Working with the Grain of Nature

Working with the grain of nature A biodiversity strategy for England Working with the grain of nature A biodiversity strategy for England Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Telephone 020 7238 6000 Web site www.defra.gov.uk © Crown copyright 2002 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication (excluding the logo) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the publication specified. Further copies of this publication are available from: Defra Publications Admail 6000 London SW1A 2XX Telephone: 08459 556000 This document is also available on the Defra website. Published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Printed in the UK, October 2002, on recycled material containing 80% post-consumer waste and 20% totally chlorine free virgin pulp. Product code PB7718 Cover photograph: Lindisfarne NNR (Peter Wakely, English Nature). Acknowledgements We are grateful to everyone who has contributed to the preparation of this Strategy, in particular to the members of the England Biodiversity Group, and to the leaders of the work streams:– Agriculture: Stephen Cane, Defra Forestry: Simon Pryor, Forestry Commission Water and Wetlands: Paul Raven, Environment Agency Marine and Coastal: Peter Barham, Associated British Ports Urban and Development: Mathew Frith, English Nature Local and Regional: Alison Barnes, England Local Biodiversity Action Co-ordinator Business: James Marsden, English Nature Economics and Funding: Shaun Mowat, Defra Education: Libby Grundy, Council for Environmental Education and members of the Strategy Management Group:– Hilary Neal, Defra Tim Sands, The Wildlife Trusts Gwyn Williams, RSPB Andy Stott, Defra Paul Rose, JNCC Mark Felton, English Nature Roger Mitchell, English Nature John Robbins, Defra David Henshilwood, English Nature They in turn have been helped and supported by other people and organisations, too numerous to mention. Together their contributions and suggestions have been invaluable. iii Contents Foreword 6 Executive summary 7 Chapter 1 Introduction: a new biodiversity vision for England 9 Chapter 2 Biodiversity indicators measuring achievement Chapter 3 A holistic approach 13 Essay 1: How to manage non-native species 33 Sustainable management by sector 34 Chapter 4 Agriculture 35 Chapter 5 Water and wetlands 42 Chapter 6 Woodland and forestry 48 Chapter 7 Towns, cities and development 53 Essay 2: The effects of climate change on biodiversity 60 iv Chapter 8 The coasts and seas 62 The importance of people 67 Chapter 9 Local and regional action 68 Essay 3: Biodiversity for recreation, health and well-being 72 Chapter 10 The economics and funding of biodiversity 74 Essay 4: Biodiversity and sustainable tourism 79 Chapter 11 The engagement of business 80 Chapter 12 Promoting education and public understanding 87 Essay 5: Involving children and young people 91 Appendices 93 Glossary 175 v Foreword By the Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs n the ten years since the Convention on This Biodiversity Strategy for England seeks to do Biodiversity was signed at the Rio Earth Summit, just that. It builds on the foundations we have Ia massive effort has been made in this country already laid, but recognises that we need to to address and reverse serious declines in our “mainstream” biodiversity into all our activities. We biodiversity. A UK Biodiversity Action Plan was want to work as far as possible with the grain of adopted in 1994, resulting in the establishment of nature through our policies for example in recovery plans for over 400 species and habitats. agriculture, water, fisheries and woodland About 100 local biodiversity action plans have also management and in urban areas. In many of these been adopted covering almost all of England. To spheres we now have historic opportunities. give even better protection to our most precious wildlife sites we have legislated to give increased We in Government are immensely grateful to the powers for positive management for Sites of very wide range of partners that has worked with Special Scientific Interest and proposed to the us in putting this Strategy together. This is a European Commission 220 sites in England for unique partnership which has been critical of the strongest protection which must be given us at times but has challenged us to think under the EU Habitats Directive. We are now also ambitiously. We intend to continue to take this actively looking at what needs to be done to inclusive approach in moving towards successful conserve the wealth of biodiversity in the seas implementation; indeed in many instances we will around our coasts and beyond, an area hitherto rely on our partners to help achieve the vision. largely neglected. This Strategy sets out a work programme for the We have seen some encouraging success stories. next five years. I am asking the England In Yorkshire this year the corncrake, one of Biodiversity Group to take stock of progress every Europe’s rarest birds, bred for the first time in year and to publish a full report in 2006. I am England in decades. Our rivers are the cleanest hopeful that the turn of the millennium will be seen they have been since the industrial revolution and by history as a turning point for biodiversity in there are numerous examples of local biodiversity England. initiatives making real improvements to people’s quality of life. Worldwide, there is still a long way to go if we are to reverse the trends of biodiversity decline that At the World Summit on Sustainable Development we have seen in our own lifetimes. This Strategy in Johannesburg this summer, we committed aims to reaffirm our commitment in England to ourselves to achieving a significant reduction in achieving that goal. the current rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. But we are still far from achieving our goals, and we have been very conscious that we have not hitherto articulated a coherent strategy for action across the Board. We have also been conscious that designated sites and species and habitat Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP action plans are not enough; we can only make the difference we want by fundamental shifts in policy and behaviour across the board. 6 Executive summary Our vision is for a country – its landscapes and water bodies, coasts and seas, towns and cities – where wild species and habitats are part of healthy functioning ecosystems; where we nurture, treasure and enhance our biodiversity, and where biodiversity is a natural consideration of policies and decisions, and in society as a whole. We have made good progress in recent years in This Strategy is a Government strategy, but it has protecting and enhancing biodiversity in England, been prepared with the active partnership of a with greater protection for Sites of Special broad range of stakeholders in the public, Scientific Interest through the Countryside and voluntary and private sectors. We will continue this Rights of Way Act; through the development and partnership approach, which is vital to successful implementation of 436 individual Action Plans implementation. for priority habitats and species; through implementation of the Habitats Directive and Chapters 4–7 of the Strategy set out a series of through increasing use of agri-environment actions that will be taken by the Government and programmes. Challenging Public Service its partners to make biodiversity a fundamental Agreement targets have been set to bring 95% of consideration in:– SSSIs into favourable condition by 2010 and to reverse the decline in farmland birds. A ● Agriculture: encouraging the management of comprehensive review of nature conservation in farming and agricultural land so as to the marine environment is underway, with an conserve and enhance biodiversity as part of ambitious demonstration project taking place in the Government’s Sustainable Food and the Irish Sea, as part of the Government’s vision to Farming Strategy make a real difference to the quality of our oceans and seas within a generation. But we must ● Water: aiming for a whole catchment recognise that we can only secure the long-term approach to the wise, sustainable use of health of biodiversity that is needed to bring a water and wetlands truly sustainable future by also achieving fundamental changes to public policy and in the ● Woodland: with the management and behaviour of people across society as a whole. extension of woodland so as to promote enhanced biodiversity and quality of life The Biodiversity Strategy for England sets this fundamental shift in train by ensuring that ● Marine and coastal management: so as to biodiversity considerations become embedded in achieve the sustainable use and management all the main sectors of economic activity, public of our coasts and seas using natural and private. Agriculture is particularly important, processes and the ecosystem-based and the Strategy capitalises on the opportunities approach presented by the report of the Policy Commission on Food and Farming and the current review of ● Urban areas: where biodiversity needs to the Common Agricultural Policy. But the Strategy become a part of the development of policy also sets out a programme for the next five years on sustainable communities, urban green for the other main policy sectors, to make the space and the built environment changes necessary to conserve, enhance and work with the grain of nature and ecosystems The Strategy also looks at ways of engaging rather than against them. It takes account of society as a whole in understanding the needs of climate change as one of the most important biodiversity and what can be done by everyone to factors affecting biodiversity and influencing help conserve and enhance it.

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