Caracterización Y Dinámica De La Flora Espontánea En Los Cultivos Del Baixo Alentejo (Portugal)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Caracterización Y Dinámica De La Flora Espontánea En Los Cultivos Del Baixo Alentejo (Portugal) TESIS DOCTORAL CARACTERIZACIÓN Y DINÁMICA DE LA FLORA ESPONTÁNEA EN LOS CULTIVOS DEL BAIXO ALENTEJO (PORTUGAL). ANÁLISIS DEL IMPACTO DE FACTORES AMBIENTALES SOFIA TERESA ASSUNÇÃO RAMÔA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL, ECOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Badajoz, 2014 TESIS DOCTORAL CARACTERIZACIÓN Y DINÁMICA DE LA FLORA ESPONTÁNEA EN LOS CULTIVOS DEL BAIXO ALENTEJO (PORTUGAL). ANÁLISIS DEL IMPACTO DE FACTORES AMBIENTALES SOFIA TERESA ASSUNÇÃO RAMÔA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL, ECOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Conformidad de los directores: Memoria que para optar al Grado de Doctor con mención Europea por la Universidad de Extremadura presenta Dª. Sofia Teresa Assunção Ramôa, realizada en el Área de Edafología y Química Agrícola bajo la dirección de los profesores Dr. D. Antonio López Piñeiro del Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad de Extremadura, Dr. D. Pedro Oliveira e Silva del Departamento de Biociências del Instituto Politécnico de Beja y Dr. D. José Manuel Rato Nunes del Departamento de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales del Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre. Fdo: Antonio López Piñeiro Fdo: Pedro Oliveira e Silva Fdo: José Manuel Rato Nunes 2014 Aos meus queridos e adorados filhos: Luisinha, Inês, Martim e Maria. E ao João. Onde estiverem as vossas aspirações, o vosso trabalho, os vossos amores, é aí que está o sítio do vosso encontro quotidiano com Cristo. S. Josemaría Escrivá, da homilia Amar o mundo apaixonadamente, 8-X-1967 I ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ....................................................................................................... V ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................... XI LISTADO DE ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................... XVII RESUMEN ............................................................................................................... XIX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XXI AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................... XXIII 1. Introducción general y objetivos .................................................................... 1 2. Revisión bibliográfica .................................................................................... 7 2.1. La estructura productiva del Baixo Alentejo al final del siglo XX e inicio del siglo XXI ................................................................................... 9 2.2. Características generales de las malas hierbas ......................................... 15 2.3. Efecto de la vegetación espontánea en los cultivos ................................... 18 2.4. La vegetación espontánea y los agroecosistemas ...................................... 23 2.5. La amplitud del hábitat de las especies .................................................... 28 2.6. Métodos estadísticos utilizados en el estudio de la vegetación espontánea ........................................................................................... 29 2.6.1. Estudio de la composición florística ..................................................... 29 2.6.2. Método de Perfiles Ecológicos e Información Mutua .............................. 32 2.6.2.1. Perfiles ecológicos.......................................................................... 34 2.6.2.2. Información Mutua entre las especies y los factores para la selección de especies indicadoras .................................................... 36 2.6.2.3. Calidad del muestreo ..................................................................... 38 2.6.2.4. Grupo de especies indicadoras ........................................................ 39 2.6.3. Análisis multivariado ......................................................................... 40 2.6.3.1. Análisis Canónico de Correspondencia (CCA) .................................... 43 2.6.3.2. Interpretación de un análisis CCA .................................................... 48 2.6.3.3. Diagramas de ordenación en CCA .................................................... 48 2.6.3.4. Selección del modelo aplicando la teoría de la información ................. 49 3. Caracterización y composición de la vegetación espontánea en cultivos del Baixo Alentejo ........................................................................................... 51 3.1. Introducción ......................................................................................... 53 3.2. Materiales y métodos............................................................................. 55 I II 3.2.1. Área de estudio. ............................................................................... 56 3.2.2. Tratamiento y análisis de datos. ......................................................... 57 3.3. Resultados y discusión. .......................................................................... 65 3.3.1. Caracterización y composición de la vegetación espontánea de otoño-invierno .................................................................................. 65 3.3.1.1. Año 1997 ................................................................................... 68 3.3.1.2. Año 2007 ................................................................................... 79 3.3.2. Caracterización y composición de la vegetación espontánea de primavera-verano ............................................................................. 91 3.3.2.1. Año 1997 ................................................................................... 94 3.3.2.2. Año 2007 .................................................................................. 102 3.3.3. Dinámica de la vegetación espontánea. ............................................. 109 3.4. Conclusiones. ...................................................................................... 127 3.5. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 129 4. Ecología de las especies ............................................................................. 131 4.1. Introducción ........................................................................................ 133 4.2. Materiales y métodos............................................................................ 137 4.2.1. Tratamiento y análisis de datos. ........................................................ 141 4.3. Resultados y discusión .......................................................................... 149 4.3.1. Vegetación de otoño-invierno. .......................................................... 149 4.3.1.1. Año 1997 .................................................................................. 149 4.3.1.2. Año 2007 .................................................................................. 159 4.3.2. Vegetación de primavera-verano. ...................................................... 171 4.3.2.1. Año 1997 .................................................................................. 171 4.3.2.2. Año 2007 .................................................................................. 181 4.3.3. Análisis de las preferencias ecológicas, formación de grupos ecológicos y valor indicador de las especies ........................................ 188 4.4. Conclusiones. ...................................................................................... 211 4.5. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 215 5. Consideraciones finales .............................................................................. 219 6. Final considerations ................................................................................... 223 7. Referencias bibliográficas .......................................................................... 227 III IV ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 2.1 - Aspectos negativos relacionados con las malas hierbas. .................... 20 Tabla 2.2 - Aspectos positivos relacionados con las malas hierbas. ...................... 21 Tabla 2.3 – Características de la vegetación espontánea relacionadas con el grado de competitividad (adaptado de Vidal, 2010) ....................... 22 Tabla 2.4 - Pérdidas causadas por la vegetación espontánea en los cultivos (medias mundiales)........................................................................ 26 Tabla 2.5 - Importancia ecológica de las especies en función de su frecuencia relativa (adaptado de Moreira, 1986) .............................................. 28 Tabla 2.6 - Grado de infestación de las especies en función de su frecuencia relativa y abundancia media. .......................................................... 30 Tabla 2.7 - Perfiles ecológicos de una especie E y un factor L ............................ 35 Tabla 3.1 – Número de muestreos florísticos efectuados ................................... 60 Tabla 3.2 - Número de especies de las familias identificadas .............................. 66 Tabla 3.3 - Abundancias medias (AM), frecuencias relativas (FR) y contribución específica (CE) de las especies, año 1997. ..................... 69 Tabla 3.4 – Grupos de especies de igual contribución específica, año 1997 .......... 74 Tabla 3.5 - Abundancias medias (AM), frecuencias relativas (FR) y contribución específica (CE) de las especies, año 2007. ..................... 80 Tabla 3.6 – Grupos de especies de igual contribución específica, año 2007 .......... 86 Tabla
Recommended publications
  • The Sustainability of Agricultural Intensification in the 21St Century 249
    The sustainability 10. of agricultural intensification in the early 21st century: insights from the olive oil production in Alentejo (Southern Portugal) André Silveira João Ferrão José Muñoz-Rojas Teresa Pinto-Correia Maria Helena Guimarães Luísa Schmidt 248 the diverse worlds of sustainability introduction Widespread consensus has emerged around the importance of further agricultural intensification, if the nutritional requirements of the ever- expanding global population are to be met (fao 2017). Mainstream models of agricultural intensification, closely linked to specialization, have proved to have a strong impact on the environment while also disconnecting agriculture from rural communities (Woods 2011; Primdahl and Swaffield 2010). Climate change and increasing urbanization pressures add urgency to the challenge of ensuring global food security without compromising the sustainability of social-ecological systems. Calls for sustainable forms of agricultural intensification are frequent in policy and scientific circles (Garnett et al. 2013; Lima Santos 2017). Yet, what constitutes sustainable intensification remains contested, with a range of weak to strong sustainability concepts depending on, for example, uses of technology, synthetic inputs, and local ecological knowledge (Horlings and Marsden 2011; Rockstrom et al. 2017). In the Portuguese context the Alentejo region seems to be undergoing a process of rapid agricultural intensification, despite its dry Mediterranean climate and a tradition of extensive, multi-functional agricultural systems. This has been fuelled by local, national, European, and global factors and processes, in close alignment with the dynamics of urban-financial capitalism. Specific drivers include a long-standing public investment in the Alqueva irrigation system, national and eu agricultural policies, and recent strategies of financial investment in agriculture-related assets, especially since the 2008 global financial crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidiary Legislation 549.44 Flora, Fauna and Natural Habitats
    FLORA, FAUNA AND NATURAL HABITATS PROTECTION [S.L.549.44 1 SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION 549.44 FLORA, FAUNA AND NATURAL HABITATS PROTECTION REGULATIONS 7th December, 2006 LEGAL NOTICE 311 of 2006, as amended by Legal Notices 426 of 2007, 162 of 2009, 94 of 2010, 322 of 2013 and 379 of 2016. 1. (1) The title of these regulations is the Flora, Fauna and Citation and entry Natural Habitats Protection Regulations. into force. (2) Part VIII of these regulations shall come into force on such a date as the Minister responsible for the environment may by notice in the Gazette appoint. (3) A notice under subregulation (2) may make such transitional provisions as appear to the Minister to be necessary or expedient in connection with the provisions thereby brought into force. 2. (1) The aim of these regulations is to contribute towards Scope. ensuring biodiversity in the territory of the Member States of the European Community through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in the Maltese Islands. (2) Measures taken pursuant to these regulations shall be designed to maintain or restore, at favourable conservation status, natural habitats and species of wild fauna and flora of Community interest, and shall take account of economic, social and cultural requirements and regional and local characteristics. (3) These regulations provide the provisions required for the implementation in Malta of: (a) Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, (b) Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the Conservation of Wild Birds, (c) the Convention on Biological Diversity, (d) the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, (e) the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of wild Animals, and (f) the Protocol for Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean of the Barcelona Convention; they shall be read and construed as one with such legal instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop Wild Relative Network Showcases – Analysis and Best Practices
    Farmer’s Pride Networking, partnerships and tools to enhance in situ conservation of European plant genetic resources Crop wild relative network showcases – analysis and best practices Citation Álvarez-Muñiz, C., Magos Brehm, J., Parthenopi, R., Palmé, A., Dulloo, M.E., Maxted, N., Negri, V., Löwenhardt, H., Aykas, L., Kell, S., Rubio Teso, M.L. and Iriondo, J.M. 2021. Crop Wild Relative Network Showcases – Analysis and Best Practices. Farmer’s Pride: Networking, partnerships and tools to enhance in situ conservation of European plant genetic resources. This document is a deliverable of the Farmer’s Pride project: D1.5, ‘CWR network showcases’. Acknowledgements We want to express our gratitude to J. Akopian, Y. Anikster, R. Araya Villalobos, A. Avagyan, N. Bernhardt, M. Bönisch, V. Cecco, A. Contreras Toledo, D. Debouck, A. Esipov, H. Fielder, H. Fitzgerald, J. Hopkins, N. Hovhannisyan, C. Kägi, E. Kiviharju, K. Krommydas, E. Laguna, A. Manzi, L. Martino, A. Molina, M. Â. Pinheiro de Carvalho, M. Santo, A. Shehadeh, A. Singer, I. Thormann and J. Weibull for their valuable contributions to the showcases compiled in Annex I. We are grateful to A. Drucker and H. Gaisberger for their methodology recommendations, and to M. McNeill for the aid in searching information. We also thank De Hond, L. for her linguistic assistance, and K. Civic, J. Hawley, H. Ozpinar and N. Taş for their advice. Farmer’s Pride: Crop wild relative network showcases – analysis and best practices 2 Executive Summary A review and analysis of networks conserving crop wild relatives (CWR) in situ was undertaken to identify the attributes that have contributed to their success.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist Da Flora De Portugal (Continental, Açores E Madeira)
    Checklist da Flora de Portugal (Continental, Açores e Madeira). Coordenação: M. Menezes de Sequeira, D. Espírito-Santo, C. Aguiar, J. Capelo & J. Honrado Autores da Revisão (por ordem alfabética): António Maria Luis Crespi, DEBA, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, [email protected] António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, Departamento de Botânica - Universidade de Coimbra, [email protected] Carlos Aguiar, Departamento de Biologia e Biotecnologia, Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, Bragança, Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança [email protected] Carlos Neto, CBAA - Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura e Centro de Estudo Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, Ed. da Fac. Letras, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, [email protected] Carlos Pinto-Gomes, Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 – Évora, [email protected] Dalila Espírito Santo, CBAA - Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura e Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Inst. Sup. Agronomia, Lisboa, [email protected] Eduardo Dias, Universidade dos Açores - Campus de Angra do Heroísmo, Terra-Chã, 9701-851 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal, [email protected] João Almeida, Departamento de Botânica, faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra. Portugal. [email protected] João Honrado, CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos and Depto de Botânica da Faculdade de Ciências, Univ. do Porto. Edifício FC4, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, PT–4169-007 Porto, [email protected] Jorge Capelo, CBAA - Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura e USPF, L-INIA, INRB, I.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Protection 1991-11
    Nature Protection 1991-11 NATURE PROTECTION ACT, 1991 Principal Act Act. No. 1991-11 Commencement 9.5.1991 Assent 9.5.1991 Amending Relevant current Commencement enactments provisions date Act. 1992-08 ss. 5(1)(d)(e)(f), (4), 10(1) (d)(e)(f),(2),3(a) and (6) 9.7.1992 LN. 1995/118 ss. 2(1)(3A), 2A, 3(1)(d)(c), 5(1)(e)(ee), 17A to Z, 17AA, 17BB, 17CC, 17DD, 18(1) and Schs 4 to 7 1.9.1995 Act. 1997-15 Sch 5 10.4.1997 2001-23 s. 24A 12.7.2001 2005-41 ss. 2, 5(1)(e) and (ee), 17S, 17W, 17XA, 17Y, 23, Sch. 5, Sch. 7 and Sch. 8 14.7.2005 2007-12 ss. 2, 2A, 3(1)(bb), 17M, 17PA, 17RA, 17RB, 17T, 17U, 17V, 17VA, 17VB, 17VC, 17X, 17Y, 17Z, 17AB, 17EE, 17FF, 17GG, 17HH, 18(1)-(10), 20, 24, 24A, Schs. 4, 5, 7 & 9 30.4.2007* 2007-17 ss. 5(2), 10(4), 13(1), (2), (3) & (7), 17CC(3) & (4), 18(1), (2), (3), (4) & (6), 21(1) & (2), 24 14.6.2007 LN. 2008/026 Sch. 5 10.4.2008 Act. 2009-07 ss. 17PA(1), (1A) & (2), 17RA(1), (2) & (3), 17RB(1) & (2), 17T(1)(b)(i), 17U(5), 17VA(1), (2), (3) & (4), 17VB(1) 15.1.2009 LN. 2010/145 ss. 2(1), (3A), 3(1), 5(1) & (2), 6, 7A, 10, 12, 12A, 13(1)(g) & (h), (5) & (6A), 13A, 17DA , 17DB, 17E, 17G, 17H, 17P, 17PA, 17RA(1), 17XA(2)(a) & Sch.
    [Show full text]
  • LIFE and Endangered Plants: Conserving Europe's Threatened Flora
    L I F E I I I LIFE and endangered plants Conserving Europe’s threatened flora colours C/M/Y/K 32/49/79/21 European Commission Environment Directorate-General LIFE (“The Financial Instrument for the Environment”) is a programme launched by the European Commission and coordinated by the Environment Directorate-General (LIFE Unit - E.4). The contents of the publication “LIFE and endangered plants: Conserving Europe’s threatened flora” do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions of the European Union. Authors: João Pedro Silva (Technical expert), Justin Toland, Wendy Jones, Jon Eldridge, Edward Thorpe, Maylis Campbell, Eamon O’Hara (Astrale GEIE-AEIDL, Communications Team Coordinator). Managing Editor: Philip Owen, European Commission, Environment DG, LIFE Unit – BU-9, 02/1, 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels. LIFE Focus series coordination: Simon Goss (LIFE Communications Coordinator), Evelyne Jussiant (DG Environment Communications Coordinator). The following people also worked on this issue: Piotr Grzesikowski, Juan Pérez Lorenzo, Frank Vassen, Karin Zaunberger, Aixa Sopeña, Georgia Valaoras, Lubos Halada, Mikko Tira, Michele Lischi, Chloé Weeger, Katerina Raftopoulou. Production: Monique Braem. Graphic design: Daniel Renders, Anita Cortés (Astrale GEIE-AEIDL). Acknowledgements: Thanks to all LIFE project beneficiaries who contributed comments, photos and other useful material for this report. Photos: Unless otherwise specified; photos are from the respective projects. This issue of LIFE Focus is published in English with a print-run of 5,000 copies and is also available online. Attention version papier ajouter Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 Additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Linaria Ricardoi
    Report under the Article 17 of the Habitats Directive European Environment Period 2007-2012 Agency European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity Linaria ricardoi Annex II, IV Priority Yes Species group Vascular plants Regions Mediterranean The plant Linaria ricardoi is endemic to Portugal, Mediterranean region. This species is found in wheat and oat fields with little human intervention, in the undergrowth of olive tree plantations or on road sides. The IUCN Red List classifies the species as Near Threatened (NT). It is legally protected in Portugal. The previous conservation status was considered "Unknown" as data were not available, but later reevaluated as "Unfavourable Inadequate". The current conservation status is "Unfavourable Inadequate" due to poor assessment of future prospects. Trend stable. The species is threatened mostly by agricultural intensification, intensive grazing and use of biocides, hormones and chemicals. No changes in overall conservation status between 2001-06 and 2007-12 reports. Page 1 Species: Linaria ricardoi Report under the Article 17 of the Habitats Directive Assessment of conservation status at the European biogeographical level Conservation status (CS) of parameters Current Trend in % in Previous Reason for Region Future CS CS region CS change Range Population Habitat prospects MED XX XX FV U1 U1 = 100 U1 See the endnote for more informationi Assessment of conservation status at the Member State level Page 2 Species: Linaria ricardoi Report under the Article 17 of the Habitats Directive Assessment of conservation status at the Member State level The map shows both Conservation Status and distribution using a 10 km x 10 km grid. Conservation status is assessed at biogeographical level.
    [Show full text]
  • FARMING for NATURA 2000-Final Guidance
    Farming for Natura 2000 Guidance on how to support Natura 2000 farming systems to achieve conservation objectives, based on Member States good practice experiences Environment Farming for Natura 2000 Guidance on how to support Natura 2000 farming systems to achieve conservation objectives, based on Member States good practice experiences European Commission 2014 Reproduction authorised provided the source is acknowledged. All photos are under copyright. This document has been prepared for the European Commission by Concha Olmeda (Atecma/N2K GROUP), Clunie Keenleyside, Graham Tucker and Evelyn Underwood (IEEP) under contract N° 070307/2010/580710/SER/B3 Acknowledgements: Some N2K Group members provided helpful comments and contributions, especially: Miroslava Plassmann, Oliviero Spinelli, Marc Thauront and Daniela Zaghi. Kerstin Sundseth revised the final draft and provided useful comments and suggestions. We also thank the following experts at IEEP for their contributions: Christina Ieronymidou, Marianne Kettunen, Ceri Margerison, Andrew McConville and Caitlin McCormack. Guy Beaufoy (European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism) provided advice and important inputs. An ad-hoc group with participants from different Member States and relevant stakeholders provided expert advice for the development of the guidance, particularly on the policy measures. DG Agriculture and Rural Development has also contributed to this guidance document. Front cover: farming in Mala Fatra mountains, Slovakia, © istockphoto TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Protection 1991-11
    Nature Protection 1991-11 NATURE PROTECTION ACT, 1991 Principal Act Act. No. 1991-11 Commencement 9.5.1991 Assent 9.5.1991 Amending Relevant current Commencement enactments provisions date Act. 1992-08 ss. 5(1)(d)(e)(f), (4), 10(1) (d)(e)(f),(2),3(a) and (6) 9.7.1992 LN. 1995/118 ss. 2(1)(3A), 2A, 3(1)(d)(c), 5(1)(e)(ee), 17A to Z, 17AA, 17BB, 17CC, 17DD, 18(1) and Schs 4 to 7 1.9.1995 Act. 1997-15 Sch 5 10.4.1997 2001-23 s. 24A 12.7.2001 2005-41 ss. 2, 5(1)(e) and (ee), 17S, 17W, 17XA, 17Y, 23, Sch. 5, Sch. 7 and Sch. 8 14.7.2005 2007-12 ss. 2, 2A, 3(1)(bb), 17M, 17PA, 17RA, 17RB, 17T, 17U, 17V, 17VA, 17VB, 17VC, 17X, 17Y, 17Z, 17AB, 17EE, 17FF, 17GG, 17HH, 18(1)-(10), 20, 24, 24A, Schs. 4, 5, 7 & 9 30.4.2007* 2007-17 ss. 5(2), 10(4), 13(1), (2), (3) & (7), 17CC(3) & (4), 18(1), (2), (3), (4) & (6), 21(1) & (2), 24 14.6.2007 LN. 2008/026 Sch. 5 10.4.2008 Act. 2009-07 ss. 17PA(1), (1A) & (2), 17RA(1), (2) & (3), 17RB(1) & (2), 17T(1)(b)(i), 17U(5), 17VA(1), (2), (3) & (4), 17VB(1) 15.1.2009 LN. 2010/145 ss. 2(1), (3A), 3(1), 5(1) & (2), 6, 7A, 10, 12, 12A, 13(1)(g) & (h), (5) & (6A), 13A, 17DA , 17DB, 17E, 17G, 17H, 17P, 17PA, 17RA(1), 17XA(2)(a) & Sch.
    [Show full text]
  • European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P
    European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P. Kell, Nigel Maxted and Richard V. Lansdown European Red List of Vascular Plants Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P. Kell, Nigel Maxted and Richard V. Lansdown IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or IUCN. Citation: Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design and layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: Narcissus nevadensis is endemic to Spain where it has a very restricted distribution. The species is listed as Endangered and is threatened by modifications to watercourses and overgrazing. © Juan Enrique Gómez. All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, http://bookshop.europa.eu IUCN Publications Services, www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available.
    [Show full text]
  • Target Species - Species of European Concern
    Target Species - Species of European concern Commissioned by Sander van Opstal (Senior Policy Advisor Ecosystems and the Environment; Expertise Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality) Cover photo’s: Danube Crested Newt: B.I. Timofeev (© Pensoft Publishers), European Bison: G. Pohl, Isoplexis canariensis: J.H.J. Schaminée 2 Alterra-report 1119 Target species – Species of European concern A database driven selection of plant and animal species for the implementation of the Pan European Ecological Network Editors: W.A. Ozinga J.H.J. Schaminée Authors: W.A. Ozinga M. de Heer S.M. Hennekens A.J.F.M. van Opstal J.H.J. Schaminée H. Sierdsema N.A.C. Smits A.H.P. Stumpel Ch. van Swaay Alterra-report 1119 Alterra, Wageningen, 2005 ABSTRACT Ozinga, W.A. & Schaminée, J.H.J. (eds.). 2005. Target species – Species of European concern. A database driven selection of plant and animal species for the implementation of the Pan European Ecological Network. Wageningen, Alterra, Alterra-report 1119. 193 pages; 30 figs.; 18 tables; 134 refs. The concept of ecological networks is becoming increasingly important in both policies and practices of nature conservation throughout Europe. The establishment of the Pan Ecological European Network (PEEN) can be seen as one of the priority issues for nature conservation. For the establishment of such networks, it is essential to have adequate information on the threat status and distribution of plant and animal species throughout Europe. As there are thousands of plant and animal species, it is necessary to make a selection of species that are considered to be of specific conservation concern, so-called ‘target species’.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Biogeography of Snapdragons and Relatives
    SUPPORTING INFORMATION Out of the Mediterranean Region: worldwide biogeography of snapdragons and relatives (tribe Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) Juan Manuel Gorospe, David Monjas, Mario Fernández-Mazuecos Appendix S1. Supplementary text. Table S1. GenBank accession numbers for previously published and newly generated DNA sequences of Antirrhineae and the outgroup used in the present study. Table S2. Vouchers specimens for newly-sequenced taxa of Antirrhineae. Table S3. Distribution ranges of taxa used in biogeographic analyses. Table S4. Comparison of biogeographic models in BioGeoBEARS. Fig. S1. Dispersal probability matrices for each time slice and maps representing a schematic configuration of landmasses. Fig. S2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Antirrhineae based on analysis of ITS, ndhF and rpl32-trnL sequences in MrBayes. Fig. S3. Maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analysis in BEAST. Fig. S4. S-DIVA ancestral range estimation in RASP. Fig. S5. Ancestral range estimation under the DEC model in BioGeoBEARS (with dispersal scalars). Appendix S1. Supplementary text. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA sequencing DNA regions ITS, ndhF and rpl32-trnL were selected according to previous studies (Fernández-Mazuecos, Blanco-Pastor, Gómez, & Vargas, 2013; Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2019; Fernández-Mazuecos, Blanco-Pastor, & Vargas, 2013; Fernández-Mazuecos & Vargas, 2011; Ghebrehiwet, Bremer, & Thulin, 2000; Vargas, Rosselló, Oyama, & Güemes, 2004). DNA extractions were obtained using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, CA, USA). PCR amplification followed the methods of Fernández-Mazuecos, Blanco-Pastor, and Vargas (2013) for ITS and Fernández-Mazuecos and Vargas (2011) for rpl32-trnL. Amplified products were submitted to Macrogen Inc. (Macrogen Europe, Madrid, Spain) for Sanger sequencing using primers P1A and P4 for the ITS region (Sang, Crawford, & Stuessy, 1995; White, Bruns, Lee, & Taylor, 1990) and trnL(UAG) and rpl32F for the rpl32-trnL region (Shaw, Lickey, Schilling, & Small, 2007).
    [Show full text]