On the Landfall of Northeastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones John

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

On the Landfall of Northeastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones John 1 1 2 3 ON THE LANDFALL OF NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES JOHN, 4 LANE AND PAUL (2006) OVER NORTHWESTERN MEXICO 5 6 LUIS M. FARFÁN 7 Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada B.C. (CICESE) 8 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 9 10 ROSARIO ROMERO-CENTENO and G.B. RAGA 11 Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera 12 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 13 Mexico City, Mexico 14 15 16 Submitted to Monthly Weather Review 17 American Meteorological Society 18 16 July 2009 19 20 Corresponding author address: 21 Luis M. Farfán 22 CICESE, Unidad La Paz 23 Miraflores 334, La Paz, BCS 23050, México. 24 E-mail: [email protected] 1 2 25 ABSTRACT 26 27 This study is focused on the life cycle of Tropical Cyclones John, Lane, and Paul in the 28 Northeastern Pacific Ocean. These systems developed during the relatively active season of 2006 29 and made landfall over the coast of Northwestern Mexico. Based on a regional network, heavy 30 rainfall was documented throughout the Baja California Peninsula and mainland Mexico. A 31 gridded analysis reveals storm motion related to large-scale circulations including an anticyclone 32 over the Gulf of Mexico and a middle-latitude system approaching the western United States. 33 Tropical Cyclone John resulted in a maximum of total rainfall in the range of 350–510 mm, 34 concentrated along the storm track that moved over the peninsular mountains. These accumulations 35 set new records of daily rates with respect to the available dataset from the base period 1970-2005. 36 Later in the season, Tropical Cyclones Lane and Paul made landfall over the mainland and brought 37 low to moderate rainfall accumulations over relatively large communities in the state of Sinaloa. 38 Lane moved close to the coast and was a category-three hurricane at landfall with impact over the 39 southern Gulf of California. In contrast, Paul followed a recurving track that moved around Isla 40 Socorro and arrived to land as a tropical depression. An analysis of the official forecasts issued one 41 to three days prior to landfall reveals some track errors for John and Lane, more likely due to 42 limitations in the temporal coverage of upper-air soundings available from the operational network 43 established in central and western Mexico. 2 3 44 1. Introduction 45 The west coast of North America routinely experiences landfall of Tropical Cyclones 46 (hereafter referred to as TCs) from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, a basin located east of 140°W. 47 During recent decades, several studies have been focused in TCs that resulted in landfall over the 48 coastal areas of Mexico. For example, Serra (1971) applied track information from the period 49 1921-1969 to document that TCs moving across the coastline had maximum frequency from 50 August through October. Jáuregui (2003) found that between 1951 and 2000, 65 hurricanes1 (88 51 tropical storms) made landfall in Mexico’s west coast and that 60% (49%) of them occurred in the 52 Northwest region of the country. Some of these TCs continued moving northward and, eventually, 53 they had influence on the weather conditions over the southwestern United States (Smith 1986; 54 Garza 1999). 55 In the present study, Northwestern Mexico is defined as the region located north of 20ºN 56 and west of 104ºW. As shown in Fig 1, this region includes the mainland states of Nayarit, Sinaloa 57 and Sonora as well as the Baja California Peninsula. The topography includes mountain ranges that 58 are oriented in a southeast-northwest direction: the Baja California range and the Sierra Madre 59 Occidental. The latter is a wide range (200-300 km) located over the mainland with maximum 60 elevations over 2000 m, while the former is a narrow range (50-100 km) with maximum elevations 61 just above 1000 m. Elevations above 1500 m are located over the state of Baja California, north of 62 28°N. Northwestern Mexico has a coastal length of 6408 km (National Institute of Geography in 63 Mexico, INEGI, http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/default.aspx), which represents 57% of the total in 64 the whole country including the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico and the 1 In this paper the term hurricane refers to maximum sustain winds > 33 m s-1, tropical storm to winds from 17 to 33 m s-1 and tropical depression to winds < 17 m s-1. 3 4 65 Caribbean Sea coastlines. The state of Baja California Sur (BCS), south of 28°N, has coasts along 66 both the Pacific and the Gulf of California equivalent to 42% of the total length in the northwest. 67 In 2005, 9% of the nation’s population lived in Northwest Mexico and the largest 68 communities were located close to the coast, over relatively flat terrain and below 300 m above sea 69 level (Fig. 1, Table 1). Sinaloa is the most densely populated state (45 inhabitants km-2) while BCS 70 is the least populated state (7 inhabitants km-2) in the region. These facts suggest that, upon TC 71 landfall, major differences should be expected between the impact from storm tracks that go over 72 the peninsula from those moving across the mainland. 73 Historical records for the Northeastern Pacific Basin, issued by the U.S. National Hurricane 74 Center (NHC), reveal the development of more than 500 named TCs during the period 1970–2006. 75 As also shown in Fig. 1, there were 63 landfall hits over Northwestern Mexico where the majority 76 of them occurred along the coasts of BCS and Sinaloa with, roughly, equal number of strikes per 77 state. Figure 2 displays the TC tracks of a couple of groups that, during such 37-year period, were 78 identified to make a first landfall over either the peninsula or the mainland. The figure inserts show 79 the temporal frequency of TC incidence, determined by dividing each month into three periods of 80 10 or 11 days. 81 The upper panel of Fig. 2 shows 27 TC tracks that first moved over the BCS. The incident 82 systems approached the peninsula from the south and most of them occurred from late August 83 through early October (see insert in Fig. 2a). Twelve TCs moved over land through the Gulf of 84 California, east from 110°W and across the eastern peninsula. Fifteen systems made landfall 85 through the Pacific coast and seven of them crossed the gulf to, eventually, reach the mainland. 86 During the same period, 25 TCs tracked only over the mainland (Fig. 2b). This group developed 87 later in the season with the highest frequencies occurring during the last third of September (22%) 4 5 88 and all of October (61%). Note that prior to landfall, and by Isla Socorro, the mainland tracks 89 tended to acquire an eastward component of motion and the preferred landfall region is bounded by 90 21°N and 28°N. Twenty-one systems moved across the state of Sinaloa, two over Nayarit and 91 another two over southern Sonora. 92 Farfán (2004) examined general features of the large-scale environment associated with a 93 sample of six tracks that, during the period 1992-2002, made landfall over Baja California. By 94 using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, the author found that mean 500-mb height fields consist of an 95 anticyclone over the Gulf of Mexico and a wave trough traveling eastward across the western 96 United States. A similar analysis was performed here and the results indicate that during landfall in 97 the mainland, there is a southward shift of the wave trough and an eastward displacement of the 98 anticyclone’s center to be located just south of Florida. This configuration allows TC motion over 99 the Sierra Madre Occidental along with the advection of a cooler and drier environment from the 100 Pacific Ocean, off the peninsula, into northern Mexico. 101 Further analysis of the 1970-2006 period suggests that stronger TCs tend to make landfall 102 over the mainland or over the southeastern edge of the peninsula. This is likely due, in part, to the 103 warmer SSTs over the Gulf of California with respect to the cooler waters of the California Current 104 in the Pacific (e.g., Mosiño and García 1974; Amador et al. 2006). Information on strong systems 105 at landfall is shown in the lower-left inserts of Figs. 2a and 2b. Some of mainland strikes are 106 associated with major hurricanes (this is, category-three or higher) in the Saffir-Simpson scale. In 107 fact, four out of 11 incident systems were major hurricanes while moving across the mainland 108 coastline. In contrast, 11 hurricanes moved through the peninsula with four of them along the 109 Pacific coast as category-one hurricanes and the rest of them went across the southern gulf. Only 110 Kiko (1989) and Paul (1982) were in the lower edge of the category-three hurricanes at landfall. 5 6 111 During the 2006 season in the Northeastern Pacific, from 27 May until 20 November, 18 112 named TCs developed and ten of them reached hurricane strength (Pasch et al 2009). These 113 numbers are slightly above the long-term averages for the period 1970-2006: 16.4 tropical storms 114 and 9.6 becoming hurricanes (Arguez 2007). In 2006, two systems made landfall in Northwestern 115 Mexico as hurricanes and one as a tropical depression. John and Lane arrived as category-two and 116 category-three hurricanes, respectively, and both became the third strongest TCs at landfall over 117 Baja California and over the mainland.
Recommended publications
  • P2h.8 Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern Pacific
    P2H.8 LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC. PART I: CASE STUDIES FROM 2006 AND 2007. Luis M. Farfán1, Rosario Romero-Centeno2, G. B. Raga2 and Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo2 1Unidad La Paz, CICESE, Mexico 2Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 1. INTRODUCTION Western Mexico routinely experiences landfall of those that moved onto the mainland acquired a significant tropical cyclones. Jáuregui (2003) documented that 65 eastward component by 20ºN. Additionally, most storms hurricanes approached the west coast and 60% of them developed late in the season with highest frequency made landfall in the northwestern part of the country during the last two-thirds of September (35%) and all of between 1951 and 2000. This area is located north of October (54%). In a study of the period 1966-2004, 20ºN and west of 105ºW, which includes the Baja Romero-Vadillo et al. (2007) identified this type of storm California Peninsula and the States of Nayarit, Sinaloa track and the landfall trend associated with the presence and Sonora. Also, 64% of 88 tropical storms entered this of westerly airflow at middle and upper levels. area, increasing precipitation in this very arid region. Some of these systems continued moving northward after landfall and, eventually, had an influence on the weather conditions in the southwestern United States. The records for the eastern Pacific basin, provided by the National Hurricane Center, reveal 614 tropical cyclones during 1970–2007. Figure 1 displays the tracks of the sub-group of tropical cyclones that made landfall over northwestern Mexico. The upper panel (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Cyclone—Induced Heavy Rainfall and Flow in Colima, Western Mexico
    Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway Tropical cyclone—Induced heavy rainfall and flow in Colima, Western Mexico Citation for published version: Khouakhi, A, Pattison, I, López-de la Cruz, J, Martinez-Diaz, T, Mendoza-Cano, O & Martínez, M 2019, 'Tropical cyclone—Induced heavy rainfall and flow in Colima, Western Mexico', International Journal of Climatology, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6393 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1002/joc.6393 Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: International Journal of Climatology General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 1 Tropical cyclone - induced heavy rainfall and flow in 2 Colima, Western Mexico 3 4 Abdou Khouakhi*1, Ian Pattison2, Jesús López-de la Cruz3, Martinez-Diaz 5 Teresa3, Oliver Mendoza-Cano3, Miguel Martínez3 6 7 1 School of Architecture, Civil and Building engineering, Loughborough University, 8 Loughborough, UK 9 2 School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, 10 Edinburgh, UK 11 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Colima, Mexico 12 13 14 15 Manuscript submitted to 16 International Journal of Climatology 17 02 July 2019 18 19 20 21 *Corresponding author: 22 23 Abdou Khouakhi, School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough 24 University, Loughborough, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific Ab Sins Nicholas S
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School March 2019 Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific aB sins Nicholas S. Grondin Louisiana State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Climate Commons, Meteorology Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Grondin, Nicholas S., "Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific asinB s" (2019). LSU Master's Theses. 4864. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4864 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATOLOGY, VARIABILITY, AND RETURN PERIODS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE STRIKES IN THE NORTHEASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Nicholas S. Grondin B.S. Meteorology, University of South Alabama, 2016 May 2019 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my family, especially mom, Mim and Pop, for their love and encouragement every step of the way. This thesis is dedicated to my friends and fraternity brothers, especially Dillon, Sarah, Clay, and Courtney, for their friendship and support. This thesis is dedicated to all of my teachers and college professors, especially Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Dean's Report
    PARDEE RAND DEAN’S REPORT GRADUATE 2017 SCHOOL REPORT TO THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS SUSAN L. MARQUIS, DEAN YEAR IN REVIEW Message from the Dean NNOVATION.” In our research. In our tools and methods. In our systems and processes. In the development and application of technology. We’re not talking about a buzzword here. We’re talking about doing things better. Asking different questions. Turning things around. Not resting on “Iour laurels but looking for new ways to solve problems that no one has solved before. This is innovation at RAND—and it’s essential for RAND to remain relevant and influential in the 21st century. It’s what our clients, policymakers, and our communities need and demand. When RAND’s president and CEO Michael Rich talks about his SUSAN L. MARQUIS, DEAN vision for RAND and for the Pardee RAND Graduate School, he speaks about the school as a competitive advantage for RAND—a secret weapon that should be a primary engine of With this world- innovation for RAND. When Michael asked me, the dean, to take on the additional role of vice president for innovation, he was class graduate school asking Pardee RAND to not only aspire to but to fully claim this within this world-class unique role of strengthening the environment for innovation across all of RAND. With this world-class graduate school within research organization, this world-class research organization, both institutions can provide more—and accomplish more—than other research and both institutions can policy organizations. provide more—and For the past few years, you’ve heard us talk about “reimagining Pardee RAND.” The imperatives for change for the school and accomplish more— RAND are powerful.
    [Show full text]
  • 101 STRIKING NEW IDEA SI 90 101 Brown Mare 1994 Valid Appeal
    Hip No. Consigned by Grandview Farms Hip No. 101 STRIKING NEW IDEA SI 90 101 Brown Mare 1994 Valid Appeal ................In Reality Desert Trial Kipper Kelly (TB)........ Plum Ten ...................Tentam STRIKING NEW IDEA SI 90 Misty Plum X517962 Go Dick Go SI 100 ...........Little Dick Priest SI 95 Tempestuous Judy SI 90 . Miss Array SI 85 2138264 Martini Mongo SI 97..........Mongo Jet SI 93 HereComesMyBaby SI88 By Kipper Kelly (TB) (1987). Stakes-placed winner of $94,619, 2nd S.I.U. S. [LR], etc. Sire of 186 starters, 155 winners, 4 ROM, 9 stakes winners, earning $9,396,063,including KELLY KIP (15 wins, $1,157,142, Frank J. De Francis Memorial Dash S. G2, etc.), MISS INQUISITIVE (5 wins, $298,046, Forward Gal S. G3, etc.), KIPPERSCOPE ($287,321) SKIPPER KIPPER ($239,670, Floyd Duncan Memorial S.), STANS DREAM ($189,502), C FLEX ($107,390), Sire of the dams of winners including SUPER CAPER SI 95 ($28,833), etc. 1st dam: TEMPESTUOUS JUDY SI 90 (1983), by Go Dick Go. 2 wins at 2, $45,780, Acadiana Spring Fut. Dam of 11 foals, 8 to race, 7 ROM, STRIKING NEW IDEA SI 90 (f. by Kipper Kelly TB). Stakes winner, see be- low. Driftinwinner SI 102 (c. by No Drift TB). 3 wins at 2, $11,261, 3rd Florida Bred Fut. [R] G3, Ruffner Mountain Fut. Make Em Quiver SI 97 (c. by Coup De Kas TB). Winner at 2 and 3, $19,010. (Finalist: Remington Park D. G1). Judys Fast One SI 92 (f. by Fast Lindy).
    [Show full text]
  • Extension of the Systematic Approach to Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting in the Eastern and Central North Pacific
    NPS ARCHIVE 1997.12 BOOTHE, M. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS EXTENSION OF THE SYTEMATIC APPROACH TO TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK FORECASTING IN THE EASTERN AND CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC by Mark A. Boothe December, 1997 Thesis Co-Advisors: Russell L.Elsberry Lester E. Carr III Thesis B71245 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAl OSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching casting data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, I'aperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 1997. Master's Thesis TITLE AND SUBTITLE EXTENSION OF THE SYSTEMATIC 5. FUNDING NUMBERS APPROACH TO TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK FORECASTING IN THE EASTERN AND CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC 6. AUTHOR(S) Mark A. Boothe 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDR£SS(ES) PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION Monterey CA 93943-5000 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESSEES) 10. SPONSORING/MONTTORIN G AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall on the Pacific Coast of Mexico: 1970-2010
    Atmósfera 26(2), 163-182 (2013) Characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico: 1970-2010 L. M. FARFÁN Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Unidad La Paz, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] E. J. ALFARO Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas, Escuela de Física, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica T. CAVAZOS Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Departamento de Oceanografía Física, Ensenada, Baja California, México Received October 15, 2011; accepted September 14, 2012 RESUMEN Este estudio evalúa los impactos de los ciclones tropicales (CT) que tocaron tierra en áreas pobladas a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico mexicano. El periodo de interés abarca de 1970 a 2010 y se utiliza una base de datos internacional de desastres para identificar dichos impactos. Se registraron ásm de 30 eventos durante el periodo de referencia, de los cuales se examinan los 25 que acumularon mayor precipitación, así como los 10 que cau- saron mayores daños a la población afectada, que en estos casos varió de 20 000 a más de 800 000 habitantes. Vientos fuertes y precipitación intensa en periodos de uno a tres días se asociaron con daños materiales y pérdida de vidas humanas. Los resultados del estudio indican que las acumulaciones excesivas de lluvia y su intensidad diaria son elementos importantes vinculados con la ocurrencia de desastres en áreas densamente pobladas. Seis de los primeros 10 CT asociados con los mayores desastres ocurrieron en condiciones de El Niño y tres en condiciones neutrales; sin embargo, al examinar los 25 CT asociados con la precipitación acumulada, se observó que 10 de éstos ocurrieron en condiciones de El Niño y 10 en condiciones neutrales.
    [Show full text]
  • An Observational and Modeling Analysis of the Landfall of Hurricane Marty (2003) in Baja California, Mexico
    JULY 2005 F ARFÁN AND CORTEZ 2069 An Observational and Modeling Analysis of the Landfall of Hurricane Marty (2003) in Baja California, Mexico LUIS M. FARFÁN Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada B.C., Unidad La Paz, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico MIGUEL CORTEZ Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Comisión Nacional del Agua, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico (Manuscript received 20 July 2004, in final form 26 January 2005) ABSTRACT This paper documents the life cycle of Tropical Cyclone Marty, which developed in late September 2003 over the eastern Pacific Ocean and made landfall on the Baja California peninsula. Observations and best-track data indicate that the center of circulation moved across the southern peninsula and proceeded northward in the Gulf of California. A network of surface meteorological stations in the vicinity of the storm track detected strong winds. Satellite and radar imagery are used to analyze the structure of convective patterns, and rain gauges recorded total precipitation. A comparison of Marty’s features at landfall, with respect to Juliette (2001), indicates similar wind intensity but differences in forward motion and accumu- lated precipitation. Official, real-time forecasts issued by the U.S. National Hurricane Center prior to landfall are compared with the best track. This resulted in a westward bias of positions with decreasing errors during subsequent forecast cycles. Numerical simulations from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model were used to examine the evolution of the cyclonic circulation over the southern peninsula. The model was applied to a nested grid configuration with hori- zontal resolution as detailed as 3.3 km, with two (72- and 48-h) simulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Análisis De Datos De Altimetría De La Superficie Del Océano Curso De Primavera Sobre Ciclones Tropicales La Paz BCS, México 2008
    Análisis de datos de altimetría de la superficie del océano Curso de Primavera sobre Ciclones Tropicales La Paz BCS, México 2008 Orzo Sánchez Montante [email protected] Contenido 1. Nivel del mar asociado a huracanes 2. Generalidades sobre las técnicas de altimetría 3. Aplicación de altimetría a huracanes 4. Practica de procesamiento de altimetría en huracanes del 2006 5. Otras referencias Nivel del mar asociado a huracanes Esquema de marea de tormenta Altimetría La técnica de la medición de alturas. • ALTIMETRO BAROMETRICO Basado en la relación presión y altitud • ALTIMETRO DE RADAR El altímetro emite una onda radar y la analiza después de ser reflejada por la superficie. RANGO: distancia desde el satelite a la superficie del mar. ALTITUD: distancia desde el satelite SLA = SSH – Mean Sea Surface a un punto de referencia (elipsoide de referencia o el centro de la Tierra) SSH = Sat. Altitude – Altimeter Range – Corrections ALTURA: distancia desde la superficie al punto de referencia (elipsoide de referencia o el centro de la Tierra) Altimetría satelital Recorrido del satelite JASON ENVISAT GFO 22202801072521 / 0203 / 08 Aplicaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra La gran precisión con que esta técnica mide la altura de los océanos da acceso a numerosos indicadores de la dinámica oceánica. Por ejemplo, las variaciones de la circulación oceánica, altura de las olas, velocidad del viento, mareas, entre otros. PRODUCTOS: •LSA http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/ • Topografía del fondo marino utilizando altimetría satelital http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ • MAPAS DE GRAVEDAD http://www.deos.tudelft.nl/altim/atlas/ Aplicaciones • CCAR: http://argo.colorado.edu • PO.DAAC : http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov • AVISO: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com Aplicaciones de altimetría a intensificación de huracanes Hong et al., 2000: Observed track of Hurricane Opal and locations of upper level trough and the Loop Current warm core ring (WCR).
    [Show full text]
  • WMO Bulletin, Volume 32, No. 4
    - ~ THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) is a specialized agency of the Un ited Nations WMO was created: - to faci litate international co-operation in the establishment of networks of stations and centres to provide meteorological and hydrologica l services and observations, 11 - to promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteoro­ logical and related information, - to promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics, - to further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, ag ricu lture and other hu man activities, - to promote activi ties in operational hydrology and to further close co-operation between Meteorological and Hydrological Services, - to encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fi elds. The World Me!eorological Congress is the supreme body of the Organization. It brings together the delegates of all Members once every four years to determine general policies for the fulfilment of the purposes of the Organization. The ExecuTive Council is composed of 36 directors of national Meteorological or Hydrometeorologica l Services serving in an individual capacity; it meets at least once a year to supervise the programmes approved by Congress. Six Regional AssociaTions are each composed of Members whose task is to co-ordinate meteorological and re lated activities within their respective regions. Eight Tee/mica! Commissions composed of experts designated by Members, are responsible for studying meteorologica l and hydro­ logica l operational systems, app li ca ti ons and research. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Preside/11: R. L. KI NTA NA R (Phil ippines) Firs! Vice-Presidenl: Ju.
    [Show full text]
  • Notable Tropical Cyclones and Unusual Areas of Tropical Cyclone Formation
    A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.[1] The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.[3] While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area. Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being near water. That humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is evidence that the perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding. The word "flood" comes from the Old English flod, a word common to Germanic languages (compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float; also compare with Latin fluctus, flumen).
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Names: a Bunch of Hot Air?
    Weather and Climate Extremes 12 (2016) 80–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Weather and Climate Extremes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wace Hurricane names: A bunch of hot air? Gary Smith n Department of Economics, Pomona College, United States article info abstract Article history: It has been argued that female-named hurricanes are deadlier because people do not take them ser- Received 7 July 2015 iously. However, this conclusion is based on a questionable statistical analysis of a narrowly defined data Received in revised form set. The reported relationship is not robust in that it is not confirmed by a straightforward analysis of 10 November 2015 more inclusive data or different data. Accepted 22 November 2015 & 2015 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Available online 28 November 2015 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Hurricanes Data grubbing Sexism Jung, Shavitt, Viswanathan, and Hilbe (2014) argue that people depression (less than 39 mph), tropical storm (39–73 mph), hur- do not take hurricanes with female names seriously and are con- ricane (more than 73 mph), and major hurricane (more than sequently underprepared and more likely to be killed. The authors 110 mph). Tropical storms and hurricanes are generally given report that this “hazardous form of implicit sexism” is supported names like Hurricane Sandy, but tropical depressions are not. by their analysis of 92 hurricanes that hit the United States be- Jung et al. (2014) examine a narrowly defined dataset: U.S. tween 1950 and 2012.
    [Show full text]