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Auckland Museum PACIFIC PATHWAYS e ducation k it Te Papa Whakahiku Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku YEARS 1 TO 10 © Auckland Museum 2000 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways contents page About this Resource 1 Booking Information 1 Introduction 2 Gallery Floorplans 3 Teacher Background 5 ·The People of the Pacific Ocean 5 ·Lapita and Early Stone Tools 9 ·Music and Dance 10 ·Pacific Food 13 ·Family and Gods 16 ·Power 19 ·Body Adornment 22 ·Canoes 24 ·Pacific Trade 27 ·Textiles 28 ·Architecture 30 ·New Pacific 32 ·Pacific Island Profiles 36 Curriculum Links 41 Pre and Post- Visit Activities 43 Resources 44 Classroom Activity Sheets 45 Gallery Activity Sheets 58 Index to Pacific Island Groupings 76 ABOUT THIS RESOURCE: BOOKING INFORMATION: This resource has been designed to meet the All school visits to the museum must be booked. needs of Social Studies classes, Years 1 - 10. We advise booking 2-3 months in advance. Numbers: 40 maximum (including adults) Adult child ratio: Y 1-4 1:6 Y 5-6 1:7 Y 7-8 1:10 Booking: Contact the Museum School Bookings Officer at: Private Bag 92018 Auckland Adult/child interaction is important to maximise your Phone: (09) 306 7040 museum experience. Group leaders need to have Fax: (09) 306 7075 some background knowledge of what the students are expected to cover and they are advised to par- Introductions and Hands-on Sessions (facilitated ticipate in the introduction on arrival. by Education Staff) are available. Please ask the School Bookings Officer for more information. 1 Contents Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku introduction Pacific Pathways Greetings Cook Islands Ni Sa Bula Vinaka Kia Ora Fiji Maori English Kia Orana Namaste Malo e Lelei Fakaalofa Lahi Atu Hindi Tonga Niue Ia Orana Aloha Fakatalofa Atu Tahiti Hawaii Tuvalu Taloha Ni Mauri Mauri Mauri Tokelau Kiribati Taloha Ni Talofa Lava Halo Oloketa Tokelau Samoa Pidgin his Education Kit relates to the two ground floor galleries at the Auckland War Memorial Museum known individually as Pacific TMasterpieces and Pacific Lifeways, and collectively as Pacific Pathways. The curriculum focus for this kit is Social Studies in the New Zealand Curriculum, Years 1- 10 and Technology in the New Zealand Curriculum, Years 1 -10. This Education Kit is specific to the themes explored in the Pacific Pathways galleries. It provides plenty of back- ground material, teaching ideas, classroom activities and gallery activities so that your visit to the Pacific Pathways galleries is well informed. EDUCATION CENTRE MUSIC GALLERY CITY WILD CHILD BB’S CAFE PACIFIC LIFEWAYS Ground Floor SPECIAL EXHIBITION HALLS I & II PACIFIC DIRECTORS GALLERY MASTERPIECES MAORI TREASURES MUSEUM STORE Introduction 2 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways gallery floorplans PACIFIC MASTERPIECES This gallery invites you to enjoy and appreciate the artistry in a wide range of artefacts made and used by the peoples of the Pacific Islands in an art gallery context. Whether made for every- day use, for special occasions, or to honour gods and ancestors, many Pacific artefacts are care- fully designed in both form and decoration, even the most functional of objects. Not all are intend- ed to be beautiful; indeed some are designed to intimidate or to terrify their viewers with the power of the supernatural. In this context the artefacts are intended to be appreciated for their aesthetic value. Many similar artefacts can be seen in their cultural context in the Pacific Lifeways gallery opposite. A video interactive at the entrance of the gallery provides photographs and captions which put the objects in their cultur- al context. Mats, Bags and Bilums Slit Gong Masks Tapa Cloths Tapa Masks Baskets suspended above Red Feather Cloak Fly Whisks Ancestors and Gods Figurines Wooden Bowls Paddles Dance Items Canoes Architecture Food Knives and Pudding Pounders ENTRANCE Head Rests Tikopian Canoe Loincloths Beaded Pottery, Adzes and Stone Items Combs and Featherwork Gope. Kwoi and Hohao Boards Gourds, Spatulas and Food Pounders Computer Interactives Spears Clubs Shields Shields Jewellery/Seed and Shell Ornaments Shields and Barkbelts TO MAORI GALLERIES 3 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways PACIFIC LIFEWAYS Throughout the widespread islands of the Pacific, the people have developed a wide diversity of cultures. From the high mountain valleys of New Guinea to the glaring low coral atolls of Micronesia and Polynesia, this diversity is expressed in language, song, dance, mythology, religion, family organisation, costume, architec- ture, canoes, and village life. Many of these cul- tures were in frequent contact with each other, sharing their ideas through exchange networks, trade, warfare and marriage. Underlying this diversity, there is a basic unity of pacific cultures that distinguish them from other cultures of the world. The gallery celebrates this rich diversity and unity through an experience of various Pacific lifeways, with some concentration on those cultures represented in the Pacific Island commu- nities of Auckland. A video interactive is at the entrance of the gallery. Nuie New Guinea Cook Islands Kiribati Samoa Highlands Polynesian outliers Pre history and Navigation ENTRANCE Kawe Fiji Map of the Pacific Fijian Sailing Canoe Computer Interactives Pacific Trade Power Family Tonga Music and dance Pacific Food and Gods New Pacific TO MAORI GALLERIES Teacher Background 4 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways teacher background THE PEOPLE OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN he Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the world's four oceans, covering an area of 165 million square kilometres, which Tis larger than the entire land surface of the globe. 'Pacific' means peaceful. The ocean was named by the Portugese nav- igator Ferdinand Magellan in 1520. The people of the Pacific Ocean have come to be mountains and river valleys in Papua New Guinea grouped into three main groups: Melanesian, to low coral atolls. The islands of Fiji are on the Micronesian and Polynesian. border of Melanesia and Polynesia and tend to reflect elements of both cultural groupings. MELANESIA (THE 'BLACK ISLANDS') Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New There are some common religious beliefs shared Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji (bordering Melanesia and by Melanesian countries, and some common prac- Polynesia ) tices in terms of village leadership and accumu- lation of wealth. Melanesia is an utterly diverse area. The cultures, languages and even physical appearances of the It is the area with the largest population - 4.6 mil- people vary greatly. The climate is warm and lion (1986). Papua New Guinea makes up humid most of the year, with a high rainfall fos- approximately three-quarters of this population. tering lush vegetation. The terrain varies from 5 Teacher Background Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways Belief in the spirit world is common in all Trading networks of shell necklaces and bracelets Melanesia. Spirits of important ancestors, are operate in Melanesia. This shell currency is also part of the social group. Spirits are offered gifts a sign of wealth. at special celebrations such as birth, initiation, marriage and death. Masks feature during some Betel-chewing is a Melanesian custom ( it is also of these celebrations. They are used to represent common in East Africa across to South Asia, ancestors or spirits, or merely to produce a sense Indonesia and the Philippines). It is a mild stimu- of awe. lant which reduces hunger and produces feelings of well-being. In Melanesia, leaders achieved their positions by force of character or special skills in economic MICRONESIA (THE 'SMALL ISLANDS') management or warfare. Village leadership Caroline Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Belau stemmed from the men's houses. This is where (Palau) Islands, Marshall Islands, Kiribati (border- masks and ritual items are stored, and where ini- ing Micronesia and Polynesia), Nauru, Guam, tiated men sleep, eat, talk, and make decisions Federated States of Micronesia. about the community. Women are excluded. Micronesia is made up of approximately 2,500 Pigs are a symbol of wealth in Melanesia. Pigs islands, scattered over an area larger than the are often fed with food chewed by the wives of USA. Some are just small, flat specks that disap- big men. A man intent on increasing his prestige pear and reappear with the tides; some are still will take more than one wife so that he can rear growing, through coral build-up and volcanic more pigs. Having many wives is a sign of flows; and most are uninhabited. Most of these wealth. islands lie north of the equator, and are most commonly low-lying coral atolls. Parts of Teacher Background 6 Auckland Museum Te Papa Whakahiku Pacific Pathways Micronesia are thought to have been settled by Polynesia is the most cohesive of the three areas migrants from South East Asia as early as 2,000 in terms of culture. Before European contact most BC. Temperatures in Micronesia range from 21 to of Polynesia had a variable economy - this means 32 degrees C. they cultivated root and tree crops and at the same time were hunters and fishermen. Usually There is considerable diversity within the there was a seasonal cycle of activities. Micronesian region. Beliefs vary from one area to another, gods are local and are worshipped in Myths about the gods Rangi and Papa and their different ways. Each area has its own origin sto- children, such as Tane and Tangaroa, are shared ries. by the islands of Polynesia. Deities presided over different aspects of life. Maui, the half man, half The ocean is vital to life in Micronesia. Seafood god is also a common mythical character. is a very important food resource. Goods such as woven mats are traded between islands. Tribal systems operate in some parts of Polynesia. Tribal groups have ceremonial centres Small atolls are generally short of resources such and marae.
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