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Palazzi of the Republic ALAZZI OF THE PRome’s Major Government EPUBLIC Buildings R AZIENDA DI PROMOZIONE TURISTICA DI ROMA The Quirinale Palace is the seat of the President of the Republic, the highest institution of the Italian state and therefore the "House of all Italians", the point of reference for all citizens in developing an affinity with public institutions. I am firmly convinced that the attitude towards public institutions is central to the history of society and the history of a people. The values of civilised society reside in our consciences, and come alive only in a context of real human relationships and of belief in public institutions and their importance. We create public institutions to organise our civil life and to ensure that the fundamental principles common to everyone's conscience are coupled with an awareness of the rules of living together, and therefore of the institutions which regulate the life of a community. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi President of the Italian Republic PALAZZI OF THE REPUBLIC CONTENTS Quirinale Palace pag. 3 Presidency of the Republic Palazzo Madama ” 9 Senate of the Republic Palazzo Montecitorio ” 15 Chamber of Deputies Palazzo della Consulta ” 21 Constitutional Court Palazzo Chigi ” 27 Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) THE QUIRINALE PALACE Presidency of the Republic THE SITE IN ANTIQUITY renowned as the biggest temple The Quirinale Palace stands on one complex in the city; and the baths of the peaks of the hill of the same of Constantine, built around name, the highest and largest of the year 315 on the nor- Rome’s seven hills. Its name pro- thern slopes of the bably derives from the cult of the Quirinal, in the area god Quirinus, worshipped in the today partly occupied Sabine city of Cures. The Sabines by Palazzo Rospigliosi came from this area to join the first Pallavicini. Apart from the inhabitants of the hill at the begin- numerous and important religious ning of the Iron Age. According to constructions, the area was also tradition, they later joined up with occupied by residential buildings. the Latini of the Palatine Hill, at the The many stately homes included time of Romulus. In the fourth cen- those of the gens Flavia, Pomponius tury B.C. a temple to Quirinus was Atticus and Fulvius Plautianus. Top: located near the site of the seven- These structures were mostly the tower clock is in the traditional teenth-century church of Sant’An- destroyed in the barbarian inva- Roman style drea al Quirinale. The area corre- sions of the fifth century; their ruins Bottom: sponding to today’s Piazza del remained the defining physical fea- one of the Dioscuri Quirinale and the buildings around ture of the hill. In the Middle Ages from Roman times it was occupied by a succession of the Quirinal was given the name Bottom left: various buildings in ancient times: “Montecavallo” or “Horse Hill”, due view of Piazza del Quirinale in the 17thC. a temple dedicated in the fifth cen- to the presence of statues of the Dioscuri Castor and Pol- lux, figured holding the reins of restless horses. Although tradition - and the engraving at the sta- tues' base - attributes them to the Greek sculptors Phydias and Praxiteles, Castor and Pollux were in fact made in Rome in the tury B.C. to the Sabine god Semo third century A.D. as an adornment Sancus; a temple to the goddess to the temple of Serapis. They were Salus in the fourth century B.C.; the restored and retouched on a num- temple of Serapis, built in the third ber of occasions over the years, and century by the emperor Caracalla, were placed by Pope Pius VI ALAZZI OF THE P EPUBLIC on the eastern slopes of the hill, Braschi at the head of the fountain 3 R THE QUIRINALE PALACE Presidency of the Republic in the piazza. There is also an obe- and cultured individuals, who lisk from the Mausoleum of chose the Quirinal not only for its Augustus atop a granite basin trans- healthy climate, but also for the ferred from the Roman Forum in atmospheric charm provided by 1818. The hill was gradually aban- the antique ruins. The first doned over the course of the Archeological Academy of Rome, Middle Ages. While the ruins of the later the Greek Gymnasium, was ancient buildings were stripped for established in the literary salon at raw materials, the hill’s elevated the house of the humanist Pom- position strategically close to the ponio Leto, for example. city-centre favoured the establish- ment on its slopes of churches and HISTORY OF THE PALAZZO monasteries (now no more), as well Architecture and decoration as the construction of towers, by The original core of the Quirinale noble families of which the Torre Palace can be traced back to a delle Milizie in Largo Magnanapoli “vigna” belonging to the Carafa and the Torre Colonna in Via IV family at the end of the fifteenth Novembre remain today. century. Cardinal Oliviero Carafa, From the end of the fifteenth cen- who had amassed a valuable col- tury, suburban villas, known until lection of antique statues, reliefs the nineteenth century as “vigne”, and inscriptions, entertained his began to be built on the top of the literary friends in the villa. In 1550, hill. These complexes consisted of the villa was rented out to Cardinal a luxury residence, the “lodge” pro- Ippolito d’Este who transformed it per, gardens and agricultural land. into one of Rome’s finest suburban They belonged mostly to eminent residences. Right: view of the gardens with the “Fontana di Caserta” 4 In particular, the Cardinal oversaw out under the papacy of Urban VII the planning of the gardens, Barberini, who was mostly concer- famous at the time for their magni- ned with strengthening the defensi- ficent tree-lined avenues, rare ve structures of the building. A wall plants, fountains and antique was erected around the gardens, sculptures. In 1572 Pope Gregory and on the piazza a circular tower XIII Boncompagni, who had been was built for the use of the artillery a frequent guest of the Cardinal, division which guarded the main was allowed to establish his sum- entrance. mer residence there, although the In 1638, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, a actual purchase of the land did not favourite artist of the Barberini take place until 1587. family, designed the Loggia delle The Pope charged the architect Benedizioni above the main door- Ottavio Nonni, known as il way, with a relief figuring the mascherino, with constructing a Madonna and Child. building which would incorporate The palace was enlarged along Via the existing structures, and would del Quirinale with the construction have the form of a Renaissance of the so-called “Manica Lunga”, a suburban villa, with two floors and 360-metre long wing finished by an airy open gallery. The house is Ferdinando Fuga in 1732. At the dominated by the tall “torrino”, to end of the Manica Lunga, Fuga which the gabled bell-tower was built the Villa del Segretario della added in the seventeenth century. Cifra, residence of the prelate in The national flag and the presiden- charge of the Pope’s diplomatic tial standard fly there today. The correspondence. Today the buil- Top: architect had planned a long rec- ding houses the residence and pri- the tower with the gabled belfry and clock tangular courtyard in front of the vate offices of president of the villa, flanked by two buildings. The Italian Republic. In the gardens Bottom: the private office project was taken up again, with Fuga built the Coffee House, a buil- of the President some modifications, during the ding for the Pope's leisure and relax- of the Italian Republic papacy of Sixtus V Peretti, by ation, decorated with paintings by Domenico Fontana who built the Agostino Masucci, Giovanni Paolo wings on the square and on Via del Pannini and Pompeo Batoni. Quirinale, then called Strada Pia. The Quirinale Palace was disconti- Under Paul V Borghese, at the nued as a papal seat in 1811, when beginning of the seventeenth cen- the Napoleonic government decla- tury, the parallel garden wing was red Rome the second city of the finally built by Flaminio Ponzio. In empire and chose it as the residen- 1615 Carlo Maderno, who assumed ce of the emperor. The architect control of the site after Ponzio’s Raffaele Stern was charged with death, designed the main entrance, adapting the Palace to the demands adorned with statues of Saints Peter and tastes of the new tenant and his ALAZZI OF THE P EPUBLIC and Paul. More work was carried court. The imperial apartments 5 R THE QUIRINALE PALACE Presidency of the Republic were built to this end, on the main dence with the idea of turning it floor of the Gregorian villa. It is one into a proper royal palace, model- of the most successful examples of led after the great courts of Europe. the neoclassical style in Rome. The Pauline wing, the one facing Among the artists who worked on onto the garden, felt the greatest Centre of page: particular of the it under Stern’s direction were effects of the changes which gave a gilt stuccoed ceiling Jean-Dominique Ingres, Bertel lavish neo-rococo feel to many of the Pauline Chapel Thorwaldsen and Felice of its rooms: the Piedmontese Bottom: Giani. For the apartments Hangings Room, the particular of the frieze and a wide view of the of the Empress Marie Tapestry Room, the Hall Cuirassiers’ Room Louise, it was deci- of Mirrors, and the ded to refashion Banquet Hall. the long gallery of While some parts Alexander VII look- of the palace kept ing onto the squa- their original seven- re, which had been teenth-century decora- decorated from 1656 on tions intact - for instance by a group of painters, the cycle of frescoes painted among them Carlo Maratta and by the young Guido Reni in the Pier Francesco Mola, under the di- Chapel of the Annunciation - by far rection of Pietro da Cortona.
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