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Winter 2015 Gems & Gemology WINTER 2015 VOLUME LI THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Pyrope Garnet with Color-Change Phenomenon The Origin of Montana’s Alluvial Sapphires The Grand Sapphire: Provenance and Properties In Search of Australian Opal Winter 2015 VOLUME 51, No. 4 EDITORIAL 347 Garnets, Sapphires, Opals, and Tarnish on High-Purity Gold Duncan Pay FEATURE ARTICLES 348 Vanadium- and Chromium-Bearing Pink Pyrope Garnet: Characterization and pg. 352 Quantitative Colorimetric Analysis Ziyin Sun, Aaron C. Palke, and Nathan Renfro This type of pink pyrope garnet, believed to have been mined in Tanzania, shows a distinct color-change phenomenon resulting from its unique chemical composition. 370 Alluvial Sapphires from Montana: Inclusions, Geochemistry, and Indications of a Metasomatic Origin J.C. (Hanco) Zwaan, Eric Buter, Regina Mertz-Kraus, and Robert E. Kane Microscopic and chemical analysis may provide clues to the original source of Montana’s alluvial sapphires and help distinguish them from sapphires with overlapping properties. 392 The Grand Sapphire of Louis XIV and the “Ruspoli” Sapphire: Historical and Gemological Discoveries François Farges, Gérard Panczer, Nassima Benbalagh, and Geoffray Riondet pg. 371 Archival research and gemological characterization reveal the true story of this 135.74 ct blue sapphire from the French crown jewels. NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 410 Characterization of Tarnish Spots in Chinese High-Purity Gold Jewelry Taijin Lu, Jian Zhang, Yan Lan, Ying Ma, Hua Chen, Jie Ke, Zhenglong Wu, and Miaomiao Tang Examines the origin and nature of these tarnish spots and how they can be avoided. FIELD REPORTS pg. 392 418 Splendor in the Outback: A Visit to Australia’s Opal Fields Tao Hsu, Andrew Lucas, and Vincent Pardieu Documents a trip to the renowned opal fields of Lightning Ridge, Koroit, Yowah, and Quilpie. REGULAR FEATURES 428 Lab Notes Graphite inclusions in diamond • Treated pink diamond with HPHT synthetic growth structure • Very large type Ib diamond • Uranium in hyalite • Large natural fossil blister pearls from Tridacna species • Pearl with an intriguing internal structure • Pearls reportedly from Spondylus and Trochoidea species • Two large CVD-grown synthetic diamonds pg. 443 • Synthetic rock crystal quartz bangle with unusual inclusions 441 G&G Micro-World “Dragon’s eye” fire agate • Red heart inclusion in diamond • Trapiche muscovite • Parisite in Colombian quartz • Violetish blue spinel in yellow sapphire • Stars in Paraíba tourmaline 446 Gem News International Demantoid garnet with giant fluid inclusion • Grandidierite from Madagascar • Mexican demantoid from new deposits • New natural-color bluish green chalcedony • Rubies from new deposit in Madagascar • Plastic imitation of golden coral • Conference reports • Errata 463 Letters Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.778, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2013 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2014). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth Sciences and Science Cita- tion Index—Expanded, including the Web of Production Staff Knowledge) and other databases. For a complete list Creative Director Photographer Production Supervisor of sources abstracting G&G, go to gia.edu/gems- gemology, and click on “Publication Information.” Faizah Bhatti Robert Weldon Richard Canedo Image Specialists Video Production Production Specialist Manuscript Submissions Gems & Gemology, a peer-reviewed journal, welcomes Kevin Schumacher Larry Lavitt Juan Zanahuria the submission of articles on all aspects of the field. Eric Welch Pedro Padua Please see the Author Guidelines at gia.edu/gems- Multimedia Specialist Nancy Powers gemology or contact the Managing Editor. Letters on Illustrator Betsy Winans Lynn Nguyen articles published in G&G are also welcome. Please Peter Johnston note that Field Reports, Lab Notes, Gem News Inter- national, and Micro-World entries are not peer-reviewed sections but do undergo technical and editorial review. Editorial Review Board Copyright and Reprint Permission Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Li- Ahmadjan Abduriyim A.J.A. (Bram) Janse Benjamin Rondeau braries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits Tokyo, Japan Perth, Australia Nantes, France of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons. In- Timothy Adams E. Alan Jobbins George R. Rossman structors are permitted to reproduce isolated articles San Diego, California Caterham, UK Pasadena, California and photographs/images owned by G&G for noncom- mercial classroom use without fee. Use of photo- Edward W. Boehm Mary L. Johnson Kenneth Scarratt graphs/images under copyright by external parties is Chattanooga, Tennessee San Diego, California Bangkok, Thailand prohibited without the express permission of the pho- James E. Butler Anthony R. Kampf Andy Shen tographer or owner of the image, as listed in the cred- its. For other copying, reprint, or republication Washington, DC Los Angeles, California Wuhan, China permission, please contact the Managing Editor. Alan T. Collins Robert E. Kane Guanghai Shi Gems & Gemology is published quarterly by the London, UK Helena, Montana Beijing, China Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educa- John L. Emmett Stefanos Karampelas James E. Shigley tional organization for the gem and jewelry industry. Brush Prairie, Washington Basel, Switzerland Carlsbad, California Postmaster: Return undeliverable copies of Gems & Emmanuel Fritsch Lore Kiefert Elisabeth Strack Gemology to GIA, The Robert Mouawad Campus, 5345 Armada Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Nantes, France Lucerne, Switzerland Hamburg, Germany Our Canadian goods and service registration number Eloïse Gaillou Ren Lu Wuyi Wang is 126142892RT. Paris, France Wuhan, China New York, New York Any opinions expressed in signed articles are under- Gaston Giuliani Thomas M. Moses Christopher M. Welbourn stood to be opinions of the authors and not of the Nancy, France New York, New York Reading, UK publisher. Jaroslav Hyršl Nathan Renfro Prague, Czech Republic Carlsbad, California About the Cover The lead article in this issue analyzes the color-change phenomenon displayed by a pink pyrope garnet believed to be of Tanzanian origin. The cover photo shows two pieces of pyrope garnet from Morogoro, Tanzania, that ex- hibit the reported color-change characteristics. The round “Super Spiral cut” specimen, weighing 15.25 ct, comes from the same material as the 42.42 ct rough nodule. The gems were photographed on a glass tile that provides an organic look to the scene. Photo by Robert Weldon/GIA, courtesy of Meg Berry. Printing is by L+L Printers, Carlsbad, CA. GIA World Headquarters The Robert Mouawad Campus 5345 Armada Drive Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA © 2015 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X Garnets, Sapphires, Opals, and Tarnish on High-Purity Gold Welcome to the final Gems & Gemology of 2015. Colored gems—garnet, sapphire, and opal— are prominent in this issue. The Tanzanian garnet on our cover projects a rich, bold pink and demonstrates just how fine this material can be. It’s profiled in our lead article. The issue also offers insight into the origin of Montana’s alluvial sapphires, a gemological study of the historic Grand Sapphire, an investigation into tarnish spots on high-purity gold, and a field report on Australian opal. Our first paper—by three of GIA’s young research scientists, Ziyin “Nick” Sun, Aaron Palke, and Nathan Renfro—examines interesting “color-change” pyrope garnet from Amethyst purple under fluorescent-equivalent Tanzania. Under fluorescent-equivalent lighting, hot pink under incandescent... lighting, larger gems have the color of fine purple amethyst, while under incandescent they resemble hot pink tourmaline. The authors provide a comprehensive review of this material’s inclusions along with a quantitative analysis of its color under different lighting conditions. Alluvial sapphires from the U.S. state of Montana have long been celebrated for their kaleidoscope of colors, but so far no one has located these gems’ primary source rocks. In our second paper, a team of researchers led by Dr. J.C. “Hanco” Zwaan focuses on mineral inclusions and geochemistry to propose a metasomatic origin for Montana’s alluvial sapphires. Next, Dr. François Farges and his colleagues profile the fascinating history and gemology of Louis XIV’s 135.74 ct Grand Sapphire, which was added to the
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