Auckland Museum PACIFIC PATHWAYS e ducation k it Te Papa Whakahiku

Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

YEARS 1 TO 10

© Auckland Museum 2000 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways contents

page

About this Resource 1 Booking Information 1 Introduction 2 Gallery Floorplans 3 Teacher Background 5 ·The People of the 5 ·Lapita and Early Stone Tools 9 ·Music and Dance 10 ·Pacific Food 13 ·Family and Gods 16 ·Power 19 ·Body Adornment 22 ·Canoes 24 ·Pacific 27 ·Textiles 28 ·Architecture 30 ·New Pacific 32 ·Pacific Island Profiles 36

Curriculum Links 41 Pre and Post- Visit Activities 43 Resources 44 Classroom Activity Sheets 45 Gallery Activity Sheets 58 Index to Pacific Island Groupings 76

ABOUT THIS RESOURCE: BOOKING INFORMATION: This resource has been designed to meet the All school visits to the museum must be booked. needs of Social Studies classes, Years 1 - 10. We advise booking 2-3 months in advance.

Numbers: 40 maximum (including adults) Adult child ratio: Y 1-4 1:6 Y 5-6 1:7 Y 7-8 1:10

Booking: Contact the Museum School Bookings Officer at: Private Bag 92018 Auckland Adult/child interaction is important to maximise your Phone: (09) 306 7040 museum experience. Group leaders need to have Fax: (09) 306 7075 some background knowledge of what the students are expected to cover and they are advised to par- Introductions and Hands-on Sessions (facilitated ticipate in the introduction on arrival. by Education Staff) are available. Please ask the School Bookings Officer for more information.

1 Contents Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku introduction Pacific Pathways

Greetings Ni Sa Bula Vinaka Kia Ora Maori English Kia Orana Namaste Malo e Lelei Fakaalofa Lahi Atu Hindi Ia Orana Aloha Fakatalofa Atu Tahiti Taloha Ni Mauri Mauri Mauri Taloha Ni Talofa Lava Halo Oloketa Tokelau Pidgin his Education Kit relates to the two ground floor galleries at the Auckland War Memorial Museum known individually as Pacific TMasterpieces and Pacific Lifeways, and collectively as Pacific Pathways. The curriculum focus for this kit is Social Studies in the Curriculum, Years 1- 10 and Technology in the New Zealand Curriculum, Years 1 -10. This Education Kit is specific to the themes explored in the Pacific Pathways galleries. It provides plenty of back- ground material, teaching ideas, classroom activities and gallery activities so that your visit to the Pacific Pathways galleries is well informed.

EDUCATION CENTRE MUSIC GALLERY

CITY

WILD CHILD

BB’S CAFE

PACIFIC LIFEWAYS

Ground Floor

SPECIAL EXHIBITION HALLS I & II

PACIFIC DIRECTORS GALLERY MASTERPIECES

MAORI TREASURES

MUSEUM STORE

Introduction 2 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways gallery floorplans PACIFIC MASTERPIECES This gallery invites you to enjoy and appreciate the artistry in a wide range of artefacts made and used by the peoples of the Pacific Islands in an art gallery context. Whether made for every- day use, for special occasions, or to honour gods and ancestors, many Pacific artefacts are care- fully designed in both form and decoration, even the most functional of objects. Not all are intend- ed to be beautiful; indeed some are designed to intimidate or to terrify their viewers with the power of the supernatural. In this context the artefacts are intended to be appreciated for their aesthetic value. Many similar artefacts can be seen in their cultural context in the Pacific Lifeways gallery opposite. A video interactive at the entrance of the gallery provides photographs and captions which put the objects in their cultur- al context.

Mats, Bags and Bilums Slit Gong Masks Tapa Cloths Tapa Masks

Baskets suspended above

Red Feather Cloak Fly Whisks

Ancestors and Gods Figurines Wooden Bowls Paddles Dance Items

Canoes Architecture

Food Knives and Pudding Pounders ENTRANCE Head Rests Tikopian Canoe Loincloths Beaded ,

and Stone Items Combs and Featherwork

Gope. Kwoi and Hohao Boards Gourds, Spatulas and Food Pounders Computer Interactives Spears Clubs

Shields Shields Jewellery/Seed and Shell Ornaments Shields and Barkbelts

TO MAORI GALLERIES

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Pacific Pathways

PACIFIC LIFEWAYS Throughout the widespread islands of the Pacific, the people have developed a wide diversity of cultures. From the high mountain valleys of to the glaring low coral atolls of and , this diversity is expressed in language, song, dance, mythology, religion, family organisation, costume, architec- ture, canoes, and village life. Many of these cul- tures were in frequent contact with each other, sharing their ideas through exchange networks, trade, warfare and marriage. Underlying this diversity, there is a basic unity of pacific cultures that distinguish them from other cultures of the world. The gallery celebrates this rich diversity and unity through an experience of various Pacific lifeways, with some concentration on those cultures represented in the Pacific Island commu- nities of Auckland. A video interactive is at the entrance of the gallery.

Nuie New Guinea Cook Islands Kiribati Samoa Highlands Polynesian outliers

Pre history and Navigation

ENTRANCE Kawe Fiji Map of the Pacific Fijian Sailing Canoe Computer Interactives Pacific Trade

Power

Family Tonga Music and dance Pacific Food and Gods

New Pacific

TO MAORI GALLERIES

Teacher Background 4 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways teacher background THE PEOPLE OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN he Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the world's four oceans, covering an area of 165 million square kilometres, which Tis larger than the entire land surface of the globe. 'Pacific' means peaceful. The ocean was named by the Portugese nav- igator Ferdinand Magellan in 1520.

The people of the Pacific Ocean have come to be mountains and river valleys in grouped into three main groups: Melanesian, to low coral atolls. The islands of Fiji are on the Micronesian and Polynesian. border of and Polynesia and tend to reflect elements of both cultural groupings. MELANESIA (THE 'BLACK ISLANDS') Papua New Guinea, , New There are some common religious beliefs shared Caledonia, , Fiji (bordering Melanesia and by Melanesian countries, and some common prac- Polynesia ) tices in terms of village leadership and accumu- lation of wealth. Melanesia is an utterly diverse area. The cultures, languages and even physical appearances of the It is the area with the largest population - 4.6 mil- people vary greatly. The climate is warm and lion (1986). Papua New Guinea makes up humid most of the year, with a high rainfall fos- approximately three-quarters of this population. tering lush vegetation. The terrain varies from

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Belief in the spirit world is common in all Trading networks of shell necklaces and bracelets Melanesia. Spirits of important ancestors, are operate in Melanesia. This shell currency is also part of the social group. Spirits are offered gifts a sign of wealth. at special celebrations such as birth, initiation, marriage and death. Masks feature during some Betel-chewing is a Melanesian custom ( it is also of these celebrations. They are used to represent common in East across to South , ancestors or spirits, or merely to produce a sense and the ). It is a mild stimu- of awe. lant which reduces hunger and produces feelings of well-being. In Melanesia, leaders achieved their positions by force of character or special skills in economic MICRONESIA (THE 'SMALL ISLANDS') management or warfare. Village leadership , Northern , Belau stemmed from the men's houses. This is where () Islands, , Kiribati (border- masks and ritual items are stored, and where ini- ing Micronesia and Polynesia), Nauru, , tiated men sleep, eat, talk, and make decisions Federated States of Micronesia. about the community. Women are excluded. Micronesia is made up of approximately 2,500 Pigs are a symbol of wealth in Melanesia. Pigs islands, scattered over an area larger than the are often fed with food chewed by the wives of USA. Some are just small, flat specks that disap- big men. A man intent on increasing his prestige pear and reappear with the tides; some are still will take more than one wife so that he can rear growing, through coral build-up and volcanic more pigs. Having many wives is a sign of flows; and most are uninhabited. Most of these wealth. islands lie north of the equator, and are most commonly low-lying coral atolls. Parts of

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Micronesia are thought to have been settled by Polynesia is the most cohesive of the three areas migrants from South East Asia as early as 2,000 in terms of culture. Before European contact most BC. Temperatures in Micronesia range from 21 to of Polynesia had a variable economy - this means 32 degrees C. they cultivated root and tree crops and at the same time were hunters and fishermen. Usually There is considerable diversity within the there was a seasonal cycle of activities. Micronesian . Beliefs vary from one area to another, gods are local and are worshipped in Myths about the gods Rangi and Papa and their different ways. Each area has its own origin sto- children, such as Tane and Tangaroa, are shared ries. by the islands of Polynesia. Deities presided over different aspects of life. Maui, the half man, half The ocean is vital to life in Micronesia. Seafood god is also a common mythical character. is a very important food resource. Goods such as woven mats are traded between islands. Tribal systems operate in some parts of Polynesia. Tribal groups have ceremonial centres Small atolls are generally short of resources such and marae. The chief's house was generally the as trees, fresh water and stone. largest and most highly decorated.

Some anthropologists believe that the shortage Art forms in Polynesia were made to communicate of raw materials in Micronesia has led to a focus and increase the mana of the possessor (family or on performance and beautifying practical tribe). Art often illustrated the story of the world, objects such as bowls, canoes, mats and houses, in or a particular god or ancestor. For example a preference to 'resource-hungry' art forms. planting stick may be embellished with the sym- bol of the god of agriculture. The prominent arts in Micronesia are poetry, music and dance, architecture, loom-woven tex- Mana and tapu are also important concepts com- tiles, tattooing, shell ornaments and fans, dance mon in all Polynesia. Some objects or places could paddles and beautiful household objects such as be very sacred or 'tapu', to the point of being wooden bowls. dangerous.

POLYNESIA (THE 'MANY ISLANDS') Leadership in Polynesia depended on inherited Hawaii, New Zealand, , Tuvalu, Niue, status, which sometimes extended to women hold- Tokelau, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, , ing high positions. Cook Islands, , Pitcairn Island. drinking is a common Polynesian custom. It is developed out of ancestral made from the roots of a plant belonging to the . The Lapita people were the first pepper family. settlers in the Tonga/Samoa area, arriving there about 3,200 years ago. Allowing for changes POLYNESIAN OUTLIERS over time, such features as related languages, A string of small, remote islands along the mar- similar tools, ornaments, and fishhook forms show gins of Melanesia as far as the Caroline Islands that the various groups of Polynesian people were settled by groups of moving have diverged from this common origin. back into the west. They are islands which lie out- side the geographical boundary of Polynesia yet The region has a population of approximately are Polynesian in culture. Because these islands 510,000. are isolated, traditional religion and other cus-

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Pacific Pathways toms have often survived longer than in Polynesia proper. Some customs have also been adopt- ed from nearby Melanesian islands, such as betel chewing.

Polynesian out- liers islands are: Papua New Guinea: Nukuria, Takuu, Nukumanu Caroline Islands: Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi. High Island terrain. Solomon Islands: Bellona, Rennell, Luangiua, Sikaiana, Pileni, , Anuta, Tikopia. Intermediate Islands. Examples include Espiritu Vanuatu: Emae, Mele Fila, Aniwa, West Futuna, Santo, Efate and Tanna (Vanuatu). West Uvea. These are volcanic islands with raised barrier TYPES OF ISLAND reefs and limestone formations. There are three types of islands in the Pacific : Atolls, High (Volcanic) Islands and Intermediate Islands.

Atolls. Many examples can be found in the islands that make up Micronesia.

These are ring-shaped coral islands, or a coral reef consisting of several smaller islands which surround a central lagoon. There are some 400 atolls in the world, most of which are in the Pacific.

High Islands. Examples include the Papua New Guinea mainland, Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, Viti Levu (Fiji).

These volcanic islands have jagged profiles, deep-gorge like valleys and cascading water- falls.

The formation of an atoll.

Teacher Background 8 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways LAPITA AND EARLY STONE TOOLS ANCIENT PACIFIC ARTEFACTS tone mortars, pestles, club heads and figurines are found in the ground throughout the central highlands of mainland New SGuinea, the larger islands of the , and Bougainville. Archaeological evidence dates the mortars and pestles to 4-5,000 years ago. They may have been used for crushing nuts or other food or preparing materials for ritual purposes. The present people who find them know nothing about their origin and treat them as spirit stones.

EARLY STONE TOOLS Flaked and unpolished stone cutting tools up to 30,000 years old have been found in several archaeological sites in mainland Papuan New Guinea and the nearby large islands.

LAPITA POTTERY Pottery, plain and decorated with anthropomoph- ic and repeated patterns, has been found in coastal and offshore island sites from the Bismarck Archipelago in Papua New Guinea eastward for 5,000 kilometres to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. This pottery and the people who made it have been called Lapita after a key site in New Two examples of Lapita pottery motifs found in Caledonia. First developed in the Bismarck the Reef Islands, dating 1000 BC. Archipelago about 3,500 years ago, Lapita pot- tery was carried by canoe voyagers very quickly through island Melanesia, reaching Tonga and Samoa within 500 years. Micronesian culture also has a strong Lapita ancestry. The Lapita people are thought to have been the original set- tlers of the Western Pacific. Pottery bird head found in Santa Cruz, dated Further Reading: 1300 BC. Kirch, Patrick, 1997 The Lapita Peoples, Ancestors of the Oceanic World

Lapita pot.

9 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways MUSIC AND DANCE n the Pacific, village history was passed on in songs, stories and dance. In Polynesia, dancing is closely linked to song. Dancers first Ilearn a song, which they then sing while they learn the dance move- ments. The focus of movement is always on the upper body. The arms and hands move the most and tell the stories. In Tahiti the word for dance is aparima, meaning 'hand mime.' Drums, slit-gongs, rattles and other percussion instruments are the most frequent accompaniment to dance. In Melanesia, masked dancers move according to the charac- ter and personality of the spirit invoked by the mask.

DANCE COSTUMES AND ORNAMENTS Lakalaka (Tonga) For rituals, ceremonies and festive occasions, the The most important formal dance in Tonga. Often participants and audience often wear special involves over 100 dancers. Spectators decorate clothing and ornaments. Some of these are their favourite dancers with tokens of affection, exchange valuables and family heirlooms, others such as cloth or money. oil is rubbed on are ephemeral constructions made especially for the dancers' bodies before the dance to make the occasion. Usually, natural materials such as them appear more attractive. leaves are used to make costumes, but modern materials, like plastic, are used. Hiko (Tonga) This dance came from the old game of juggling. In Samoa performers smear malala (charcoal It is performed by women who juggle the fruit of from the umu) on their cheeks. In New Zealand, the kola ( a citrus fruit, similar to a lime ). Singing Samoan dancers use lipstick instead of charcoal helps the dancers keep the beat. to decorate their cheeks. Urapa'u (Cook Islands) DANCE ITEMS This is a very fast drum dance performed for the To add emphasis to their dance movements, many entertainment of visitors. The bodice is made Pacific peoples carry objects from daily life or from coconut shells and the skirt is bleached make lighter versions especially for this purpose. coconut leaves. The shells of the pupu snail are threaded on string to decorate the costumes. EXAMPLES OF DANCES FROM THE PACIFIC Sasã (Samoa) Mor Dance at Pig Festival, Melpa Peoples A group action dance done to the sounds of a (Papua New Guinea) furiously beaten drum. Involves very quick steps, The aim of these dances is to dazzle rivals with fast running in which the heels touch the buttocks, the display. Melpa men spend much time and sudden changes in direction. Movements are preparing themselves for a dance. They put on called by a leader. A comedian dances at the feathers, shells, leaves and grasses, face paint, side of the group. He is allowed to take centre charcoal, wigs, belts and aprons. The dancing stage from time to time and often his dance can can go on for hours at a time, and the wives of be quite outrageous. Comedians are a frequent the men bring them water and small pieces of feature of much Pacific dance and performance. food to help keep them going.

Siva (Samoa) The siva is a graceful dance, less prescribed than the sasa. The siva can be danced anywhere, and can be performed as a solo or by a group.

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MASKS Melanesian cultures created a huge variety of Different Baining dialect groups make a wide masks, in contrast to very few in Micronesia and variety of bark cloth masks for day and night virtually none in Polynesia. Masks allow their dances. The examples below are suspended wearer to embody the spirits of the dead or from the ceiling in Pacific Masterpieces and in the other super-natural beings, bringing them into the body adornment area of Treasures & Tales affairs of this world. Discovery Centre.

Masks were not used Baining Tapa Mask in traditional This mask is incred- Polynesian cultures, ibly light, and is but in late nineteenth worn during cere- century Mangaia, monial dances at (Cook Islands) a full moon. unique set of tapa The wearer of the cloth mask forms sud- mask conjures up denly appeared in spirits of the tribal tableaus and pag- ancestors whilst a eants. They may have male choir sings been inspired by the and chants a experiences of Cook rhythm. Island missionaries among the masking Oggeroggeruk cultures of Papua Mask New Guinea. The men wearing these masks hold Tamate Dancing Masks long sticks The Auckland Museum attached to the has a set of three mask to stop it very rare, full-body from toppling Tamate dancing over. About 8,000 masks, from Santa Baining people Cruz. The biggest live in mountainous one is the mother fig- forest areas of the ure, the two others Gazelle Peninsular Marada dance mask from , Papua New Guinea. with matching pink away from the and blue faces are coast, where they her sons. They dance together in a serious way, still maintain their complex series of daytime and and when she makes an entrance, she plays a night time masked dances associated with initia- comical role. Masks like these are used during tion and harvest festivals. celebrations, for example at initiation or coming of age ceremonies. These are on display in Further Reading: Treasures and Tales Discovery Centre, on the First Lincoln, Louise Assemblage of Spirits Floor.

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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS In Melanesia, musical sound is created by a wide variety of musical instruments and may be used to increase magical power, to represent the voice of ancestors, to send signals or to enter- tain. In Polynesia and Micronesia, vocal music is more prominent, some- times accompanied by instruments. Some of the instruments on display in Pacific Pathways include pan pipes, Jew's harps, mouth bow, flutes, rattles, drums, slit gongs. Slit Drums Slit drums are also known as slit gongs and gara- mut (pidgin).

Slit drums from Fiji, Vanuatu and Rarotonga can be found in the Pacific Pathways Galleries. Slit drums from Vanuatu can be found in Treasures & Tales. Vertical slit drums are unique to Vanuatu; other Pacific cultures use horizontal slit drums.

These drums are used to accompany ceremonial dances and for sending messages over long dis- tances. Every man of importance has a signature code which identifies the sender.

Traditionally they were made from the trunk of a tree. The wood was first softened with white-hot stones, and then hollowed out using - shell bladed adzes.

The right hand is used to beat the drum. The left- hand wall of the drum is the thicker wall, designed to thrust the sound out of the slit. Horizontal slit drums are turned with the slit fac- Standing almost vertical with its base sunk into the earth, this ing a seated player, who strikes the upper lip. drum was one of a group standing on the village dance Groups of slit drums were played as orchestras. ground.

Teacher Background 12 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways PACIFIC FOOD hile many foods are gathered from the forest, gardening and fishing are the main sources of food in the Pacific. In Wgardening, men do the heavy work of bush clearing, soil- breaking and most planting, while women do the weeding and gath- ering of crops. Yams, , kumara and are the usual sta- ples. Some foods are stored before preparation, others are processed first. Men and women cook together using an earth oven or an open fire. Collecting of seafood at low tide is usually done by women and children. Often the whole community is involved in net fishing. Spears, hooks and traps are used to catch fish. All major food, plants and animals (coconut, taro, · Shark catching tackles are used in the Santa Cruz , banana, breadfruit, pig, dog, ) Islands, part of the Solomon Islands. The coconut were introduced intentionally by early migrants. shell rattler is shaken underwater imitating a school Truly indigenous plants include some fibre-pro- of fish to attract sharks. A noose is places over the ducing plants, nuts and fruits. shark's head, which is in turn attached to the float. The float adds drag to slow the shark down.

Many types of seafood are eaten including giant clam, octopus, trocus, sea cucumbers, sea urchins and many varieties of fish caught in lagoon and reef, outer reef, deep bottom and outer ocean.

Hunting Spears, arrows and a variety of traps are used by men for hunting land and sea animals ranging from crocodiles, turtles, dugong, cassowaries, Fishing marsupials, and wild pigs down to the smallest Many communities of the Pacific are dependent birds and mammals. For most Pacific peoples, on the sea for food. A diverse range of fishing hunting provides an addition to a diet depending methods are used. For example: much more on agriculture and fishing. · Large fish are often noosed in New Ireland. · Kites trailing cobweb lures and thorny legs of PREPARATION AND SERVING OF FOOD insects are used as hooks in areas of Papua New Baskets Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Throughout the Pacific, coconut leaf baskets made · In Niue, dusk is the time to catch small mackerel from fresh green leaves are the most common util- or ulihega outside the reef with fresh coconut on a itarian containers. Men, women and young chil- fine hook. These are used for bait the following dren plait them rapidly on the spot to carry a morning to hook bottom fish in deeper water such multitude of objects, ranging from fish to coconuts as coral cod, flower snapper, lunar tailed cod, tuna and garden produce. and kingfish.

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Bowls coconut flesh is a common ingredient in many Wooden bowls were used widely in the Pacific dishes in all areas of the Pacific. The flesh of the for food preparation and the serving of food, nut is grated against a shell or nowadays a metal both for everyday meals and for ritual occasions. rasp set in the end of a low stool. A coconut grat- Other bowls were used for various domestic ing stool is on display in Pacific Lifeways. Then the processes such as the dyeing of fibres. grated flesh is squeezed in coconut fibre bundles to extract the cream. Nothing is wasted as the Food knives and Nalot pudding pounders dry gratings are fed to pigs and chickens while In Northern Vanuatu, carved wooden food knives the shells become fuel for cooking fires. were used in the preparation and serving of var- ious foods. Nalot puddings of cooked and Yams pounded taro, yam, banana or manioc had to be Yams are an important food crop as well as a pounded during preparation and this was usual- symbol of economic and spiritual importance in ly done by men. The particular designs on the parts of Melanesia. For example, in the Trobiand handles of these knives and pounders are closely Islands, the growing of yams is a great art and linked to the status of their owner in the local involves a great deal of care and magic. Every men's grade society. village has a towasi, a master garden magician, and that role is passed from father to son. Further Reading: Bonnemaison, Joel, 1996 Arts of Vanuatu, Yams are planted early in the morning. The spe- Crawford House, France. cial ones are placed in special parts of the gar- den and the gardener talks to the young yams Pottery and the earth as he plants them. Small children The manufacture of pottery is restricted to certain learn to plant yams as soon as they are able. villages and in the Pacific. These include See Architecture: yam houses Fiji, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Pottery is mostly made by women but sometimes men add Breadfruit the decoration. From these places of manufac- Breadfruit is about the size of a small melon and ture, pottery is often traded to other areas, some- has a rough rind and a white, mealy pulp. The times over very long distances. Most Pacific pot- pulp when baked is somewhat sweet, with a soft tery is now made for the tourist trade which has texture. The pulp may also be dried and ground helped in the survival of this craft. to make biscuits, bread, and puddings.

COMMON Breadfruit is FOODS OF THE made into a fer- PACIFIC mented pudding called masi by Coconut pounding the fruit The meat of in wooden bowls. coconuts, either The pudding is raw or prepared, then wrapped in is an important leaves and stored food in the Pacific underground in Islands. Coconut pits. Here it fer- cream expressed ments but will last from grated for a long time Coconut palm. Breadfruit.

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provided it is occasionally rewrapped in fresh leaves. Masi serves as an emergency food in times of famine but is also enjoyed as a luxury dish which sometimes means that the famine sup- plies are depleted. Many Pacific peoples used masi in the past but its use only survives now in more isolated communities.

Taro Taro is a root crop containing 50 per cent starch. It must be cooked before eating to eliminate a poisonous substance, calcium oxalate. Taro is native to South-East Asia, but its cultivation spread to the Pacific Islands 1,000 years ago. Betel nut. , the national dish of Hawaii, is made from boiled taro (kalo in Hawaii) that is pounded, then fermented to form a sticky, edible paste. Swamp taro has been introduced on atolls. Because there is little water on an atoll, the people are forced consists of "betel nut" ( actually the seed of the to dig huge pits, three metres into the raw coral areca palm ), the fruit or leaf of the betel plant, rock, to find the natural water table that would and burnt coral lime which is conveyed to the support the taro. mouth by a lime spatula. People from East Africa across South Asia to Indonesia and the Pigs Philippines, reaching to New Guinea and the Throughout the highlands of New Guinea, pigs northern Solomon Islands chew this mixture. are a major component of the economy and have Reflecting the central importance of betel in New high symbolic importance as a sign of wealth and Guinea and the Solomons, many utensils involved success. At periodic exchange festivals, pigs are have become works of art. killed and the meet exchanged over long dis- tances. In Tongan custom, suckling pigs play an Further Reading: important role in celebratory feasts. Beran, H 1988 Betel Chewing Equipment of East New Guinea Shire Publications, UK. Betel-Chewing Cox, P and Banak, S (Eds) 1991 Islands, Plants Betel is a mild stimulant which reduces hunger and Polynesians, An Introduction to Polynesian and produces feelings of well-being. The chew Ethnobotany, Dioscorides Press, Portland. Pollock, N. The Roots Remain.

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Pacific Pathways FAMILY AND GODS BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD irthing is almost exclusively a women's affair, sometimes alone or attended by midwives. In Melanesia, mothers carry their babies Bin woven bags called bilums. Male children enjoy great freedom but much of their play related to later male duties of hunting, fishing and warfare. Young girls are given child-minding and domestic duties very early.

Objects related to birth and childhood found in Objects related to Initiation on display in the the Pacific Lifeways: Pacific Lifeways Gallery: Mat for baby, Bilum bag for carrying baby, Kite, Upi, initiate's hat, Inititation bilum bag, chis- Child's feather headdress, Toy bird, Stone top, el, Tattoo mallet, Initiation mask, Sacred flute, Plaited Ball, Spinning Top, Humming Top, Toy Basket for virgin's hair, Yam mask, Bull roarer, arrow. Ritual Pig-killing club, Tusked pig jaw, Ulawa boni- to canoe. Initiation In much of Melanesia, young men are initiated Marriages into the secrets of special male knowledge about Marriages may be arranged or based on mutual ancestors and their rituals. Initiated men can use attraction. Some Pacific societies have very sim- the men's clubhouse and may join secret societies ple marriage customs. All Pacific marriages are such as the Ingiet in . In central and regarded as alliances between groups of fami- northern Vanuatu, initiation has been extended lies rather than the joining of two individuals. into a complex system of grades through which men advance in rank by acquiring knowledge Bride Wealth and wealth in pigs. In most parts of New Guinea, a single man wish- ing to obtain a wife must provide the woman's Bonito Initiation family with a negotiated 'bride-wealth,' which Bonito (a type of tuna) are regarded as sacred traditionally may have consisted primarily of fish in the Solomon Islands. As part of their initi- plumes, shells, cassowaries, pigs and ation into manhood, young boys who h a v e some other goods, but now increasingly been secluded in the canoe involves cash and other assets. house are taken to sea in a bonito canoe to Gift Exchange catch their first bonito. Gifts are given to Back at the village, a important guests in feast is given in their honour Polynesian marriages. The mar- and they parade dressed in shell valu- ables riages of high-status couples are very on a platform decorated with figures of sharks, elaborate ceremonies involving huge exchanges bonito and seabirds. These boys are now called of valuables and other goods. Families earn malaohu and can take their place among the men respect by the size of the gifts they give. of the village.

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Beaded Loincloths The elements and patterns belonged to the For her marriage ceremony, a bride in Manus, dreamer, unless they sold the right to someone part of the Admiralty Island group in Papua New else, like copyright. Coloured paint and other Guinea, wore an elaborate apron of shell beads. materials were used to decorate the carving as When her child was one month old and was pre- well. sented to her husband at the men's ceremonial house, the mother wore a special apron of bark- The artist did his work in the courtyard of the cloth decorated with seeds and shell beads. men's house, which was usually in the centre of the village, but the artist and his work was hidden Objects related to marriage on display in Pacific from the people until the unveiling. Lifeways Gallery: Woman's hood, Wedding bilum bag, Belt worn at At the final ceremonies, guests were given gifts, a marriage, Betrothal ornament, Dance ornament to lavish feast, and there were performances of attract girls, Bride-price , Women's hip orna- music and dances by women and masked men. ment, Women's marriage apron. No mention was made of the deceased until the climax, when the sculpture was unveiled. Death and Mourning Life expectancy was very low in the old Pacific. When the was over the dance masks Elders were respected and cared for until the were stored away and the sculptures were end. Death from famine, illness, raiding and war- burned or put out in the bush to decay. Their fare often took people of all ages. The ghosts moment of use was past. and spirits of the recently dead had to be treat- ed carefully and sent on their way to the after- These ceremonies quickly became the target of life, to ensure that they did not harm the living. colonial governments and missionaries. Many Periods of mourning often lasted months or years, sculptures were gathered and sent off to over- especially for widows. museums. Around the turn of the century, sculptors were making pieces to sell as European Malagan Ceremonies curios. By the mid-twentieth century, Christianity In the northern part of New Ireland, in the had largely replaced traditional religious prac- Bismark Archipelago, part of Papua New tices, and very little sculpture was being made. Guinea, social life and thought was dominated Recently there has been a revival of interest - in by an elaborate cycle of ceremonies known as carving techniques and the iconography of mala- malagan, held to honour ancestors and the gan sculpture. Pieces are made to sell at the local recently deceased. When someone died, family art market and malagan ceremonies are also and friends mourned intensely and after brief enjoying a revival. ceremonial display, the body was buried, cre- mated or put out to sea in an old canoe. But a Malagan friezes and masks are on display in death was not finished until the malagan cycle Pacific Masterpieces and Pacific Lifeways. was completed, and these events sometimes Mourning Objects on display in Lifeways gallery: required months or even years to arrange. Masks, Widow's cap, Funerary figures, Widow's mourning dress, Clam shell plaque Malagan organizers hired the best artists they could afford to make the carvings symbolising Further Reading: the deceased and their family. They also bought Lincoln, Louise 1987 Assemblage of Spirits: Idea the rights to use certain images in the carving. and Image in New Ireland. George Braziller, New Malagan images generally originated in dreams. York.

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Ancestors and Religion Ancestors are revered throughout the Pacific. Many Polynesian peoples trace their descent directly back through their ancestors to the gods. In Melanesia, genealogy is less impor- tant but ancestors are an important element of the supernatural world, along with gods, ghosts and other spirit-beings. Religious rituals enable the living to communicate with the spirits, to con- trol their power and seek their help.

Kawe The wooden statue at the entrance of the Pacific Lifeways gallery is of the goddess Kawe de Hine Ali'gi, from Nukuoro. Nukuoro is a Polynesian outlier atoll in the Caroline Islands. She stands 2.2 metres tall and was carved in the early 19th century. The people are basical- ly matrilineal (descent being traced through the female rather than the male line). The impor- tance of women is reflected in this carving and similar carvings, of which about a dozen exist. Most are considerably smaller, however. Kawe stood in an amalau or godhouse.

Charms Charms are worn, carried or deposited in spe- cial places to convey and control the powers of the supernatural world. They are used in magic to increase personal wealth, to ensure success in hunting, to protect the wearer from sickness and bad magic, or to make the wearer attractive to the opposite sex. Kawe.

Teacher Background 18 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways POWER CURRENCY eeth, feathers, pigs' tails, stone beads, mats, flying fox fur, shell rings and beads, and glass trade beads since European contact, Twere all incorporated into recognised forms of currency in some areas of Micronesia and in many cultures of Melanesia. The manu- facture of currency often required the import of rare materials and was usually labour intensive. Some currencies were limited to specific transactions such as bride price but others could be used for general purchases. Examples include Santa Cruz feather money and stone money. LEADERSHIP Decision Making Leaders often carried or wore special items as a In Samoa, the fono (council) decide on matters symbol of their authority. The handle of a chiefly relating to the village. Fa'a Samoa (the Samoan feather staff was made either from wood, turtle way) a system of rules and traditions governing shell, bone or ivory, or sometimes human bone to Samoan life guide their decisions. Each aiga honour the deceased. A variety of feathers were (extended family) is presided over by an elected used at the top of the staff. chief or matai who has a place in the fono. Tulafale, talk- ing chiefs and orators, offi- Other examples of ornaments worn by leaders ciate at formal ceremonies that can be found in Lifeways and Masterpieces identified by their attributes gallery: of to'oto'o staff, red pan- · Hawaii: Helmet, Whale's tooth pendant, feather danus seed ula necklace standard (kahili), feather cloak and flywhisk over shoulder. · : Crown, Fan, Staff · Solomon Islands: Executioner's baton, Clam shell ring · : Flywhisk of high-ranking person · Fiji: Breastplate, Whale's tooth (tabua)

Feather Cloaks • Hawaii • Ahu'ula In Hawaii, feather capes, cloaks and helmets belonged to chiefs and were worn on ceremonial occasions and in battle. Red was the colour asso- ciated with gods and chiefs throughout Polynesia. Hawaiian cloaks were made from red and yellow feathers. Yellow feathers came from birds called 'o'o and mamo. The red from 'i'iwi and apapane. One famous cloak belonging to Kamehameha, King of Hawaii required half a million feathers from perhaps 80,000 birds. There is an ahu'ula on display in Pacific Masterpieces. The feathers of these native Hawain birds were used to make this chief’s cloak and helmet.

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In Niue the elders of each extended family hold main causes. In some societies of the Solomon speaking rights in local decision-making. Islands and New Guinea, ritualised head-hunting was part of the initiation process for young men. In Kiribati, issues of In Melanesia, men social, economic dressed in their and political best ornaments and importance are decorated their discussed and bodies as part of decided by the an emphasis on leaders gathered physical aggression in large village and the flamboyant meeting houses display of power. called maneaba. Woven body armour was worn Tongan society is by 'big-men' of the stratified into roy- Western New alty, nobles and Guinea highlands commoners. Those and in Kiribati. of lower rank are expected to show Perhaps more than great respect to any other Pacific their superiors. nation, Fiji devel- oped an amazing Big-Men of the range of fearsome New Guinea and efficient Highlands weapons of war, Trade in pigs, salt, especially fighting tobacco, adze clubs, throwing blades and shells clubs, bows and was managed by arrows and spears. 'big-men' who Remains of exten- achieved status by sive earthwork for- their economic Ramu River Shield. This painted tifications dating management skills and other attributes. 'Big-men' wooden shield was made around back over 800 could also consolidate their leadership in fre- 1880 in Motu Motu village, Port years are evidence quent fighting between clans over land claims, Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The of large-scale design represents an abstracted marriage payments and 'payback' killings. In human face and arms. organised warfare. western areas, prominent men wore woven body armour. Objects on display in Pacific Lifeways related to Warfare: Warfare Shields, Body Armour, Spears, Clubs, Axes, Arrows, Armed conflict in Pacific societies consisted of Bows, Daggers -Bone// Stingray small scale skirmishes and ambushes. Large set- barb/Shark-tooth, Knuckleduster, Skull carrier, piece battles were rare and even then casualties Beheading knife, Sling stones, sling and carrying were limited. Revenge for various insults, dynas- bag, Spear thrower, War Trumpets, War Charms tic quarrels and arguments over land were the

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Armour On display in the entrance of Treasures & Tales Made in Kiribati, this set of armour protects the wearer during fights and warfare. The armour is made from coconut matting. The outer husks of the coconuts were soaked in sea-water, pounded then knotted. The black diamond shaped pat- terns were made by incorporating human hair. Along with a suit of armour, there is a helmet made of a puffer fish and a sword edged with shark teeth.

Clubs. Shields Shields are used to deflect spears, arrows and missiles. Motifs are applied to shields for various reasons. Some represent mythical ancestors who, it is hoped, will assist in the protection and guid- ance of the carrier, while other motifs are used to frighten the enemy. Shields were painted with clan emblems, and recently, with modern adver- tising and political signs. For some New Guinea peoples, the bold designs and striking colours of their shields are a measure of the power of their owners.

Spears Spears designed for fighting occur almost every- where across the Pacific. Their points and barbs may be made from volcanic glass, bone, stingray barbs or elaborately carved wood, and they are often decorated with shells, feathers and paint for ceremonial occasions. Some are made for thrusting, others usually lighter, are for throwing. Hunting and fishing spears are generally more simple with minimal decoration.

Clubs Clubs were a very personal weapon, shaped or chosen by each individual to meet his stature and social importance.

Kiribati warrior.

21 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways BODY ADORNMENT acific peoples employ a huge range of materials from their envi- ronment to decorate their bodies. Some are permanent such as Pshells, feathers, teeth, tusks, seeds, turtle shell, and hair. However, much Pacific personal decoration consists of ephemeral art such as body painting and elaborate constructions of feathers, flowers and leaves. Face and body tattoo is another distinctive personal ornament for many Pacific peoples. For making jewellery and body ornament, the I-Kiribati had to work with a limited range of materials from their atoll environment, mainly pandanus leaves, coconut shell, porpoise teeth, hair, and since European contact, glass beads.

Here are some examples found in the Pacific Pathways galleries:

Haircombs In Vanuatu, haircombs, like flowers, were tradi- tionally worn by men. The largest bamboo combs were those worn by Big Nambas males in north- west Malakula, Vanuatu, who continued to wear these on the high plateau in that area well into the 1970s. In the , Micronesia, combs were used both for local use and for trad- ing to visiting Europeans.

Bilum Bags Throughout most of New Guinea and into the northern Solomon Islands, the most common equipment for carrying heavy loads is a string bag, worn by women with it's handle across her forehead. Usually called bilum in pidgin, the bag is made of plant fibre that has been rolled on the thigh, then netted into an open flexible weave. Men often carry smaller bilums, worn across the shoulder.

Extra Reading: Baker, S. 1985 Make your own bilum. Boolarong Publications, Brisbane.

Pendants, Necklaces and Bracelets In Papua New Guinea, men wear jewellery and decora- In Fiji, ivory from the sperm whale and pearl shell tion to show their status and power.

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discs are worn as pendants and act as special ment), social status, dancing ability, musical abili- badges to show status. In this culture a special ty, wit, and to exhibit their bird of paradise golden cowrie shell can be worn only by men of plumes. high rank. In the Solomon Islands, dolphin teeth necklaces are worn, which represent status and Men adorning themselves with plumes do so at wealth. The male dancers in Hawaii wore boar- least in part because they relate closely to the tusk bracelets and bands of fibre with dogs teeth masculinity and vigour of the courtship displays on their legs. Sometimes as many as 1,000 such of the male birds. teeth were used. Tattooing Many shells are used in decoration including: Traditional Polynesian tattoo has survived and nassa, ovula, common pearl, nautilus, the opercu- flourished more strongly in Samoa than any other lum of turban, cone shells - ground into discs, and Polynesian society. Young tufuga tatau, tattooists clam. usually trained by an older relative, are still practising the ancient techniques of chisel tattoo Feather Garments on both men and women. When a baby girl is Particular types of feathers are chosen by Pacific born in Samoa, the grandmother will start weav- cultures for body and artefact decoration partly ing a mat as a dowry, when the baby is a boy the for their appearance, but also sometimes grandmother will start collecting soot from burn- because of the associations and symbolism attrib- ing candle-nut to make dye for tattoo. Designs uted to certain birds and their behaviour. include starfish, canoe prows, fishing nets and the rafters of a roof. Bird of Paradise Head-dress In Papua New Guinea, bird of paradise plumes For Samoan people living in New Zealand, are made into elaborate head-dresses worn by Hawaii and USA, a traditional tattoo has become initiated men. An average of 12 bird skins are a symbol of identity and a sign of allegiance to used in a feather head-dress. They were stored Samoan cultural values. in the men's houses and only brought out for important cultural events like the sing-sing. Further Reading: O'Hanlon, M 1989 Reading the skin: adornment, A sing-sing is a social gathering that enables one display and society among the Wahgi. British to exhibit wealth (in the form of personal adorn- Museum, London.

23 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways CANOES iving in the largest ocean of the world, the people of the Pacific designed a wide range of canoes for fishing, local transport and Llong-distance voyaging. Skilled craftsmen shaped the timbers and lashed them together with coconut fibre cords. Women plaited the sails. Many of these canoe types have now been replaced with com- mercial craft, usually an aluminium dinghy with an outboard motor. Racing of traditional canoes is still popular as a sport in many parts of the Pacific. TYPES OF CANOES FOUND IN THE PACIFIC Simple dugouts These were propelled by paddling or poling and are the most numerous canoes of the Pacific. They were mostly used for inshore travel and fishing.

Dugouts with Often these canoes could sail either end forward as the bow and stern were identical. The outrig- ger is always kept to windward, acting as a bal- ance weight. ers to be 37 metres long and carrying 100 peo- Dugouts with built-up sides and outriggers for open ple. Cook estimated that a double canoe could water/ plank built canoes travel 160 - 200 kilometres per day. By the time On atoll islands where the supply of timber was of Cook there were not many of these big voy- short, even small canoes would have been made aging canoes left in the Pacific. by 'sewing' small planks together. Tokelauan canoes are built of several lengths of kanava tim- The design is similar to a modern day ber butted together and sewn with sennit lash- in having twin, equal length hulls. The hulls were ings. made by cutting and shaping long planks with stone or shell adzes. Holes were then made on Double canoes and rafts the edges of the planks with a shark's tooth drill. These craft were used for deep sea voyaging The planks were sewn together with coconut-fibre and were generally between 15 - 23 metres cord. Sticky sap from the breadfruit plant was long. Some were observed by European explor- spread on the seams and in the drill-holes to stop

Simple dugout. Double canoe. Dugout with outrigger.

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the hulls from leaking, but wooden bailers still With a plentiful supply of large trees, Fijian had to be used to remove water. The two hulls craftsmen produced several types of dugouts were joined by a broad platform with a deck ranging from small lagoon canoes to large and shelter for cargo. There was sometimes a fire ocean-going vessels. Sails are made from plaited on deck, laid on a bed of sand. Keels were pandanus and drive the canoe through the water adzed from solid logs. Sails were crab-claw or at speeds of up to 8 or 9 knots. triangular shape and lashed directly to mast. Lashing was made from sennit (coconut fibre) and Mauke • Cook Islands Outrigger Vaka would have to be replaced after 3 months con- Located in Pacific Lifeways Gallery tinuous sea-going. The canoe was steered by This simple outrigger is the type used for fishing lowering or raising the long-pointed paddles. and coastal traffic. It is propelled by paddles or Direction could be changed by tacking. punting poles, and bailed with a half coconut shell. The hull is a dugout log and the two booms CANOES ON DISPLAY IN PACIFIC PATHWAYS attaching the outrigger were cut from curved Rakeitonga: Tikopia Vaka tapu branches of ironwood. This canoe would carry Located in Pacific Masterpieces Gallery one or two people. The bow end is a little high- This is a plank built outrigger canoe built for the er than the stern and is a fish-tail shape. chief Te Ariki Taumako about 1900. It was made by the noted carver Pu Auekofe and donated to Madoa • Ulawa • Southeastern Solomon Islands the Museum in 1916. Tikopians remember this Located in Pacific Lifeways Gallery canoe making long trading voyages of 300 km to This bonito canoe is designed to be paddles after the (now Vanuatu) with a crew of the shoals of bonito which appear off-shore dur- 8 and a cargo of coconuts. This was probably ing March and April. Built to carry two men and the last of the large canoes built in Tikopia. The a boy, this canoe has frigate birds and other sym- hull is a 9 metre long hollowed-out log with bols of bonito fishing inlaid with nautilus shell. planks added to the side to raise the height of Frigate birds hover around schools of bonito and the hull. The sprit sail is woven pandanus. are thought to embody the spirits of deceased fishermen. The inlaid figure with the bow is Camakau: Fijian Sailing Canoe Ngorieru, an akalo ni matawa or sea spirit who Located in Pacific Lifeways Gallery rides on rainbows and protects fishermen. He

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also punishes wrongdoers by shooting them with garfish arrows from his bow.

Various models of canoes are also on display throughout Pacific Lifeways. Eg. Tahitian.

Sea Navigation Pacific navigators relied on accumulated ances- tral knowledge about winds, tides, wave patterns, cloud formations, the behaviour of birds, and the movements of the stars. On voyages of explo- ration they sailed upwind, retaining the option of a quick downwind return to their home islands. You could tell you were getting near land by observing the bird life. Some birds fly far out to sea to fish during the day, but return to their island roosts at night. The most important birds would be terns, noddies, boobies and frigate birds.

Booby.

The frigate bird, a solitary bird of many names is seen through- out the Pacific. It is associated with navigation and brings warn- ing of impending hurricanes. It is a path-finder. It is known as the Belama, Kakamora, Manutara (apanui), Kot'a, Man O'War Bird, Canoe Bird, Belama, Kota'a (Cook Islands), Atafa (Samoan), and Gogo.

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Pacific Pathways PACIFIC TRADE KULA TRADE ula is a system of exchange of shell armbands called mwali and shell necklaces called soulava or bagi. The exchange network Kstretches over a distance of hundreds of kilometres and involves a large circle of islands known as Massim in the South East of Papua New Guinea. It is known as the kula circle because necklaces are moved clockwise and arm bands move counter clock-wise, with each piece taking anywhere between two and fifty years to arrive back at its starting point. Through the exchange process a complex system of partnership evolves, with one piece moving through as many as twen- ty partners in the circle before it is back where it started. A present day Trobiand Islander discusses Papua New Guinea Trade Kula: The regional trading system in Vitiaz Strait 'Behind all Kula is the idea of giving, giv- trade network linked several hundred com- ing gifts. A person's wealth in Kula is munities totalling about 150,000 people. about the amount you give. The more you Overseas traders from the small offshore give the more you place people under islands of Bilibili, Tami and Siassi carried spe- your obligation. So you build this wealth cialised products between islands and coast of obligations, available to be paid at in large twin-masted sailing canoe. Bulky low some later date. In this way it is an invest- value goods were traded for high value ment.' goods such as Tami bowls, clay pots from the mainland coast, and boars' tusks and dogs' Kula currency is on display in the Pacific teeth ornaments from the islands, later used in Lifeways gallery. bridewealth payments.

Santa Cruz Islands Trade Tongan, Samoan and Fijian Trade Red feather money made on Nendo, is the Prior to European contact, a complex basis of a complex trading system linking exchange system developed between Tonga, all the . Other trading Fiji and Samoa. Highly stratified Tongan soci- specialities are ocean going canoes made ety maintained chiefly marriage alliances at Taumako, expert sailors from the Reef with Samoa and Fiji. Valued items such as Islands, and red feathers from Utupua and ocean-going canoes, red parrot feathers, Vanikoro, part of the Duff Island group. decorated barkcloth and sandalwood went from Fiji to Tonga in exchange for whale's Nendo is an island in the Santa Cruz teeth, barkcloth and Samoan fine mats. From group, part of the Solomon Islands. The Samoa, Tonga acquired prestigious fine mats, Reef Islands are also part of the Santa kie hingoa, in exchange for barkcloth, sleep- Cruz group. Taumako, Utupua and ing mats and red feathers. Vanikoro are in the Duff Island group of the Solomon Islands.

27 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways TEXTILES apa cloth, or bark cloth is made primarily from the bark of the aute or paper mulberry tree. It is made in parts of Africa, South TAmerica, Asia and the Pacific Islands. The first people who populated the Pacific brought cuttings of the paper mulberry tree with them. In the Pacific this plant does not flower or set seed, so it is propagated from cuttings or suckers. It is only grown for tapa-making.

spread the fibres, and sometimes soaked to soft- en the bark. Strips can be overlapped and joined either by further beating or using glue made from a tuber. Designs are either printed or painted on. The different patterns identify where the cloth comes from.

Tapa can fulfil many social functions. Clothing is one of the main uses. Tapa is also used to make spirit masks, to wrap sacred objects, and to pres- ent to guests. There are a wide range of tapa cloths on display in Pacific Pathways.

Further Reading: Neich & Pendergrast, 1997, Pacific Tapa.

The tree is grown for ten to fourteen months. Special care is taken to ensure that it grows straight and without lower branches so that no scars or holes mark the finished cloth. The bark is stripped from the tree and the inner bark is removed to make the cloth. It is beaten to

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Further Reading: Jones, Stellar, 1973 Hawaiian Quilts Rongokea, Lynnsay, 1992 Tivaevae, Portraits of Cook Island Quilting

Fine Mats, 'Ie toga Samoan fine mats 'ie toga are high status items, and are also very important in ceremonial exchanges and presentations. Women weave fine mats from leaves of pandanus trees.

Tivaevae This developed in the Cook Islands, the Society Islands and Hawai'i as tapa production declined post European contact. It developed from the Pandanus palm. quilts made by European missionary women from the 1820s onwards. By the 1850s tivaevae were frequently mentioned in travellers' accounts, Pandanus leaves are plaited into a huge variety and were commonplace in late nineteenth centu- of mats and baskets by most Pacific communities ry photographs. living near the sea where pandanus grows best. Coarser floor mats are made from coconut leaves Tivaevae have a ceremonial importance similar but sleeping mats and finer prestige mats are to tapa. They are used as backdrops for people made from specially selected types of pandanus, of high status, adorn churches, are presented to sometimes dyed for colour patterning. Pandanus important visitors, and are used in Niue and the was a plant introduced by the early Polynesians. Cook Islands in traditional hair-cutting cere- monies. Loom weaving Loom weaving has a much more restricted distri- Floral motifs are common, but other designs bution, being found only in the Caroline Islands, include geometric piecework, figures of Christ several of the Polynesian outliers in northern and former tapa patterns such as the star and Melanesia, the St. Matthias group, the Santa Cruz leaf patterns. Islands, and the in Vanuatu.

29 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways ARCHITECTURE n many parts of Melanesia, the women and children often have their own living houses while the men congregate and sleep in separate Iclub houses or canoe houses. The architectural elements of houses, storehouses, funerary structures and canoes, are often embellished with abstracted designs, which refer to ancestral beings. In this way, the power of the ancestors are built into the structure. Men's Houses • Haus Tambarans was by a ladder with rails on both sides carved In Melanesia, village leadership is based on the in the form of ancestral spirits. men's houses. Senior members who are rich in pigs and bracelets give great feasts. If these Canoe Houses cannot be matched they become the 'big men' of Canoe-building was a high status occupation and the village. In some areas a big man gathers fol- canoe houses on Micronesian atolls often acted as lowers and builds men's house with a dance floor. men's meeting houses and were used to house He then issues a challenge by offering a rival a sacred objects. lavish feast and gifts. If the rival cannot respond in kind he loses his prestige and followers. Yam Houses Sacred objects, such as masks and the skulls of In parts of Melanesia, for example the Trobiand enemies killed in battle, are kept in these houses. Islands, yams are stored in tall structures called Storyboards and carvings are used to decorate yam houses. They stand up to 9 metres tall. the houses and protect them from harmful spirits. Different clan groups have their own designs and it is forbidden to use one that does not belong to In the Papuan Gulf Region, men's houses are you. It is a wife's brothers who build a yam mammoth architectural constructions on raised house for her husband and fill it with piles. They are typically 30 metres long. The yams from their own gardens. Chiefs interiors have compartments for sleeping, work- automatically have yam ing on ceremonial equipment, and storing ritual houses built objects. for them. It may Spirit Houses • Anobareak take The most decorated building along the West Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea, was the spirit house. Inside were sacred flutes and slit gongs, which were played by initiated men to represent the voices of the spirits. Entry into the spirit house Men’s House.

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ordinary men up to ten or fifteen years before the brothers feel he has been successful enough and begin to grow yams in large enough quanti- ties to fill a yam house for him. It is considered a Spirit House. great achievement to have a yam house built for you and some men never achieve this goal. A full yam house is the sign of successful relationships with your wife's family. If these relationships fail, the yam house is dismantled. In the same way if a person dies their yam house is dismantled, as death also means the end of the relationship. Having many wives means that there are many brothers and male relatives of your wives to bring yams and fill your yam house. A full yam house has always been a symbol of power and prestige, and therefore it is a good thing for the Paramount Chief to be seen as having an abun- dance of yams. If he has sixty wives he might receive up to 400 times more yams than the ordi- nary village man.

Inside Spirit House.

31 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways NEW PACIFIC EXPLORERS he earliest European to explore the Pacific was TMagellan (of Portugal) in 1520. The main exploration by Europeans of the Pacific was between 1760 and 1800. Some very valuable records of ancient Polynesian societies were made during this time. One of the most significant explorers of the Pacific was Captain James Cook (England). Captain James Cook.

In 1768 Cook captained the Endeavour on a sci- James Cook's three voyages to the Pacific were a entific expedition to the island of Tahiti. The pur- turning point in many different ways. They gave pose of this expedition was to observe the move- the first definitive information about the land- ment of the planet Venus through telescopes and masses of the region, finally dispelling the idea to see if really existed. (Australia was of a huge southern and accurately not- then called New Holland). He reached Tahiti on ing the positions of islands. They also opened the 13 April 1769. Cook's crew built a small log fort way for the meeting of Western and Polynesian to accommodate 45 people whilst the scientific cultures, a process fraught with difficulties as well research was carried out. as opportunities.

Historical accounts tell us there were exchanges Other British explorers of the Pacific: of beads, metal tools and nails for fresh food. Wallis, Bligh. Some misunderstandings did occur however. A French explorers of the Pacific: Tahitian tried to steal a musket from one of the Bougainville, La Perouse, de Surville, La Boussole, British marines. Cook's crew responded by shoot- L'Astrolabe, D'Entrecasteaux. ing the thief. Dutch explorers explorers of the Pacific: Tasman, Schouten, le Maire. Cook made two more voyages of discovery in the Spanish explorers of the Pacific: Pacific and charted many of the islands. Tonga Mourello, Mendana. was visited three times by Captain Cook. He Portugese explorers of the Pacific: named them the 'Friendly Islands.' He named Magellan, de Queiros, de Torres. Niue the 'Savage Islands' and what is now Hawaii, the 'Sandwich Islands.' Cook returned to Further Reading: Hawaii during his third voyage where he was Salmond, Anne Tides of History killed following a dispute.

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Colonisation The East has had a United States presence since France, Britain and Germany were the main colo- 1899. In 1940 American soldiers trained in nial powers in the Pacific during the 19th and . They built roads, airstrips, early 20th century. After World War II, New docks and modern medical facilities. At the end Zealand and the USA played a greater role in of World War II, the Marines left, and little atten- some islands. Some examples are listed below : tion was paid to it until President Kennedy sent a new American governor who upgraded roads, France took possession of in harbours, hospitals, built schools, hotels, airports 1853. New Caledonia is still a French territory. and installed television. American Samoa is one The French navigators named the local people of the most 'developed' Pacific Islands. 'Canaques' -from a general word meaning 'men', although there are approximately 50 tribal The Cook Islands were made a British groups each with their own dialect. Currently the in 1888. In 1900 they were 'Canaque' group of people are negotiating for annexed by New Zealand, which administered independence. them until they became self governing in 1965.

Portugese explorers sailing the Pacific in 1606 Christianity thought the island of Santos, in Vanuatu, was For many Pacific peoples, Christianity has long Australia. Captain Cook chartered the islands of been an integral part of their identity. For exam- Vanuatu in 1774. Once called the New Hebrides ple, in 1996 Niue celebrated 150 years of and jointly administered by Britain and France, Christianity. Vanuatu became an independent state in 1980. In some areas, local people with experience of During WWII, 200,000 American, Australian and Christianity began to convert their communities NZ soldiers fought against the Japanese in even before European missionaries arrived. , part of the Solomon Islands. Pacific Islanders often preceded or travelled with European missionaries from the first days of the Able Tasman first sighted the islands of Fiji in established missions. The Melanesian Mission in 1643. It was made a British colony in 1874 and Auckland brought to be trained as in 1970 became independent. missionaries and sent them back home.

Tonga has its own monarchy and was not Converts incorporated Christian symbolism into colonised by a European power. However, Britain traditional artefacts to express their new had the power of veto over Tonga's foreign Christian identity. affairs from 1905 until 1970. Today, the church is supported by generous dona- Since 1899 Samoa has been divided into West tions from its congregations. and East Samoa. Germany held the West from 1899 until when New Zealand occu- Things thought to be wrong or immoral by mis- pied Western Samoa. In 1920 the Treaty of sionaries Versailles allowed New Zealand to continue occu- · Worshipping spirits in nature pation until 1946, when the United Nations gave · Sex before marriage New Zealand the responsibility of trusteeship for · Men having more than one wife Samoa. Independence from New Zealand was · Practicing magic gained by Western Samoa in 1962. · Eating human flesh

33 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

Negative sides of change Urbanisation · Breakdown of traditional cultural practices - A major change in the Pacific has been interna- which had often evolved to prevent greater eco- tional migration from mainly Polynesian islands to logical and social problems (For example, infanti- urban centres in New Zealand, Australia and the cide and abortion practices to control population United States. so that resources are not exploited). · Facilitated colonial powers dominance, as indige- Most of the Polynesian regions now have lower nous people were taught to be peaceful and not rates of population growth than that of the aggressive. Melanesian and Micronesian regions which have · Conversion usually co-incided with translation of experienced relatively little emigration. language into written form, causing breakdown of oral traditions and traditional ways of passing Auckland, New Zealand down knowledge. By the middle of next century, 1 in 10 New Zealanders will be of Pacific Island descent and Acculturation most will live in the Auckland area. Experience of Western culture and industrial While currently Pacific Island people compose 5 commercial interests have brought major changes percent of the total New Zealand population, to the lives of Pacific people. Both in the home they make up 11 percent of the Auckland popu- islands and abroad, Pacific people have created lation. Auckland has the largest concentration of new identities for themselves in line with the Pacific Island people of any urban centre in the changing world. Ways of living and new mate- world. rials from outside have been integrated into the local culture while aspects of the traditional past As a result of urbanisation, new pacific identities are often highlighted to maintain the uniqueness are emerging. For example, the Auckland of the individual cultures. Secondary Schools Polynesian Festival which started 25 years ago, now attracts a crowd of Objects on display that demonstrate accultura- over 100,000 spectators - making it Auckland's tion: Cushion cover, Singlet, Blouse, Flute, Tobacco largest cultural event. Pipe, Armband of glass beads, Comb with plastic inlays, Flywhisk with old umbrella handle, Metal- Negative sides of international migration bladed adze, knife made from a nail, bottle with · Siphons off the most physically and intellectually woven cover. able members of island populations · Increases dependent situation of many Pacific Tourism Island countries Tourist Art Artefacts for sale to foreign visitors have been Positive sides of the change produced in the Pacific almost from the time of · Reduces population pressure and associated neg- first contact. Since then, reduced copies of tradi- ative social and environmental consequences tional objects have been made to meet the tourist · Flow of remittances ( money sent by family from demand for convenient size and obvious meaning. new country to mother country ) can improve qual- These demands have sometimes led to the cre- ity of rural life for Island people ation of innovative items that never existed in the original culture such as woven pandanus place Economies mats and salad servers of local wood. Many present day economies in the Pacific are aid dependent. Most of their exports are pri- mary products known as cash crops.

Teacher Background 34 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

Some of the present day economic activities of Nuclear Testing the Pacific Islands include: France, Britain and the USA have used the Pacific Fisheries, Kava Growing and Exporting, Tourism, Ocean as a testing ground for nuclear weapons. Scuba Diving, Seaweed Growing, Pearl Farming, Between 1966 and 1974, France conducted 39 Aquaculture, Mining of Gold, Copper and Gas, atmospheric nuclear tests at Mururoa and Tax Havens, Palm Oil, Logging, Casinos, Coffee Fangataufa atolls in French Polynesia. Since Bean Production, Taro, Beer Production. 1974 more than 120 underground nuclear test explosions took place at these sites. An Island Economy: Example from Samoa · 60% of population involved in subsistence fishing Between 1957 and1958 Britain conducted - using a variety of methods including outrigger nuclear testing in Gilbert and Ellice Islands. In the canoes, spearing, collecting shellfish. 1940s and 1950s, the USA carried out nuclear · Primary Sector employs more than ½ of work- testing in the Marshall Islands and in 1967 the force and constitutes 80% of export earnings USA tested the Bravo hydrogen bomb. · 30% of workforce are employed by government · Economy is dependent on foreign aid from NZ, Australia, EEC, Japan, China · Economy is also dependent on remittances · Emigration is high : Aust, NZ, USA · Minimum wage $2.50 per hour · Tourism is increasingly important · Historically coffee, bananas, copra and cocoa were important. Forced out of market due to com- petition from and frequent cyclone damage to crops · Does not export timber · Small Scale Manufacturing - Vailima Beer · Tax haven for foreign investors

Environment There are a number of environmental issues fac- ing the Pacific. These include: · nuclear testing · sea-level rise · coral bleaching · logging · tropical cyclones · mining · over fishing Tropical Cyclones In February 1990, tropical cyclone Ofa caused $300 million damage to Western Samoa. The island had not fully recovered when Cyclone Val struck in December 1991 killing 12 people and causing $ 535 million damage.

35 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways PACIFIC ISLAND PROFILES everal Pacific Islands have been profiled in the Pacific Lifeways Sgallery. They have been chosen for the following reasons: · to show the diversity of environments found in the Pacific · to represent Pacific cultures present in the Auckland area · to showcase the Auckland Museum's Pacific collection, which has strengths in particular island groups.

TONGA Tonga. · Geography: Consists of 169 islands, 748 sq.km. Located in Polynesia, the south - west Pacific Ocean. Three main island groups; Tongatapu, Ha'apai and Vava'u. Capital is Nuku'alofa.

· Land: The Tongatapu and Ha'apai groups are mainly low-lying coral islands, while the Vava'u group is volcanic and mountainous; some of the volcanoes are active.

· Resources: Copra, bananas, vanilla and coconuts are exported. Fruit and vegetables are grown for local use. Pigs are the most important live- stock.

· Climate: Tropical, tempered by maritime influ- ences.

· Flora and Fauna: Numerous species of land and sea birds and fish. Flying foxes sleep in large trees by day and fly off at night.

· Population: 103, 000 (less than 1% are not Tongan). More than half of the 95,000 popula- tion live on Tongatapu, which is the centre of gov- ernment and residence of the royal family. The people are of Polynesian origin. FIJI · Geography: Consists of a chain of over 300 · Government: Tonga is a hereditary, independent islands, part of Melanesia in the South Pacific monarchy. Ocean. The capital and largest city is Suva.

· Religion: Predominantly Christian. · Land: The largest islands are of volcanic origin and are mountainous, incised by many rivers. Rich

Teacher Background 36 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

There are many forests, some have been commer- cially exploited. The waters abound with fish and there is a commercial fishery. There are many native birds for example parrots and parakeets.

· Population: 742,000 inhabitants; 49% , 46% Indians, with the remainder consisting of Europeans, Chinese and other Pacific Islanders.

· Religion: 53% Christian, alluvial soil is found in the river deltas. The small- Fiji. 38% Hindus, 8% Muslims. er islands and islets are composed of coral reef and limestone. SAMOA · Samoa is divided into two politically and eco- · Resources: Mainly sugar, gold, fish, timber and nomically distinct groups - Samoa and American coconut oil. Many tropical fruits are grown for Samoa. local consumption. Manufacture nails, cement, soap, beer, matches, cigarettes and copra. Dense Samoa forests produce both softwoods and hardwoods. · Geography: Consists of two large islands - Savai'i and Upolu. The capital is found on · Climate: Tropical tempered by south-eastern Upolu. Located in Polynesia, the central Pacific trade winds. Ocean.

· Flora and Fauna: Tropical, for example poinset- · Land: The islands are volcanic or coral in origin. ta, bougainvillea, pandanus and coconut trees. The larger are mountainous and well forested. · Resources: Copra, cocoa, timber and bananas are exported. Vegetables and tropical fruits are grown for local consump- tion. Some local plants produce household gases, paints, clothes and canned fruit. A brewery makes Vailima beer.

· Climate: Tropical, rain- fall is abundant from Samoa.

37 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

· Resources: Food crops include coconuts, pandanus, bananas, breadfruit and papaw. Copra from coconuts and other palm products are the leading commercial crops. Taro-like babai are grown in artifi- cial pits. Formerly the major export was phosphate, mined from rich guano deposits on Banaba, but reserves have been exhausted. Fish and copra are now the main foreign exchange earners.

· Climate: Tropical, with a rainy season that lasts from October to March; typhoons are common.

· Flora and Fauna: The mining on Banaba severely damaged the environment. Kiribati. · Population: 72,298 November to April. Earthquakes and severe hur- ricanes occur frequently. · Religion: 90% are Christian.

· Flora and Fauna: The islands are rich in vegeta- NIUE tion, for example hibiscus, orchids, pandanus and · Geography: A coral island, 260sq km. The kava. The fauna is extremely limited. Snakes, largest village and best port of Niue is Alofi on lizards and a variety of birds are the only the western coast of the island. indigenous animals. Among the birds the most remarkable is the tooth-billed pigeon, which has an owl-like bill with three 'teeth' projecting from the lower mandible. A rich sea life including numerous species of fish also occurs.

· Population: 161,000. 90% are full with the other 10% being made up of Europeans, Chinese and other Pacific Islanders. Number of Samoans living in New Zealand 101, 754 (1996).

KIRIBATI (Kiribati is pronounced kiri-bas) People are known as I-Kiribati · Geography: 33 coral islands and atolls and one volcanic island (Banaba), 886 sq. km. Part of Micronesia, located in the west Pacific Ocean.

Niue

Teacher Background 38 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

· Resources: Major exports include copra, woven · Land: The northern group are sea-level coral goods, honey and fruit. atolls sparsely populated. The islands in the southern group are volcanic or raised coral in ori- · Climate: Tropical. gin, mountainous and relatively fertile.

· Flora and Fauna: Plants include: wild yam, · Resources: Tourism is the leading industry. Citrus banyan, coconut, arrowroot, ti and taro. Sea life, fruits, coconuts, copra, pineapple, clothing, moth- birds and pigs are also present. er-of-pearl shells and handicrafts are among the principal exports. · Population: Inhabitants 2,531. About three- quarters of all Niueans live in New Zealand · Climate: Tropical (11,000 live in Auckland). · Flora and Fauna: Tropical. Typical varieties are Cook Islands. coconuts, frangipani, flame trees, poinsettias, hibiscus and pandanus. There are pigs and fowls and some cattle.

· Population: Cook Islanders are Polynesian, culturally and linguistically related to the Maori of New Zealand. 18, 617 inhabitants. Some 22, 000 have made their home in Auckland.

HIGHLAND NEW GUINEA In the central highlands, large populations of Melanesian people live in villages or small hamlets scattered through wide grassed val- leys with smaller groups hidden in thick for- est on the higher ranges. Large permanent gardens spread over many of the slopes and shifting agriculture has cleared large areas of mountain forest.

Western Highlands · Geography: The province is 2,500 sq km varying from valleys to the highest mountains in Papua New Guinea. The capital town is Mount Hagen.

· Resources: agriculture is centered on coffee COOK ISLANDS and tea. Pyrethrum and cardamom are other · Geography: Divided into two groups of widely crops gaining popularity. Gold and cattle are scattered islands in the South Pacific Ocean, 238 major industries. sq kms in total. The port of Avarua on the island of Rarotonga is the administrative centre of the · Climate: Tropical Cook Islands.

39 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

· Flora and Fauna: Wide variety of bird species including18 species of bird of paradise. Tree kangaroos and cuscus are found in the forests on higher mountains. Pigs play a large part of the village culture.

· Language: Mostly Melpa with Enga, Gawigl and Jimi.

Eastern Highlands · Geography: Has an area of 13,000 sq. km. Goroka is the main centre. The whole area con- sists of highland valleys, hills and ranges.

· Resources: Coffee production is the main cash crop. Passionfruit, tobacco and peanuts are also grown. Pigs, shells and traditional salt were for- merly traded. The sweet potato is the staple crop; today cattle is reared.

· Climate: Tropical

Highland New Guinea.

Teacher Background 40 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways curriculum links he Pacific Pathways Galleries can be used to study a variety of curriculum areas including the Arts, Pacific Studies, Social Studies Tand Technology. This kit is linked to the Social Studies Curriculum and Technology Curriculums.

SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE NEW ZEALAND ACHIEVEMENT OBJECTIVES CURRICULUM SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE NEW ZEALAND Pacific Pathways are an anthropological perspec- CURRICULUM tive of the Pacific. This means it fits very well into Level 1 the Social Studies curriculum. A visit to Pacific Culture and Heritage Pathways can also be complimented by a visit to · Features of culture and heritage of their own Treasures & Tales, our cultural history discovery and other groups centre. Treasures and Tales has objects, activities Eg. Students can compare their own traditions and photographs from the Pacific region and with those practiced by a cultural group of the educational resource material available for Pacific different to their own eg. marriages, teachers. funerals, initiations. · Customs and traditions associated with partici- SOCIAL STUDIES PROCESSES pation in cultural activities Inquiry Eg. Students could compare customs associated Students can use the galleries as a place of with marriage, funerals, initiations eg. bride- research. This includes collecting information wealth, malagan ceremonies, bonito cult. either by drawing, making notes from labels or by interacting with parents, teachers and guides. Resources and Economic Activities Gallery worksheets should encourage students to · Different resources that people use ask questions and problem solve. Eg. Students could find out about an important resource of the Pacific, for example fresh water, Values Exploration trees, coconut, fish, seafood. There is excellent fuel for debates and values · Different types of work that people do exploration on a number of issues highlighted in Eg. Students make a mural of a feast, drawing the Pacific galleries. This includes : the role of each worker and labelling the jobs that need to men and women; cultural customs related to birth, be done to put on the feast. death, marriage, initiation; the process of accul- turation; the introduction of christianity; tourism. TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW ZEALAND CURRICULUM Social Decision-Making Level 1 In heightening students awareness of the diversi- Technological Knowledge and Understanding ty and history of Pacific Island culture, the stu- · Ask questions and share ideas about modifica- dents can draw upon this experience when it tions in technologies comes to taking action on issues such as racism, cultural identity, immigration. Level 2 Culture and Heritage · Ways in which communities reflect the cultures and heritages of their people Eg. Students could find out about textiles such as tapa cloth, tivaevae, ie toga and learn about

41 Curriculum Links Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways how motifs used to decorate them reflect the cul- Place and Environment ture and heritage of the people who made them. · How and why people express a sense of belong- · How people interact within their cultural groups ing to particular places and environments and with other cultural groups Eg. Students could learn a story, song or dance that Eg. Students could find out the kind of things that tells of a particular place. Students could make up a were traded in the trading rings of Melanesia, and similar story, song or dance about a place they feel between Samoa, Tonga and Fiji. they belong to.

Place and Environment Resources and Economic Activities · How people's activities influence places and the · How and why different systems of exchange oper- environment and are influenced by them ate Eg. Students could compare cultural aspects such as Eg. Students could study the bride wealth exchanges clothing, body adornment, and tools of early Maori at marriage ceremonies or the kula currency with early Polynesian culture. · Describe and identify positive and negative effects of some instances of technologies on people's lives Resources and Economic Activities and the environment · How and why people work together to obtain resources Level 4 Eg. Students could find out about village fishing Culture and Heritage techniques, the preparation and harvest of food · Why and how individuals and groups pass on and crops or trading networks. sustain their culture and heritage. Eg. Students could identify important ceremonies in TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW ZEALAND Pacific Island culture for example CURRICULUM Haircutting in Niue, Tattooing in Samoa, Sing-Sing in Level 2 New Guinea Highlands. Technological Knowledge and Understanding The impact of the spread of new technology and · Describe how particular groups of people carry ideas on culture and heritage out technological activities Resources and Economic Activities Technology and Society · Identify and compare the range of factors and · Explore and compare the roles of some example attitudes that promote or constrain a current techno- of technology in daily life in their own or another logical development in the wider community place or time. Level 5 Level 3 Culture and Heritage Culture and Heritage · The effects of cultural interaction on cultures and · How practices of cultural groups vary but reflect societies similar purposes Eg. Students could explore their own cross-cultural Eg. Students could identify needs that are common experiences. across cultures for example, music and dance, trans- port (canoes), food. Place and Environment · Ways in which the movement of people affects cul- · Why people move between places and the conse- tural diversity and interaction. quences of this for the people and places Eg. Students could study the movement of people Eg. Students could interview other Pacific Island stu- from South East Asia to the Pacific Islands, and the dents to find out the reasons for their family moving plants and animals they brought with them. to Aotearoa from the Pacific Islands.

Curriculum Links 42 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways pre and post-visit activities In addition to these ideas, there are a number of Year 9 - 10 activity sheets following. · Renact Cook's landing in Tahiti · Decision Making: Raise an issue from school or Year 1- 3 community that requires group decision making. · Use a different Pacific Island greeting each day. As a class, experiement with the different ways · Learn a song from the Pacific. group decisions are made. eg. consensus, monar- · Create a mask out of a household object chy, men's council (fono) · Make up your own repeating pattern using · Have a class debate about the saying: “It's only beads, shells or seeds. Paradise if you don't live here." · Use the wealth of knowledge already in your Year 4 - 6 students of Pacific Island descent by researching · Have a Pacific Island meal. the islands these students represent. · Try simple loom weaving · Interview someone of Pacific Island descent. · Read stories by Pacific Island authors Write their story up in magazine article style. · Create papier mache models of different types of islands or island groups. Recreate the Pacific ocean in your classroom by positioning the islands according to the map. · Write a letter to a school in the Pacific Islands. Send them photos of the things you do at school and ask them to send photos back.

Year 7 -8 · Keep a journal of news items about the Pacific. · Make something from the Pacific Islands to wear. Eg. lava lava, shell necklace, sulu · Write or tell stories about your family's journey to New Zealand or a time when you arrived in a new place · Pacific Ties: Make a poster about all the ways people keep up ties with the home islands · In groups, create an advertising campaign, including travel brochures to entice tourists to visit a Pacific Island.

43 Pre and Post-Visit Activities Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku resources Pacific Pathways SUGGESTED RESOURCES Niue: First Haircut, by Lisa Fuemana-Foa'i, Part 4, Non-Fiction No 3, 1998 · Glenn Jowitt: Focus on the Pacific Series A Title Bestowal in Western Samoa. Western Samoa: Night on the Reef, by Tufulasi Blessing Yams in Niue. Taleni, Part 2, No 3, 1998 Food Distribution in Tokelau. Recovering from a Tropical Cyclone in Tonga. A Cup of Koko, by Jill MacGregor, Part 2, No 3, Dance in the Pacific. 1998 Ear Piercing Ceremony in Niue. Sofi's First Night Away, by Ann Tauaii, · New Zealand Geographic: Articles on various Pacific Islands Papua New Guinea: How the Turtle Got It's Shell, a folktale, retold by June Walker, Part 2, No 3, · Pese Siapo - A Siapo Design Resource by 1996 Caroline Lolegi Vercoe, available from Learning Media. Available in Maori, Samoan, Tongan, BIBLIOGRAPHY Cook Island Maori, Niuean, Tokelauan Garrett, John, To Live among the Stars, Christian Origins in , WCC Publications, Fiji, 1982. · Polynesian Dance Festival by John Hart, follows a young Tongan Dance Group. Learning Media, Krishnan,Vascantha, The Challenge of Change: 1997 Pacific Island Communities in New Zealand, 1986 - 1993, NZ Institute for Social Research and Fiction Development Ltd, NZ, 1994. · Fishing with Spider Webs by Lino Nelisi, Elspeth Alix Batt, Ashton Scholastic, 1994 Motteler, Lee S, Pacific Island Names, British Museum Press, Honolulu, 1986. · Sione's Talo by Lino Nelisi Pendergrast, Mick & Neich, Roger, Pacific Tapa, · Tulevai and the Sea by Joy Cowley, Illustrated by David Bateman and Auckland Museum, Manu Smith, Ashton Scholastic 1995 Auckland,1997.

· Graeme Lay: Motu tapu: Stories, Pacific Pride; Samoa, Passages

· The Girl in the Moon Circle by Sia Fiagel

SCHOOL JOURNAL ARTICLES Vanuatu: Pentecost Land Diving, by Bonnie Phillips. Part 4, no 2, 1999

Tonga: Jonah Lomu, by Norman Bilbrough, Part 3, No 2, 1999

Fiji: Le Polo Pulu, by Jill MacGregor, Part 2, No 2, 1999

Resources 44 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 1-8 classroom activity sheet SIVA DANCING As a class learn this dance from Samoa. For the music you can learn a Samoan song and sing as you dance, or dance to a recording. Recordings of Samoan music can be purchased from the Otara Markets. The markets are held in the Otara Town Centre every Saturday from 6am - 12 noon.

Perform this dance either on your own or with others, standing in a row.

1. Bend your knees. Tilt your head slightly to one side.

2. Move sideways, by firstly moving both your heels to the right, then sliding your toes to the right. Keep repeating this movement.

3. Move your hands in a circular motion, weaving patterns in the air.

Think of a story you would like to tell, and use your hands to describe it.

45 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku classroom activity sheet Y 1-3 Pacific Pathways INSIDE AN UMU Colour and cut out the layers of the umu. Glue them onto a piece of paper or card to show how a village meal is cooked in Samoa.

Earth

Mats

Leaves

Fish

Leaves

Kumara, yams etc

Leaves

Hot rocks

Classroom Activity Sheet 46 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 1-3 classroom activity sheet MASKS Colour and cut out the mask. Attach a piece of string or elastic so that the mask can be worn. In groups, make up a dance that you can do while wearing the mask.

Cut out Cut out

47 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku classroom activity sheet Y 1-3 Pacific Pathways TOTEM CARVING Join the dots Start at number 1. Follow the numbers to find the carving from New Ireland. See south sea folk p 60 no 156

6

5 7

50 49

13 12 8 4 48 51 14 47 52 11 9 15 3 54 1 53 10 16

44 19 2 46 45 17 18 43

20 42

21 41

31 30 32

40 22 29 33

28 34 39 23 27 35 24 38

36 26 37 25

Classroom Activity Sheet 48 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 classroom activity sheet CANOES Outrigger Canoe Use these words to label the parts of the canoe.

Sail Hull Keel Mast Outrigger Stern Bailer Paddle

49 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku classroom activity sheet Y 4-6 Pacific Pathways MASKS Cut out all the mask parts. Make a mask matching up the parts that fit together.

Describe what you think the masks below are used for and where they might come from.

New Caledonia New Guinea Caroline Islands

Classroom Activity Sheet 50 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 classroom activity sheet OBJECTS OF IMPORTANCE Cut out these pictures and put them under one of these headings :

Body Decorations Fishing Music Warfare ______

51 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku classroom activity sheet Y 4-6 Pacific Pathways COCONUT TREES 1. Label the parts of the coconut

Husk Shell Meat Milk

2. Unscramble the words to find out some of the things that are made from coconut. oper oli oprca owlsb

3. Which part of the coconut are each of these products made from? (draw arrows on the picture below.)

Classroom Activity Sheet 52 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 classroom activity sheet MAKE A DRUM In many parts of Melanesia, men often dance with their hand-drum. The drum skin is usually lizard or snake skin. Some drums have rattles of shells or nuts attached by strings to emphasize the rhythm.

Follow the steps below to make this simple drum.

What you need Upholstery Pins - available from hardware stores Rubber (from car tyre inner tube) - available from a service station workshop Thick Cardboard Rolls (at least 10cm wide) - available from factories that make flooring or curtain fabric

1. Cut the thick cardboard roll into 20cm lengths with a saw. 2. Cut the rubber into circles big enough to cover the diameter of the cardboard roll. 3. Pin the rubber circle tightly to the cardboard roll with the upholstery pins. 4. Decorate the drum with Pacific designs.

53 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku classroom activity sheet Y 7-10 Pacific Pathways WHAT IS MY CULTURE? Culture is the way we live and how we do things. This includes our:

Food Transport Marriage Ceremonies Flags and Symbols Houses Sport and Recreation Funerals Languages Family Group Currency Initiations Work and Clothing and Jewellery Religion Warfare Places of Work Music and Dance Government Arts and Crafts

Draw four things that belong to your culture. Use the words above to help you.

Classroom Activity Sheet 54 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 classroom activity sheet 'ACCULTURATION' In every country, people adopt things from other cultures. When these new things are adopted, and become part of the culture there is a special name for it. It is called acculturation.

Copy the table below.

1. List three things you do that are from another culture.

2. Beside each thing write down where you think the custom came from.

3. Then write down which traditional custom the new custom has replaced

4. Compile a class list of all the new customs people have adopted that are different from their fam- ily's/ nationalities traditional custom. As a class discuss why people change their customs.

Table

New Custom Where? Old custom

55 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

classroom activity sheet Y 9-10 Pacific Pathways POPULATION STUDIES In the census people are asked to identify themselves as belonging to a cultural group.

1. Which cultural group do you belong to?

Look at the population statistics on Pacific Island groups in New Zealand below.

Total Pacific Islands people by Ethnic Group Percent 60 50 50

40

30 23 20 16 9 10 4 2 0 Samoan Cook IslandsTongan Niuean Fijian Tokelauan Ethnic Group 2. Which is the largest Pacific Island group?

Look at the map of the distribution of the Samoan population.

3. Where does the majority of the Samoan population in New Zealand live?

Geopraphical Distribution of Samoan Population in New Zealand

Classroom Activity Sheet 56 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 classroom activity sheet DESIGN A VILLAGE 1. Colour and cut out the different parts of this Pacific Island village, then design the village the way you think it might be. Meeting House Store

Houses

Store House

Houses

Wells

Houses

Houses

Houses

Houses

Church

57 Classroom Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one gallery activity sheet Y 1-3 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC MASTERPIECES

10 3 2

9 1

7 ENTRANCE

6

Computer 5 Interactives

8 4

TO MAORI GALLERIES

1. Drums Can you find something to drum on? Count how many drums you can see. This drum is made from a hollowed out log. Can you find one like it? Where is it from?

2. Hawaiian Cloak Find the red and yellow cloak. What is this cloak made from? Who do you think wore this cloak? A famous Hawaiian cloak like this one was believed to have taken half a million feathers to make!

3. Masks Look for the masks. Find the scariest mask. What makes it scary? Find one with feathers. Find this very large mask. It was not worn on a person, but on a model person made from bush mate- rials.

4. Jewellery Find the jewellery by the side wall near the doorway. Can you find something made from teeth? Find some that are made from shells. Can you see one made from curly pig's tusks? Which one is made from tiny beads?

Gallery Activity Sheet 58 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two Pacific Pathways Y 1-3 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC MASTERPIECES (CONT.) 5. Combs Choose the headdress or comb you would most like to wear in your hair. Can you find the head rests? These were used like a pil- low.

6. Tools Find a tool for chopping wood. Some of the axe blades are made from shell and one even has a face on it. Can you spot it?

7. Canoe Look carefully at the big, ocean going canoe. Maori people came to New Zealand in canoes even bigger than this one! What is this canoe made out of? How is the sail made? Look at the outrigger on the side. This was to stop the canoe from tipping over. How is it held together? Where would you sit in this canoe? Where would you put your legs? The boat is stitched together. Can you find some of the stiches?

8. Warfare Look at the shields high up around the room. Can you see one with big white spots? Can you see one with zig- zags? Can you see one with diamonds? What other shapes can you find? Name all the colours you can see on the shields. Can you find weapons like these ones? ( insert photo of club and spear & arrow )

9. Bowls Look for the bowls. Find one with an animal on it. Look for the huge bowl with shell decorations. Can you see the pig bowl just above it?

10. Baskets Look for the baskets right at the back. What are they made of? Which one would you most like to take home with you and why?

59 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one gallery activity sheet Y 1-3 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS

2 10 1 4 3 7 8

ENTRANCE

Computer Interactives

6 5 9

TO MAORI GALLERIES

1. Head dress Find a headdress decorated with something shiny. Look closely...what is the shiny part made from?

2. Shell Necklace Find a necklace made from shells smaller than your little fingernail. Look at the other necklaces. Which one would you most like to wear? Why?

3. Weapons Find a weapon. What is it made from? How is it used?

4. Bags and Baskets Find something useful for carrying things. How has it been made? What do you think was carried inside?

5. Clothing Find an article of clothing. What materials have been used to make it? Is it worn by men or women?

Gallery Activity Sheet 60 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two Pacific Pathways Y 1-3 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) 6. Musical Instruments Find a musical instrument. How is the noise made? What sort of noise would it make?

7. Fishing Find something used to catch fish. What kind of fish will it catch? Would you need a boat for this kind of fishing?

8. Tattooing Find tools used for tattooing. How are the marks made on the skin? At what times in a person's life do they get tattooed?

9. Tapa Cloth Find a tapa cloth. What are the patterns on the tapa? Look for the stencils used in Tonga to rub pat- terns onto the tapa cloth.

10. Fine Mats In Samoa mats are given as gifts. Mats cover the floors of houses and are used for sitting and sleep- ing on. The very fine mats are the most precious of all and are never put on the floor. They may be worn on special occations. Look for the fine mat with red feathers at the bottom. What is the Samoan word for this mat?

61 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one gallery activity sheet Y 4-6 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS

5

ENTRANCE

4 Computer Interactives 3

8 1 2 7 6

TO MAORI GALLERIES

1. Coral Sandals Find the sandals made for walking on the coral reef. Why would you need these? ______

2. Coconut Grater Find the coconut grater. It has a wooden seat for the person doing the grating to sit down on. What is the blade made from? What was used in the past? ______

3. Bonito Canoe Find the canoe from the Solomon Islands. It is used for fishing a type of fish called bonito. How is this canoe propelled?______How are the planks joined together?______What has it been decorated with?______

Gallery Activity Sheet 62 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) Bonito Canoe (cont.) Sketch one of the decorations from this canoe.

4. Sailing Canoe Look at the large canoe in the centre of the gallery. It is a sailing canoe from Fiji, used inside and out- side the reef. What is it's name? ______How is this canoe propelled?______To change course the sail had to be changed from one end to the other. Find the place at each end where the sail mast is placed.

5. Cook Islands Canoe Find the Outrigger Canoe from the Cook Islands. This canoe is used for fishing and coastal traffic. How is this canoe propelled? What is the body (hull) of the canoe made from? How many people could travel in this canoe?

From the three canoes you have looked at, which canoe would you most like to: -fish from?______-travel long distances in?______-race in? ______

6. Fishing Find the fishing hooks. List six different kinds of materials that have been used to make fishing hooks. Can you find the smallest hook? Can you find the largest hook? What materials were used to make fishing lines in the Pacific?

63 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page three gallery activity sheet Y 4-6 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) 7. Children In Papua New Guinea, a _ _ _ _ _ bag is often used to carry heavy objects including babies! (Fill in the gaps)

Find the children's toys. Draw a children's toy from the Pacific Islands.

What has it been made from? Have you ever played with toys like these?

8. Music and Dance Find the musical instruments. Match the name with the musical instrument.

Pan Pipe

Mouthbow

Jew's Harp

Flute

Vessel Flute

Rattle

Hand Drum

Conch Trumpet

Gallery Activity Sheet 64 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC PATHWAYS This sheet can be used in both galleries or just one

1. Find something that is used to make a sound. What is it? ______What is it made from?______When might it be used? ______What kind of sound would it produce?______

2. Find something brightly coloured. What is it? ______What is it made from? ______What colours have been used? ______Why do you think the bright colours have been used? ______

3. Find something that has a sharp blade for cutting. What is it? ______What is the blade made from?______What is it used for?______

4. Find an object that has been carved . Sketch the object :

What is it made from? What is it used for?

5. Find something made from glass, metal, cotton or plastic. These are all introduced materials. What is it? ______What is it used for?______What would have been used in the past?______

65 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two gallery activity sheet Y 4-6 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC PATHWAYS (CONT.) 6. Find something that has been woven. What is it? ______Are the strands narrow, medium or wide?______Does the weaving make a pattern or is it plain?______What is it used for?______

7. Find something that has a hole, or several holes drilled in it. Do you think the hole was difficult or easy to make? ______How do you think the hole was made?______Sketch the object :

8. Find something made from a gourd. (A gourd is a vegetable like a squash or pumpkin) What do you think the gourd was used for?______Sketch the decorations on the gourd.

Gallery Activity Sheet 66 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page three Pacific Pathways Y 4-6 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC PATHWAYS (CONT.) 9. Find an ornament made from teeth. Which animal do you think the teeth are from? (Could be a dog, whale or dolphin) ______These ornaments are very valuable and are usually family heirlooms. An heirloom is something valu- able that is passed down from grandparents to grandchildren. Does your family have any heirlooms?

10. Find something made from coconut. Sennit ( a type of rope) is made from coconut fibre and the coconut shell is also used to make things. What is the object's use? What other parts of the coconut do people use?

11. Find something made or decorated with feathers. What is it? ______Which bird are the feathers from?______Why do you think feathers have been used?______

12. Find something made or decorated with shell. What is it?______Describe the shell that has been used.______

67 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one gallery activity sheet Y 7-10 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC MASTERPIECES 1. Carved Figures Look for the carved wooden figure at the entrance of the gallery. What has been used to make the eyes?______Why would this have been used?______

Find a figure made from stone. Which island group is it from?______What does it represent?______

2. Music and Dance Snake and lizard skin were used as skins for which musical instrument?______Find these instruments.

What is this drum (right) called?______

3. Masks Look for the masks. Tick the box when you have found each kind of mask. made from carved wood covers the whole body has face on both sides decorated with feathers used for funeral ceremonies covered in tapa cloth made from woven materials worn for initiation

Sketch the mask you think is most fearful.

Gallery Activity Sheet 68 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC MASTERPIECES (CONT.) 4. Bowls Find the colourful pottery bowl from the Sepik region. What colours have been used?______How do you think these colours were made?______

There are many bowls made from wood. Find the bowl that is shaped like a bird.

5. Architecture Go to the back of the gallery. Can you find the rooster? The rooster was part of a group of carvings used in a funeral ceremony.

Look at the oval shaped boards next to the rooster. They represent ancestors and were hung on the interior walls of the sacred men's houses of Melanesia. What image can you see in all of these boards? ______

Complete the decorations from the board below. 6. Tapa Cloths Find the hanging tapa cloths. Each tapa cloth is decorated in a different way. Can you find one that is decorated with leaf stamps? -ruled lines? -freehand designs?

Draw some examples of motifs (symbols) used in tapa cloths in the boxes below.

69 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page three gallery activity sheet Y 7-10 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC MASTERPIECES (CONT.) 7. Body Adornment Complete this pendant (below) from the Santa Cruz Islands and look for it on along the wall.

Where on the body is the decoration below worn? ______

What part of an animal is used to make the piece of jewellery below? ______

8. Dress this man with earrings, necklace, and armbands of your choice from the jewellery display.

Gallery Activity Sheet 70 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page four Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC MASTERPIECES (CONT.) 9. Which large woven object is being made in this photo?

10. Computer Interactive Use the computer interactive just outside the gallery to find the answers to these questions:

Look under Domestic Activities The leaves of which plant are used to weave objects such as mats and baskets?

______

Look under Body Adornment What is the name of the woven bag used to carry heavy loads in New Guinea and the northern Solomon Islands? ______

Look under Masks The Duk Duk secret society wore cone shaped masks with thick leaf body covers. Why?

______

71 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page one gallery activity sheet Y 7-10 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS 1. Highland New Guinea Hunt for the large green egg belonging to this bird.

Find a head dress made from the feathers of this bird.

Find a headdress decorated with: Fur; Bright green beetles; Dried flowers; Green and Blue feathers.

Look for the display of woven bags. Find one that would be useful for carrying: Tobacco; Firewood; A Baby.

2. Cook Islands Look for the sling stones. How would you use them? Do you think they are used for fighting or hunting?

Look at the mask and costume. When do you think people would dress in this costume? What is it made from?

Find a necklace made from: the tiniest shells; seeds and shells; ribbon Which necklace would you most like to wear and why?

Look at the map of the Cook Islands. Count the number of islands. How many are there? ______

3. Niue How many islands are there in Niue? ______

Look for the colourful basket. It was made in 1989 by a Niuean woman living in Auckland. These bas- kets are sold at shops and markets in New Zealand. Who do you think would buy these baskets? ______What is the basket made from? ______

Can you find the large woven basket with the lid also made by a Niuean woman living in Auckland. Do you think it was made a long time ago or very recently? ______Where did the plant material come from? ______Why do you think the Museum has collected things that have been made recently? ______

Look for the flutes. These flutes are not played with the mouth. Can you guess what part of the body you play them with? ______

Gallery Activity Sheet 72 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page two Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) 4. Polynesian Outliers Look for the hook that is bigger than two hands. What type of fish does it catch? ______

Look for the woman's head dress made of hair. Who did the hair belong to? ______

There is a necklace made from flying fox teeth. Can you find it? What New Zealand animal is the flying fox similar to? ______

The shell of a coconut is useful for many things. Amongst the display of necklaces is a coconut shell bead necklace. What colour do you think it would be? See if you can find it.

5. Kiribati Count the number of different ways for catching fish in Kiribati.

Find the necklaces made from: glass beads; fishbones; whale jawbone; porpoise teeth.

Find the vest and helmet made from coconut fibre. It is used for pro- tection. Do you know the special name for this kind of suit? ______

6. Samoa Find a photo of a man getting a Samoan tattoo. On what part of the body is the tattoo being done? ______

Look for the tools used to make . How are the marks made on the skin? ______

Find the wooden bowl with many short legs. What is it used for? ______

The fine mat on display is very valuable. What is the Samoan word for this mat? ______

Look for the basket made from coarse leaves. The leaves are from the tree at right. What is its name? ______

73 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page three gallery activity sheet Y 7-10 Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) 7. Fiji Find the large pot used for cooking yams. What is the pot made from?

Pottery was made in only a few Pacific islands. If an island that didn't make pottery wanted to obtain some of these clay pots, how do you think they did it?

There are some very large necklaces made in Fiji. Can you find this one (below)?

How are the pieces joined together? ______How did they make the holes?______

Look for the large coil of rope. This is a very valuable item. Why do you think it is valuable? ______What do you think the rope is made from? ______

On the floor is a very large wooden drum. What is the Fijian name? ______

8. Tonga Look at the shell wall hanging. What colours are the shells used to make this? Find the basket made from the same shells.

A tapa cloth hangs on the wall. Look for the rubbing tablet like this used to make patterns on tapa.

Can you find these symbols in the rubbing tablet: a cross; a star; a bird; a flower.

Look for the dress made from tapa. Tongan people used to make clothes from tapa cloth. If you vis- ited Tonga today, you would probably not see anyone wearing clothes made from tapa. Why do you think this is? ______

Gallery Activity Sheet 74 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Page four Pacific Pathways Y 7-10 gallery activity sheet PACIFIC LIFEWAYS (CONT.) 9. Canoes Find the canoe shaped like this:

Can you find the bird designs made from shells? How many people would fit in this canoe? ______What do you think the canoe is used for? ______How is it propelled? ______

Find the canoe shaped like this:

What is the hull made from? ______What is the long pole joined to the canoe for? ______How many people would travel in this canoe? ______

10. Find these mystery objects Red Feather Money

Coils of feathers were used like money in the Santa Cruz Islands. Four coils would purchase an ocean-going canoe. A bride would cost ten or more. What colour are the feathers? ______

Mace This club is used in ceremonies and would be carried by a powerful leader. What coloured stone is the blade made from? ______What is the name for a club only used in ceremonies?______

75 Gallery Activity Sheet Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku index to pacific island groupings Pacific Pathways PAPUA NEW GUINEA FIJI Independent State Independent State Island Groups · Lau Group These islands lie off the east coast of Papua New · Ringgold Isles Guinea · Vanua Levu Group · includes Bougainville · Yasawa Group · Louise Archipelago · Mamanuca Group · D'Entrecasteaux Islands · Viti Levu Group · Solomon Sea Islands includes Trobiand Islands · Lomaiviti Group · Bismark Archipelgo includes New Ireland, New · Moala Group Britain, Tabar Islands, , Manus (in · Kadavu Group Admiralty Island group), · Fiji Outliers · New Guinea Group TONGA Mainland Monarchy These are the provincial areas of mainland · Tonga Outliers Papua New Guinea · Vava'u Group · Sepik Provinces - West and East · Ha'apai Group · New Guinea Highlands-Southern, Western and · Tongatapu Group Eastern · Provinces of Western, Gulf, Central and Northern SAMOA · Provinces of Madang, Morobe, Enga and Simbu Independent State · 'Upolu NEW CALEDONIA · Manono French Overseas Territory · Apolima · New Caledonia Group- New Caledonia is the · Savai'i main island · Loyalty Islands AMERICAN SAMOA · New Caledonia Outliers US Territory · Swains Island SOLOMON ISLANDS · Manu'a Island Independent State · Tutuila · Solomon Island Outliers · Rose · Solomon Islands includes Ulawa, San Cristobal, Guadalcanal, Choisel TOKELAU · Santa Cruz Islands includes Tikopia Self-governing in free association with New Zealand VANUATU · Atafu Independent State · Nukunonu · Torres Islands · Fakaofo · Banks Islands · New Hebrides includes Malakula, Espriritu Santo, NIUE Pentecost Self-governing in free association with New Zealand · Niue

Index 76 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

Pacific Pathways

COOK ISLANDS NAURU Self-governing in free association with New Independent State Zealand · Nauru · Northern Cook Islands includes Mangaia and Rarotonga MARSHALL ISLANDS · Lower Cook Islands U.S Trust Territory · Ratak Chain FRENCH POLYNESIA · Ralak Chain includes Bikini island French Overseas Territory · Marquesas Islands BELAU · Tuamotu Archipelago U.S Trust Territory · Austral Islands · Belau Islands · Gambier Islands · Belau Outliers · Society Islands GUAM PITCAIRN ISLAND U.S Territory British colony · Guam · Pitcairn FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA HAWAI'I U.S Trust Territory State of USA · State of Yap · Northwestern Hawaiian Islands · State of Truk · Hawaiian Islands including island of Hawai'i · State of · State of Kosrae TUVALU Independent State · Comprising of nine atolls U.S Trust Territory · Comprising of 14 atolls WALLIS AND FUTUNA French Overseas Territory EASTERN PACIFIC OUTLIERS · Wallis Islands (near Mexico and Panama) · Horne Islands includes Futuna · Includes Galapagos Islands · Islands belonging to Costa Rica, Colombia, KIRIBATI Ecuador, France and Mexico Independent State · Gilbert Islands includes Tarawa Island which has CHILEAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC the capital port Administered by Chile · Phoenix Islands · Valparaiso Province Islands includes Easter Island · Line Islands · Atacama Province Islands

77 Index Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku

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