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Street Gangs in Winnipeg, an Urban Centre That Has Experienced a Dramatic Increase in Street Gang Activity Since the Late 1980S

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Street Gangs in Winnipeg, an Urban Centre That Has Experienced a Dramatic Increase in Street Gang Activity Since the Late 1980S The History of Stiea Gangs in Winnipg from 1945 to 1997: A Qualitative Newspaper Analysis of Gang Activity Christopher M. H. Giles B.A.,University of Manitoba, 1996 THESIS SUBMïITED IN PARTIAL FULFLLMENT OF THE REQüWWENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Criminology O Christopher M.H. Giles 2000 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Jury 2000 Ali righîsi reserved- This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. uisiions and Acquisitions el &raphic Senriees stitvices bibbgraphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accord6 une licence non excluive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National LiiofCanadato BibLiothèque natidedu Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or seii reprodime, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis m microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fonnats. la forme de microfichelfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électroniqne. The author tetains ownership of tùe L'auteur mume la propriété du copyxight in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thhse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni Ia thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenivise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimds reproduceâ without the anthor's ou autrement reproduits sans son pennission. autorisation. Abstract In the last decade, street gangs have emerged as a significant social problem in many Canadian urban centers. In Winnipeg, several street gangs have become a pivotal concern of the citizenry, the media, and the governrnent. Despite this hi& level of concem, there has been little academic research to help explain or understand the street gang phenomenon. This thesis attempts to remedy this situation by examining the history of street gangs in Winnipeg, an urban centre that has experienced a dramatic increase in street gang activity since the late 1980s. The history of street gang activity is traced through a qualitative analysis of gang-related articles found in the Winnioea: Free Press fiom 1945 to 1997, and some temtative explanations for the rise of these gangs are offered. Prior to 1985, Winnipeg had experienced some gang-like activity. Using Gordon and Foley's (1998) typology of gangs and groups this apparent street gang activity was primarily the activities of criminal groups and youth groups, as opposed to street gangs. With the exception of one street gang, the Dew Drop Gang which emerged in 1949 and disappeared in 1950, Winnipeg was devoid of street gangs pnor to the late 1980s. However, beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s street gangs emerged rapidly and have become a permanent fixture in the city. These street gangs are the Indian Posse, the Deuce, the Manitoba Warriors and the Native Syndicate. The emergence of these street gangs is best explained by "urban underclass theory," developed by Wilson (1987; 1996). This theory has been used to explain the growth of street gangs in the United States by Hagedorn (1998), Klein (1995) and Moore (1991). Data obtained hmthe 1991 Abriainal Peo~lesSwev, the Indian and the Census (1986,199 1,1996) provide support fot the notion that Aboriginal people in Canada, and in Winnipeg in particular, constihite an 'Zinderclass" and this xcounts for the growth of street gangs in Winnipeg. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of rny cousin and good frimd Jeffery Giles, who in December of 1997 was a victim of gang-related violence. He wos a modern day hero who had a profound impact on those people in his lif. Jeg my man, you are loved and missed by many people. The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the efforts and contributions of many influential people in my life. First, 1would like to thank my senior supervisor Dr. Robert Gordon. Dr. Gordon assisted with the selection of the topic for ihis ihesis, and be was an invaluable source of encouragement during the difficult stages of data collection, &ta analysis and write-up. 1would also like to extend my thanks to Dr. Gordon for his prompt critique of the thesis and his encouragement during the final stages of the thesis preparation. 1 would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Raymond Corrado who always made himself available to discuss problems 1 was experiencing and who was an invaluable source of information for key concepts explored in this thesis. Thanks to Dr. Stephen Hart for agreeing to act as extemal examiner and for his questions and encouraging comments during the thesis defense. Aili Malm, Bryan Kinney and Karen Golding deserve special thanks for helping edit my thesis ddgthe final stages and for tolerating my idiosyncrasies. Members of the Street Gang Unit in Winnipeg were a valuable source of information on Street gangs, and these officers were always available to speak with me. Professors Paul and Pat Brantingham, Terry Wh-Yaks and the staff at CPAL Inc. also contributed to this thesis through tùeir words of encouragement and their assistance with the acquisition and insertion of the gqhics contained in this thesis. Fhally, my success as a Master's stuclent and this thesis would not have been possible without the ever present support and love hmmy fiiends and Wly. Thank you all. Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements vi Chapter 1: Introduction I Gangs in Canada 4 Gangs in America 6 The Issue of Definhg a Street Gang 12 Chapter Il: Expluhing the Emergence and Proliferation of Street Gangs. 19 The American Gang Literature 19 The Canadian Gang Liierature 36 Chapter Aï: Street Gangs in Wirrnipeg: 1945 to 1997. 43 introduction 43 The History of Winnipeg Street Gangs: 1945 - 1985. 44 A Street Gang in Winnipeg? The Case of the Dew Drop Gang. 50 The History of Winnipeg Street Gangs: 1985 to 1997. 53 Winnipeg Street Gangs in 2000. 81 Conclusion 83 Chapter I Y;. Street Gangs in Winnb, An Wrban Underclass" Phenornenon? 85 The Demographic Cbaracteristics of Abonginais in Canada 87 Employment and Income 90 Education Siatus 96 Family Related Van'ables 99 Aboriginal Imprisonment 102 Generai Health and Housing Status 103 The Utban Undecclass and Sirce! Gangs 107 Conclusion 11 1 Chapter It Theoretid Coniribntions, Pol@ ïmplicutions, and the Future of Gang Research in Canada. 114 Policy Implications 118 Suggestions for Future Rcsearch 122 Appendix A: Gordon and F'olcyJs(l998) Typoiogy of Gangs 226 Appendix B: Method 128 Rcseacch Focus 128 Data Coliection Procedures 129 Coding and Analyzing Daia 134 Litations of a Qualitative Newspaper AnaIysk 136 Appendix C: The List of Newspaper Ai.riicles$kom the Mnnipeg Free Press Uscd in the QuaiitrdiveNewspaper Ana&& 139 The History of WUinipeg6Gan@"' i945-1985. 139 The History of Wu*pegStreet Gangs, 1985-1991. 140 vii Appendrr E: SeIrCid h'cîures of Deuce Thtory and Indian Posse Tem'rory- 147 Examples of the Housing in the Downtown Core of Winnipeg. 147 Examples of the Graffiti in Deuce Temtory. 149 Examples of the Graffiti in the Mian Posse Temiory. 151 List of Tables TABLE 1: THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN COMPARISON TO ALL CANADIANS. TABLE 2: LABOR FORCE ACTIVITY AND INCOME OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA AND CANADA IN 199 1. TABLE 3: LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND INCOME OF REGISTERED INDIAEJS AS COMPARED TO ALL CANADIANS. TABLE 4: INDICATORS OF EDUCATIONAL A'ITAINMENT AMONG ABORIGINALS IN WINNIPEG, MANiTOBA AND CANADA IN 1991. TABLE 5: iNDICATORS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF REGISTERED INDIANS AS COMPARED TO ALL CANADIANS. TABLE 6: THE PROPORTION OF SINGLE AND NON-SINGLE ABORIGINALS IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA AND CANADA IN 1991. TABLE 7: A COMPARISON OF REGISTERED INDIANS TO ALL CANADIANS ON FAMILY-RELATED VARIABLES. TABLE 8: A COMPARTSON OF REGISTERED INDIANS TO ALL CANADIANS ON INDICATORS OF HEALTH. TABLE 9: A COMPARISON OF REGISTERED INDIANS TO ALL CANADIANS ON HOUSING VARIABLES. Chapter 1: Introduction During the last ten years, gangs have become a topic of considerable interest in Canada. Most of the recent concem has focused on the street gangs that have emerged in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The negative public reaction is evident in the call for harsher sentences for street gang members, and even for a few, a call for vigilantism. The city's street gangs have also become a focal point for both the local and the national media, as exemplüied in print media headlines such as Gana warfare, police-stvle (Winni~en- Free Press, 08120195: BI), Kids with zilch to lose (Winniueg Free Press, 06130196: Al) and The street nanns of Winni~eg(Globe and Mail, 051 18/96: D5). Fmm a preliminary analysis of gang related articlesi it was discovd that a swge of such articles first began to appear in the Winnineg Free Press a! the beginning of 1993. According to Fasiolo and Leckie (1993), an increase in gang- related articles in newspapers is "primarily precipitated by a growing social concern" about street gangs (1993: 1). Street gangs have also become a major policy concern. The Winnipeg Police Department, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Manitoba Ministry of Justice, and the municipal, provincial, and federal govemments al1 have devoted new cesources to gang activities. Winnipeg, a city of appmximately 700,000 midents, has secured the label of the "street gang capital of Canada" despite its small urban population in compatison with other large urban centers in Canada (Winnipeg Free Press. Aumist 20. 1995. Al). Specifically, the municipal governrnent and the police department responded to this label and to the pmliferation of sireet gangs by initiating a 15 member specialized Street Gang Unit within the Winnipeg Police Department in the Summer of 1995, and a Street Gang ~dvisorycommittee2. in addition, in July 1996 the specialized Street Gang Unit, the Winnipeg City Police Service and the RCMP cooperated in a joint forces operation called Project Disarm (Ramsay, 1997).
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