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Download Download THE REGION: A GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH in a relatively recent synthesis of the archaeology of the this river makes its way through a low lying valley for Gulf of Georgia region, Mitchell (1971) goes to great effort approximately one hundred miles. At its mouth, the yearly to establish three major tenets. These are: accumulations of silts have created an immense delta. Within the historic era, delta growth rate has been set at 1) The Gulf of Georgia area constitutes a distinct roughly 28 feet per year (Holland 1964: 37). natural region different from areas on its borders. As a natural region, the Gulf of Georgia is most restrictive 2) The Gulf of Georgia region is a distinct ethnographic in its climate. It is characterized by a “ . narrow seasonal area within North America. range of temperature and marked seasonal variation in 3) The Gulf of Georgia region has a unique prehistoric precipitation” (Putnam et al. 1952: 464). Fall and winter past. are predominantly overcast with high precipitation but little snow while spring and summer are generally dry. For each, Mitchell puts forth well stated arguments Again, regional differentiation is such that Kerr (1951) based on existent data. With the exception of the third, has postulated three climatic types based primarily on there is little new information to question his assumptions. summer precipitation figures. These include a cool Mediter­ Further, with some spatial qualification, most recent ranean (less than 3 cm), a transitional (3 to 7 cm), and a archaeological work would tend to confirm his hypotheses Maritime (greater than 7 cm). Whereas the first is confined regarding the uniqueness of this region prehistorically, at solely to the southern Gulf, the transitional is situated least for the past 3,000 years. As a geographical backdrop throughout central and northern sectors. The high summer for the present study, a brief review of each of these topics rainfall Maritime is found primarily along the east, west is in order. A more detailed analysis of much of this data and north perimeters (see Figure 2). will be taken up in later discussions. Partially correspondent with these climatic zones are slightly varied organic environments. Munro and Cowan The Physiographic Perspective (1947) define three distinct biotic areas — the Gulf Islands, Physiographically, the Gulf of Georgia region consists Puget Sound Lowlands and Coast Forests regimes. of the northern half of the Georgia depression within the The Gulf Islands Biotic area correlates with most low Coastal Trench. Its boundaries include: the mountain lying coastal plains including the Gulf and San Juan Islands ranges of Vancouver Island and the Olympic peninsula on (cf. Mitchell 1971: 12). Primarily characterized by an oak- the west; the Coast-Cascade range on the east; the constric­ parkland environment,Garry oak(Quercus garryana Douglas) tion of mainland and island mountains to form Seymour and arbutus (Arbutus menziessi Pursh) are the most pre­ Passage on the north, and to the south, a line drawn across dominant floral species. Though lacking a unique faunal the northern part of the islands at the entrance to Puget assemblage, Munro and Cowan (1947: 35) do note the Sound (Mitchell 1971: 3—4) (Figure 1). absence of timber wolf (Cam's lupus sp.J, wolverine (Gulo Having considerable variation in land form, this region luscus), weasel (Mustela ermine sp.), marten (Martes ameri­ incorporates areas with mountains rising abruptly from the cana sp.), black bear (Ursus americanus), beaver (Castor sea, low rolling coastal plains, an abundance of islands and canadensis) and wapiti (Cervus canadensis rooseveiti). reefs, and the lowland river valley of the Fraser. Sectioned Whether such a case existed prehistorically is open for by the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca, variation may question. Mitchell (1971: 219) lists wapiti, beaver and also be noted in hydrographic patterns. Tide range is in­ black bear as constituents of the Montague Harbor (DfRu creased in the northern Gulf where a diurnal tide is pre­ 13) faunal remains while marten were recovered at the dominant while, in the south, a single daily tide is present Helen Point (DfRu 8) site on Mayne Island (Boucher 1976: for one third to one half of the lunar cycle (Mitchell 1971: 86; McMurdo 1974: 135). 5). In addition, currents flowing through the island passages The Coast Forest biome is most notable for its rain­ in the north are markedly stronger than those to the south. forest serai-floral communities and a low potential for To aboriginal occupants, probably the single most animal life. Predominantly located along the perimeters of important hydrographic feature and concomitant landform the Gulf of Georgia region, climax forests are dominated is the Fraser River. Flowing out of the Fraser Canyon, by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), Douglas fir (Pseudo- 2 GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 3 Fig. 1. The Spatial Extent of the Gulf of Georgia Region. tsuga menziessi), hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla and T. coiumbianus) and wapiti are found within the confines of mertensiana), western red cedar (Thuja plicata), white pine this zone (Cowan and Guiguet 1956:26). Mitchell (1971:14) (Pinus monticola), yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootka- has suggested that, during earlier stages of forest develop­ tensis), and grand fir (Abies grand is). Density of under­ ment, larger deer populations may have been present. growth is varied dependent upon shade conditions. Of the Finally, the Puget Sound lowlands biotic area is similar larger mammalian fauna, Coast deer (Odocoileus hemionus in many respects to the Gulf Islands biotic province. How- 4 MARPOLE a TRANSITIONAL COOL MEDITERRANEAN ■ BRITISH f .COLUMBIA kilometers Fig. 2. Climatic Zones Within the Gulf of Georgia Region (after Kerr 1951; Mitchell 1971). ever, there is a notable absence of Garry Oak and arbutus Extending from the mouth of the Fraser River southward while . shrubbery of hazel, Corylus californica, mock into Puget Sound, Mitchell (1971: 12) borders the majority orange, Philadelphus gordonianus, Nootka rose, Rosa nut- of this biotic area with the Gulf Islands zone on the west. kana and western dogwood, Corpus pubescens, are formed Supplementing the resource potential of these zones is here . (Munro and Cowan 1947: 35). In addition, the rich and abundant marine life of the Gulf. Numerous several small mammal species are restricted to its boundaries. beaches and tidewater flats support a wide range of mollusca GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 5 and intertidal vertebrates (Mitchell 1971: 14-5; Quayle cool and humid than present conditions, there is a gradual 1960; Griffeth 1967). As well, offshore resources are of shift to a western hemlock/Sitka spruce dominated climax equal abundance. Several species of sea mammal (Cowan forest. and Guiget 1956) and a plentiful variety of fishes can be Mathewes (1973: 2101), in a palynological study of the found throughout (Carl 1963: 87-9; Mitchell 1971: Fraser Valley, finds no hard core evidence for a "classic 16-7). hypsithermal” in the region. His data suggest a gradual Mitchell (1971: 16), among others, has singled out the change from a lodge pole pine dominated early post glacial anadromous fish species as those most important to abori­ to current vegetational communities. On inspection of his ginal inhabitants of the region. Of these, the five species pollen graphs, it is apparent that climatic and vegetational of salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum, 0. ksiutch stability can be extended back for at least the last 3,000 Walbaum, 0. gorbuscha Walbaum, O, tshawytscha Wal- years. However, it is also probable that at least minor per­ baum, and O. beta Walbaum) are the most significant. turbances due to neoglacial advance did occur (Fladmark Predictably following set migratory routes, they could be 1975: 186). caught both in the waters of the Gulf and its freshwater As well as a shifting environment, land-sea relationships tributaries (Mitchell 1971: 16-7; Suttles 1951: 154). in the post glacial period have been somewhat dynamic. Individual species vary drastically in abundance at any given Southern coastal data have been extensively reviewed by locale and return at divergent periods. Salmon abundance Fladmark (1975: 145—9). Following Mathews, Fyles and is used by Mitchell (1971: 18) as the key division between Nasmith (1970), he concludes: the Gulf of Georgia region and its southern neighbour, Puget Sound. Between 13,000 and 8 or 9,000 B.P. sea levels were Studies of post glacial environments in the Gulf of high with an overall trend of rapid emergence. Between 8,000 and ca. 5,000 B.P. the sea was between 10 and Georgia, both in terms of climatic conditions and land-sea 40 m lower than present, with a trend of gradual level relationships, indicate that present conditions cannot land submergence. By about 5,000 B.P. sea levels be assumed stable for the entire length of man’s occupa­ were more or less stabilized at their present position tion. The effects of such shifts would have direct impact (1975: 149). on localized resources available for exploitation and, in turn, cultural adaptive strategies. Applying Fairbridge’s (1960) scheme of worldwide Although specific knowledge of post glacial climatic Holocene sea level fluctuations, Mitchell (1971: 65—7) patterns and concomitant plant communities is still in an has argued for oscillations of up to 3 metres on the infancy stage for southern coast areas, a number of studies southern coast between 500 and 1,500 B.C. As support, do illustrate changing conditions since the last glacial. For he notes that several midden sites dated to this period are instance, Huesser (1965) postulates four phases— a late either “ drowned” or on elevations removed from the glacial, an early post glacial, a hypsithermal, and a late post present shoreline. Rather than widespread eustatic fluctua­ glacial. He suggests that, following the retreat of ice from tion, it is probable that emergence and submergence are the region up to 6,500 B.C.
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