman: E Singh Krus Marg

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