1 STEPHEN HAWKING
Read about Stephen Hawking.
Stephen Hawking is a famous cosmologist. He's also a theoretical physicist and a mathematician. He is a writer, too. Four occupations! The name of his best-selling book is A Brief 4 History of Time. It is also a documentary film. The writer is Hawking, but he is not the director of the film. The director is Errol Morris.
PART A. Now answer the questions. Check the box(es).
1. What are Hawking's occupations?
writer manager architect cosmologist mechanic physicist pharmacist reporter mathematician director engineer accountant
2. In line 4, 'It' means ______.
The famous cosmologist The theoretical physicist A Brief History of Time The occupation
3. What is A Brief History of Time?
A photograph A film A workbook A scientist A book
4. What is Errol Morris's occupation?
musician writer film director famous actor
1
PART B. Read the information about A Brief History Of Time, and fill in the blanks.
Film director Errol Morris
Film producer David Hickman Executive Producers Steven Spielberg Kathleen Kennedy Writer Stephen Hawking
Stars Stephen Hawking Isobel Hawking (Stephen Hawking's Mother) Janet Humphrey (Stephen Hawking's Aunt ) Mary Hawking (Stephen Hawking's Sister)
Composer Philip Glass
1. Mr. Hickman's ______is David.
2. Mr. Hickman is ______.
3. Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy are the ______of the documentary.
4. Janet's ______is Humphrey.
5. Philip Glass is not a film director. He is ______.
2 2 BUSINESS CARDS
Look at the business cards and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What is Mrs. Johnson's first name?
______
2. What is Barbara Smith's occupation?
______
3. What is John Brown's address?
______
4. Is John Brown a dentist?
______
5. What is Dogwood Veterinary Hospital's web address?
______3 6. What is Mrs.Smith's phone number?
______
7. Is Mrs. Smith's e-mail address [email protected]?
______
8. Is 212 654 -0894 Mr.Brown's phone number?
______
9. What are Mrs. Johnson's and Wayne Morris's occupations?
______
10. Are Pamela Johnson and Wayne Morris neighbors?
______
4 3 FAMOUS PEOPLE
PART A. Match the pictures with the names of the following famous people. Choose the correct name and write it on the line.
Lady Gaga / Tom Cruise / Sting / Ronaldinho / Uğur Dündar / Michael Schumacher / Joanne Rowling.
1 2 This is ______. He is This is ______. He is a Formula One racing driver. He an actor, a producer, a writer is from Germany. His favorite and a director. He's from the singer is Sting. United States. His favorite film is Harry Potter and The
Deathly Hallows . 3 4 This is ______. He This is______. His is a journalist and an birth name is Ronaldo de anchorman. He's from Assis Moreira. He is a Turkey. His favorite TV footballer. He's from Brazil. channel is Star TV. His favorite footballer is David Beckham from Britain. 5 6 This is______. Her This is______. She birth name is Stefani Joanne is a novelist. She is the writer Angelina Germanotta. She is a of the Harry Potter books. musician, a song-writer, a She's from Britain. Her dancer, an activist and a favorite actor is Daniel businesswoman. She's from Radcliffe, and her favorite the United States. singer is Avril Lavigne. 7 This is______. His birth name is Gordon Matthew Sumner. He is a musician, a producer, a song-writer and an actor. He's from Britain.
PART B. Read the texts, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Is Lady Gaga from Germany?
______
2. Where is Ronaldinho from?
______
5 3. What is Uğur Dündar's occupation?
______
4. What is Mrs. Rowling's first name?
______
5. Is Michael Schumacher from Britain?
______
6. What is his occupation?
______
7. Who is Mrs. Rowling's favorite singer?
______
8. Is Mrs. Rowling a song-writer?
______
9. What is Daniel Radcliffe's occupation?
______
10. What is Uğur Dündar's favorite TV channel?
______
PART C. What do they have in common? Check the boxes. You may tick more than one box. 1. Sting and Lady Gaga are ______. musicians novelists producers song-writers 2. Tom Cruise and Lady Gaga are from ______. Britain Germany the United States 3. Tom Cruise and Sting are ______. activists producers actors 4. Mrs. Rowling and Sting are from ______. Italy the United States Britain 5. Ronaldinho and David Beckham are ______. from Brazil footballers from Britain businessmen
6 4 GUIDE TO LONDON CINEMAS
Read about the cinemas, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
The Prince Charles Cinema
The Prince Charles Cinema is at 7 Leicester Place, London WC2H 7BY. It is just 40 meters from Leicester Square. Transportation: Take the tube to Leicester Square or Piccadilly Circus. Then walk to the cinema. For more information : www.princecharlescinema.com
The Ritzy The Ritzy Cinema is on Brixton Oval Road, London SW2 1JG. Its phone number is 020 7733 2229. There is a bar and a café on the first floor of the cinema. Transportation: Take the train to Brixton Station. Then take a taxi to the cinema. No buses!
The Rio Cinema The Rio Cinema is at 107 Kingsland High St, London E8 2PB. Its phone number is 020 33 77 9222. Transportation: Take the train to Dalston Kingsland Station. Then take Bus 116. Walk from the bus stop to the cinema.
7
1. Where is the Rio Cinema?
______
2. What is the web address of the Prince Charles Cinema?
______
3. Is the Prince Charles Cinema near Leicester Square ?
______
4. Is the phone number of the Ritzy Cinema 020 33 77 9222?
______
5. What is the address of the Prince Charles Cinema?
______
6. Is the Ritzy Cinema on Abbey Road?
______
7. How can I get to the Rio Cinema?
______
8 5 MONICA AND DA CHUN
bookstore cinema cafe
pharmacy shoe store toy restaurant store
travel bank pub agency
hotel train station
Chinese restaurant 14 15 Supermarket
Da Chun’s house Map of Buxton Monica’s house
Monica and Da Chun are very good friends. Monica is from Britain, and Da Chun is from China. They are nurses. Monica's father is an engineer. Da Chun's father is a chef in a Chinese restaurant. Monica's mother is a teacher, and Da Chun's mother is a housewife. They are both from Britain. Monica and Da Chun live on 3rd Avenue in Buxton. Their houses are next to each other. They work at the same hospital, and they go to work together. Monica has a small car, but they don't drive to work. They walk.
9 Part A. Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What do Monica and Da Chun do?
______
2. What is Da Chun's father's job?
______
3. Where is Da Chun's mother from?
______
4. Are Monica's and Da Chun's fathers colleagues?
______
5. Are Monica and Da Chun neighbors?
______
6. Who works at the same hospital?
______
7. How do Monica and Da Chun go to work?
______
PART B. Look at the map of Buxton. Mark the sentences true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F There isn't a cinema in the town.
______
2. T F The shoe store is next to the pharmacy.
______
3. T F There is an aquarium on Pine Street.
______
4. T F There isn't a museum in the town.
______
5. T F There is a hotel on Oak Street.
______
10 6. T F The department store is on the corner of Second Avenue and Pine Street.
______
7. T F There is a high school near Monica's house.
______
8. T F There isn't a restaurant on Third Avenue.
______
11 6 JULIA'S FAMILY
Julia Carter is a teacher. Her father, David Bell, is a doctor, and her mother, Mary, is a nurse. They are both 58 years old. They have a big house in London. Julia has two brothers. Richard is a lawyer, and he is tall and slim. He has an office in Cambridge. John is 28. He's a businessman, and he's short and fat. He's the manager of Shadow 5 Robots, a company with two offices in London. They are not married. Julia is married to Bob Carter. Bob is American. He is an architect and he's very good-looking. They have two children. Jane is 11, and Peter is 9. They are both students and are very cute.
Part A. Read the text, and fill in Julia's Family Tree.
Part B. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. How old is Mr. Bell? ______2. Where is Mr. and Mrs. Bell's house? ______3. What does Richard do? ______4. Is Richard's office in London? ______5. Who is short and fat? ______6. What is Shadow Robots ? ______
7. Line 5, 'They' means ______
12 8. Where is Bob from? ______
9. Line 6, 'They' means ______
10. How old are Julia and Bob's children? ______
Part C. Complete the missing information with one word only. You may get help from the family tree.
1. Mr. Bell and Mrs. Bell are Julia's ______.
2. Richard and John are Mr. and Mrs. Bell's ______.
3. Julia is Richard and John's ______.
4. Julia is Bob's ______.
5. Bob is Julia's ______.
6. Julia is Jane and Peter's ______.
7. Bob is Jane and Peter's ______.
8. Peter is Mr. and Mrs. Bell's ______.
9. Mr. Bell and Mrs. Bell are Jane and Peter's ______.
10. Jane and Peter are Mr. Bell and Mrs. Bell's ______.
11. Jane is Julia and Bob's ______.
12. Jane is Mr. Bell and Mrs. Bell's ______.
13 7 ENTERTAINMENT FOR OCTOBER
What's going on? PLAYS
The Tempest By William Shakespeare 'A masterpiece.' 'A pastoral comedy' Performance : October 22nd 2 p.m.; at the Old Vic Theatre, Waterloo Road, London Directions : Take the Northern line train to Waterloo station. The theatre is 10 minutes’ walk.
The Railway Children 'A breathtaking theatrical event.' Children under the age of 16 must be accompanied by an adult. Performance : Sundays only, 5 p.m.; at the Waterloo Station Theatre Directions : Take the Bakerloo train to Waterloo station. The theatre is in the station.
MOVIES
Eat Pray Love Drama (2010) 140 min.
Starring: Richard Jenkins, Julia Roberts, Billy Crudup, Javier Bardem, James Franco
Director: Ryan Murphy
Writers: Ryan Murphy, Jennifer Salt October 24th, 10 a.m.; at Barnet Odeon Cinema, Great North St., London Tel: 0871 224 4007
The Girl Who Played With Fire
Thriller (2009) 129 min. Starring: Mikael Spreitz, Noomi Rapace, Michael Nyqvist Director: Daniel Alfredson Writer: Janas Fryberg October 10th, 6 p.m.; at Greenwich Picturehouse Cinema Tel: 0871 704 2050
14 Read about the events, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What time is the play The Tempest?
______
2. Who is the writer of the play The Tempest?
______
3. How do I get to the Old Vic Theatre?
______
4. When is the play The Railway Children?
______
5. Where is the Waterloo Station Theatre?
______
6. What does Ryan Murphy do?
______
7. Where is the Barnet Odeon Cinema in London?
______
8. Is the movie Eat Pray Love in the evening?
______
9. What date is the movie Eat Pray Love?
______
10. What is the phone number of the Barnet Odeon Cinema?
______
11. Is Janas Fryberg the director of the movie The Girl Who Played With Fire?
______
12. Where is the movie The Girl Who Played With Fire on?
______
15 8 A FAMILY PICTURE
PART A. Read the text, and write the names of the people. Hello! My name is Susan, and I am married to Adam. I love white, so in this picture, I have a white blouse, a white t-shirt and jeans. Adam has a yellow scarf, a black and white jacket, and brown trousers. He also has glasses. My two sons are Jim and David. In this picture, Jim has a white shirt and a white and 5 red tie, jeans and black shoes. His wife, Sue, has a pink t-shirt. Her pants are black. Their son’s name is Alan. He has a red t-shirt, white shorts, and black and white trainers. He is eight. He likes football a lot. My son David is very tall. He has a white t-shirt, black shorts and blue trainers. He is married to Mary. She likes green very much. It is her favorite color. She has a new 10 green and yellow hat. She also has green shoes and a brown handbag. My granddaughter, Kate, is their daughter. She has a white dress, a short white jacket, red and white stockings, and white shoes. Oh! Look at her shoes. They are old. She needs new ones. It is her birthday next week. I’ll buy her a new pair of shoes for her birthday.
15 This is my family, and I love them!
5. 3. 7. 4. 2.
6. 8. 1.
16 PART B. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers. 1. Who is Adam?
______
2. Does Susan have a handbag in the picture?
______
3. Who has a tie in the picture?
______
4. Is Sue’s t-shirt red?
______
5. Line 5, ‘Her’ means ______6. Line 6, ‘Their’ means ______7. How old is Alan?
______
8. Does he like football?
______
9. Is David short?
______
10. Who has white t-shirts?
______
11. What is David’s daughter’s name?
______
12. What is Mary’s favorite color?
______
13. Is Mary’s hat new or old?
______
14. What color are Kate’s stockings?
______
15. Line 12, ‘her’ means ______
16. What does Kate need?
______
17
9 ALPHONSE KARR
Alphonse Karr is a student at London University. He is 21 years old. His birthday is on July 15th. That means he is a Cancer. Alphonse is from Paris. His parents are still there. He lives alone in London. He likes London a lot, but life is not easy there. It is a very expensive city, and he needs money. He has an interview for a part-time job 5 early tomorrow morning, but he has a problem. He likes casual clothes. He has six pairs of jeans, two pairs of trousers, seven sweaters, lots of t-shirts and shirts in his wardrobe, but no jackets. He doesn't like wearing jackets, but he needs one for the interview. He also needs a tie. His new trousers are brown, and his shoes are black, so he wants a black jacket and a black and white tie. Luckily, there is a clothing store 10 next to his house. He hopes to find them there and get the job!
Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What does Alphonse do?
______
2. When is his birthday?
______
3. What is his star sign?
______
4. Where are his parents?
______
5. Does Alphonse like London?
______
6. Line 3, 'there' means ______
7. Why does Alphonse need money?
______
8. When is the interview?
______
18
9. How many pairs of jeans does he have?
______
10. Line 7, 'one' means ______
11. Are his trousers old?
______
12. What color are his shoes?
______
13. Where is the clothing store?
______
14. Line 10, 'them' means ______
15. Line 10, 'there' means ______
19 10 A DAY IN THE LIFE OF IRINA MALKOVICH
Irina Malkovich is a very good acrobat. She is very young - only ten years old. She is a member of the spectacular Circus of the Moon. The circus is famous because it doesn’t have any animals, only people! In some ways, Irina is a normal girl. Her mother wakes her up at 7:00 in the morning. She takes a warm shower. She has breakfast at 7:30. She usually has some bread and cheese, some milk and some fruit for breakfast. She never has tea. She hates it! After breakfast, she gets dressed. Her father drives her to school at 8:00. Her school is an unusual one because it is a circus school. There are thirty children at the school, and they all speak seven different languages! Classes start at half past eight. Irina has four classes a day. They finish at one o'clock. After school, Irina has lunch with her friends in the circus café, and then starts work as an acrobat. She practices for about three hours every day and then walks home to their caravan. She usually gets back home at about 4:30, takes a quick shower and has a nap. At 5:30, she takes her dog for a walk in the park. She comes back home at 5:45. The family always has dinner at eight. In the evening, Irina does her homework and then watches TV or a video or listens to music. On Friday evenings, she always plays chess with her father. Irina usually goes to bed early, at about 10:30. So, does Irina like her life? “I love being in the circus,” she says. “It’s hard work, but I have all my friends here. And I really like the applause after my act!”
PART A. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F There are lots of animals in the Circus of the Moon.
______
2. T F Before breakfast, Irina takes a shower.
______
3. T F She sometimes has tea for breakfast.
______
20 4. T F Her father gets up after Irina leaves home for school.
______
5. T F Irina is at school at 11:00.
______
6. T F She doesn't have a pet.
______
7. T F She doesn't like watching TV.
______
8. T F She doesn't go to bed late.
______
PART B. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What time does Irina get up?
______
2. Write two things that she has for breakfast.
______
3. Why is her school unusual?
______
4. How many languages does Irina speak?
______
5. Is there a café at the circus?
______
6. Where does she have lunch?
______
7. Who does she have lunch with?
______
8. How does she get home?
______
9. What kind of home does she have?
______21 10. Where is she at 5:35?
______
11. When do Irina and her parents have dinner?
______
12. Write two things that Irina usually does in the evening.
______
13. How often does she play chess with her father?
______
14. Is Irina a happy child?
______
22 11 BUCKINGHAM PALACE
Buckingham Palace is in London, England and famous all over the world because Queen Elizabeth of England lives there.
Buckingham Palace is a big and beautiful building. Queen Elizabeth and her family live on the second floor of the palace. The queen also has her office at the Palace. Every 5 Tuesday evening, she meets the Prime Minister. They talk about the world news and have a drink. She has three garden parties in the summer. She invites 9,000 people to each party! A lot of people meet the queen at these parties.
Buckingham Palace is like a small town. It has a police station, a hospital, two post offices, a movie theatre, a swimming pool, two sports clubs, a garden, and a lake. 10 The palace has about 600 rooms. Seven hundred people work there. Two people have very unusual jobs. They take care of the clocks. There are 300 clocks in the Palace. Queen Elizabeth’s day starts at 7:00 in the morning. Seven people take care of her. One person prepares her bath, and another person prepares her clothes. Another person takes care of her 15 dogs. The queen loves dogs. Right now, she has eight dogs. Every day, a man brings food for the dogs to Queen Elizabeth’s room. The queen puts the food in the bowls with a silver spoon.
At 8:30 every morning, the queen has breakfast with her husband, Prince Philip. They 20 drink a special coffee with hot milk. Two people bring her breakfast. She has coffee, toast, and eggs and she reads a copy of The Times. During breakfast, a musician plays Scottish music outside. Then, Queen Elizabeth works in her office the rest of the morning. After lunch, she visits hospitals, schools, or new buildings.
It is very interesting to eat dinner at Buckingham Palace. You have to follow rules. 25 Queen Elizabeth starts to eat first, and then, everybody eats. When the queen finishes eating, everybody finishes eating. You can’t leave the table during the dinner.
People can visit the rooms in Buckingham Palace in August and September. There are wonderful things to see, like paintings and statues. Don’t forget that Queen Elizabeth is one of the richest people in the world.
23 PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 2, 'there' means ______
2. Line 7, 'these parties' means ______
3. Line 8, 'It' means ______
4. Line 19,'They' means ______
PART B. Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. On which floor of the palace does Queen Elizabeth live? ______2. How often does she meet the Prime Minister? ______3. What do they do? ______4. How many rooms does the palace have? ______5. When does the queen get up? ______6. How many people help her in the morning? ______7. Where does she feed her dogs? ______8. Who does she have breakfast with? ______9. Which newspaper does she read? ______10. What sort of music does she listen to early in the morning? ______11. What does she do in the afternoon? ______12. Why is dinner at the palace interesting? ______13. When is the palace open to the public? ______
24 12 HOME SWEET HOME
I’m Sally Share, and I live with my parents and my sister in an apartment in Plymouth, in the south of England. Our home isn’t big, but it is very nice, and we all like it a lot. It has three bedrooms, a small living room, a kitchen, a bathroom and a balcony. It’s not far from our school. There is a park behind our flat, and our bedrooms have a beautiful view of the park. Our dog, Queen, loves to play in that park.
*****
I’m Matthew, and I am a university student. Our home is a cottage in North Wales. I live there with my parents, my sister and our two pets, a dog and a cat. There is a big garden around our house and a one-car garage behind it. There are six rooms in our house, but my favorite room is the attic. I study, watch TV and play computer games there. I love living in the country.
*****
I’m Tim Quinn. I’m an engineer. We are a big family. We have two daughters and two sons. We live in a five-bedroom house near Glasgow, a big city in Scotland. We have two floors and a garage. We also have a big garden with a swimming pool. Upstairs, there are four small bedrooms and a bathroom. Downstairs, there is a large living room, a small dining room, a large bedroom and a large kitchen.
Read the texts, and answer the questions. Give long answers. 1. Where is Plymouth? ______2. Do Sally and her sister go to the same school? ______3. What is their dog’s name? ______4. What does Matthew do? ______
25 5. What kind of home does he have? ______6. Where is Matthew’s garage? ______7. Is there a computer in Matthew’s favourite room? ______8. How many children does Mr. Quinn have? ______9. Where is Glasgow? ______10. How many bedrooms are there in Mr. Quinn’s house? ______11. Does Mr. Quinn have a swimming pool? ______12. Where is the big bedroom in Mr. Quinn’s house? ______13. Who lives in an apartment? ______14. Who lives with their parents? ______15. Who has a garage? ______
26 13 SHEILA’S HOUSE
Sheila Roberts is twenty years old and from London, the capital of the UK. She lives with her sister, Melody. Melody is a waitress in a 5 restaurant. They live in a small quiet house in Hampstead in London. There is only one bedroom in their house, so Sheila shares it with her sister. Their house is small but very comfortable. 10 Upstairs, there is the bedroom, a corridor and the bathroom. In the bedroom, there is a double bed and two night tables with lamps on them. They have a big blue rug on the floor 15 and a picture on the wall. There is also a small wardrobe. In the bathroom, there is a bath, a washbasin, a toilet, a mirror above the washbasin and a small pink rug on the floor. Downstairs, there is a living room, kitchen and hall. In the living room, there is a brown 20 side table, a red sofa, a floor lamp and a TV. The hall is between the living room and the kitchen. There is no dining room in the house. They eat their meals in the kitchen. The kitchen is quite large. It has a table in the center, two chairs, a fridge, an electric cooker and a big white cupboard. They keep their plates, glasses and pots there. The dishwasher is between the refrigerator and the washing machine. There is 25 also a big attic with two large windows. Sheila spends a lot of time in the attic because she is a ballet dancer and she practices her dance moves there. Sheila and her sister love their house, and they are very happy there!
PART A. Read the text, and write the names of the parts of Sheila's house.
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
4. ______
5. ______
6. ______
27 PART B. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 5, 'They' means ______
2. Line 13, 'them' means ______
3. Line 22, 'It' means ______
4. Line 24, 'there' means ______
PART C. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F Sheila lives in the capital of England. ______2. T F She has a big house. ______3. T F It is a two-bedroom house. ______4. T F The bathroom is downstairs. ______5. T F There is a single bed in the bedroom. ______6. T F They have a wardrobe in the bedroom. ______7. T F There isn't a rug in the bathroom. ______8. T F The sofa in the living room is red. ______9. T F The dining room is next to the living room. ______10. T F Their washing machine is in the kitchen. ______11. T F The attic is big, but there aren't any windows there. ______12. T F Sheila is a ballet dancer. Melody is a ballet dancer, too.
______
28 14 ADELINA ROSSI
Hello! I'm Adelina Rossi. I live in a small village in Italy. It is called Monte San Savino. Our village is old but very beautiful. Our house is on the main street, Corso San Gallo. It has a wonderful view of the village.
I am a nurse, but today I am not at the hospital. I am at home because I'm ill. At the moment, I'm at the window. There is a museum and a café opposite my house. My husband and I often go and have ice- cream there. My husband is on the street now. He is talking to his friend Camilla, a secretary at the primary school. My husband works at that school, too. He is a music teacher. Camilla has a big hat. She always wears hats. She is not wearing a coat, just a sweater. It is cloudy, but the temperature is 17 degrees - very warm for February. Nowadays, there are lots of tourists here because there is a festival in the village. They are very happy about the nice weather, too. Today is Wednesday, and there is the street market, so there are a lot of people and stalls in the street.
Corso San Gallo
PART A. Read the text, and fill in the blanks with the information in the text.
Adelina Rossi is from (1)______. She (2)______village called Monte San Savino. It is an (3)______, but it is very beautiful. The main street of the village (4)______.
A street market
29 PART B. Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Why is Adelina not at the hospital today?
______
2. Where is the museum?
______
3. On which street is the café?
______
4. Where do Adelina and her husband eat ice-cream?
______
5. Who is Adelina's husband talking to?
______
6. Where does he work?
______
7. Does Camilla like hats?
______
8. Is she wearing a hat today?
______
9. Why isn't she wearing a coat?
______
10. Is it a sunny day?
______
11. What month is it?
______
12. Why is the street crowded?
______
30 15 BRENDA’S DATE BOOK
Mon, April 18th 10:30 -11:30 a.m. clean the house 2:00 p.m. shop with Ann Tue, April 19th 8:00 a.m. dentist 2:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m. French class 9:00 p.m. dinner with Tom and Peter at Ping Pong Chinese restaurant (45 Great Marlborough Street) Wed, April 20th 11:30 a.m. school party 6:00 p.m. hairdresser’s 7:00 p.m. Ann’s birthday party Thu, April 21st 1:00 p.m. lunch with Mary 4:00 p.m. cinema with Tom 6:00 p.m. make dinner for Susan
Fri, April 22nd 9:00 a.m. meet friends in town 12:30 p.m. lunch with Aunt Janet
Sat, April 23rd 8:30 a.m. train to London 11.00 a.m. the British Museum 3:00 p.m. theatre with Susan (Anne Boleyn at Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre) Sun, April 24th 12:30 p.m. visit grandmother in the hospital 5:00 p.m. hairdresser’s 8:00 p.m. Sally’s garden party
PART A. Read Brenda's date book for this week, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F On Monday morning, Brenda is going shopping with Ann.
______
2. T F On Tuesday, she is having dinner at home.
______
3. T F There is a party at school on Wednesday.
______
31 4. T F On Thursday, she is having lunch with Susan.
______
5. T F On Saturday morning, she is visiting the British Museum.
______
6. T F Brenda is not going out on Sunday evening.
______
PART B. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What is the date on Monday?
______
2. What is Brenda doing on Tuesday afternoon?
______
3. When is Ann’s birthday?
______
4. Who is Brenda going to the cinema with?
______
5. At what time and where is Brenda meeting her friends on Friday?
______
6. Who is Janet?
______
7. Is Brenda driving to London on Saturday?
______
8. Which play is Brenda seeing on Saturday?
______
9. Where is her grandmother?
______
10. How many times is she going to the hairdresser's this week?
______
32 16 JUST LIKE TWINS
Peter and Paul are two good friends. They live in Cambridge. It is a university town about 80 kilometers from London. Peter and Paul are both 16 years old, and they go to the same high school and have the same hobbies. Their favorite hobby is rowing. It is a very popular sport in Cambridge. There are lots of rowing clubs there. Peter and 5 Paul go rowing on the River Cam. They practice from Monday to Friday three hours a day. Peter and Paul want to be healthy, so they eat a balanced diet. Their eating habits are the same. In the morning, they have some milk or juice, some cheese, some bread with honey and two apples. They never have tea for breakfast. Then, they go to school. 10 They have lunch at the school cafeteria. They have some fish or meat with a dish of vegetables, some pasta or rice and some fruit. They always eat some broccoli because it is rich in vitamins A and C. Peter likes it, but Paul doesn't. In the evening, at home, they have some soup and a tuna sandwich or a ham sandwich with two eggs and some fruit. They go to bed early, but before they go to bed, they have a shower and drink 15 a glass of milk. On Saturday, they meet the other team members and take part in competitions. They usually win because they are a good team and they work very hard. Peter and Paul are free on Sunday, and they go out with their friends. They go to a football match, a theater or a cinema or sit in a café. On Sunday, they eat sweets and they even eat 20 fast food because, like any other boy of their age, they like it very much. They say, ‘’ Eating this kind of things once a week is also good for our bodies! ‘’
PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 1, 'It' means ______
2. Line 3, 'Their' means ______
3. Line 20, 'it' means ______
33 PART B. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F A lot of people in Cambridge are members of rowing clubs.
______
2. T F They have the same hobbies but different eating habits.
______
3. T F They don't have any tea for breakfast.
______
4. T F They always have fish for lunch.
______
5. T F Paul doesn't eat broccoli because he doesn't like it.
______
6. T F They don't go rowing on Sunday.
______
PART C. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. How often do Peter and Paul practice on the River Cam?
______
2. Write two things they eat for breakfast.
______
3. How many apples do they have for breakfast?
______
4. Does the school cafeteria serve broccoli for lunch?
______
5. Do they eat any eggs?
______
6. How much milk do Peter and Paul have before they go to bed ?
______
7. What do they eat on Sunday?
______34 17 HOW TO MAKE A DELICIOUS AND HEALTHY TUNA SANDWICH
Sometimes you just want something simple and healthy to eat. Sometimes you just want a tuna sandwich. Here is a recipe. I created it in my kitchen, and I hope you'll try it and like it. Diana Robinson
Things you need: A can of tuna fish (any kind) Onion / tomato / pickles Mayonnaise Two white cheese slices (for two sandwiches) Bread Lemon juice A leaf of lettuce Black pepper Two bowls Fork PART A. The instructions are not in the correct order. Read them, and put them in the correct order. INSTRUCTIONS
______Put all these ingredients into the bowl of tuna, and mix with a fork or a hand mixer.
______Now you have a delicious tuna fish sandwich. It is very easy, isn't it? Enjoy it!
______Open the can of tuna (one can of tuna normally makes two sandwiches), and drain the water or oil into the sink.
______In another bowl, put 1/3 of a tablespoon of each: diced tomatoes, pickles and onions. Also add a sprinkle of pepper.
______Spread the mixture on the bread. Put the slice of cheese and the leaf of lettuce on top of the spread tuna, and cover with another piece of bread.
______Put the tuna into a bowl. Add two tablespoons of mayonnaise and ½ a tablespoon of lemon juice.
35 PART B. Read the recipe, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Who is the creator of the recipe?
______
2. How much tuna fish do you normally need to make two tuna sandwiches?
______
3. How many bowls do you need?
______
4. What do you do after you open the can of tuna?
______
5. Do you need any lemons?
______
6. Does the recipe have any butter?
______
7. How many slices of white cheese do you need for one sandwich?
______
8. Are there any pickles in the recipe?
______
9. Is there any mayonnaise in the recipe?
______
36 18 PRIMA FORUM JUMP
The Latest Chat Topic : Latest Holiday
Author Message
Katie Posted : Apr 19, 2011 / 4:28 p.m. Subject: Latest holiday
I went on a walking holiday in France and loved it. Beautiful mountain scenery and good walks followed by lovely food and wine. Great time.
Debbieg Posted : Apr 19, 2011 / 7:05 p.m.
Subject: Latest holiday
I went to Switzerland. It’s just got everything! So much to do and see… such beautiful mountains and lakes and forests, such wonderful food, so clean, and GREAT shopping!
Maryland Posted : Apr 19, 2011 / 10:04 p.m. Subject: Latest holiday
I went to Thassos Town, Greece. It was amazing, one of my best holidays so far. We stayed in a lovely studio, and went walking most days. There are some fantastic places to visit, and the most wonderful restaurants I have eaten in. I would go back again tomorrow……… Fantastic!
37 Polly Posted : Apr 19, 2011 / 9:45 p.m. Subject: Latest holiday I have been to all the usual beach holiday resorts, and I think my favorite place of all has to be Turkey; the Turks are so fun and friendly.
Sweet Angel Posted : May 1, 2011 / 12:59 p.m. Subject: Latest holiday
My last holiday was in June 2009, to Bavaro in the Dominican Republic. If you want relaxation mixed with good food, friendly people, and a beautiful beach, this is the place to be. Its beach stretches for something like 14 miles. The sand is like icing sugar. The sea is a gorgeous turquoise color. The only downside is it can sometimes get a little rough.
PART A. Read the messages, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F The subject of the latest chat is Latest Holiday.
______
2. T F Katie went to Italy.
______
3. T F Debbieg didn't do any shopping in Switzerland.
______
4. T F There are good restaurants in Thassos Town.
______
5. T F Sweet Angel didn't like the food.
______
38 PART B. Read the messages again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What is the name of the magazine?
______
2. What sort of a holiday did Katie have?
______
3. When did Debbieg join the chat?
______
4. What did Debbieg see in Switzerland?
______
5. Who went to Greece?
______
6. Where did she stay?
______
7. Which country did Polly mention as her favorite?
______
8. What does she think of the people there?
______
9. Where was Sweet Angel in June 2009?
______
10. How long is the beach there?
______
39 19 WEEKEND IN DUBLIN
Trinity College
Alberto Calvo and his friends decided to go to Dublin last weekend. They left Derry at 6:30 a.m. by bus. They arrived in Dublin at 11:00 a.m. They went to their hotel and had breakfast. It was a cheap hotel was very nice.
Alberto and his friends didn't have much time, so they immediately went for a walk 5 around Trinity College. Then, they first visited the Castle of Dublin and then, St. Patrick's Cathedral. They took a lot of photographs there.
In the afternoon, they visited the famous Temple Bar and listened to live music in the streets. They also saw small markets and bought second-hand books and clothes for themselves. They were very cheap. They also bought some presents for their 10 families.
At about 5 o'clock, they returned to their hotel and had a rest. Then, they had dinner there. The food was great. They all liked it a lot. After dinner, they went out again because they wanted to see the Dublin night-life. They had some problems. Some pubs were very crowded, and some others didn't allow them to get in. They 15 thought that was because they were Spanish. They were tired, so they went back to their hotel and went to bed early.
The next day, they got up late. They had a big breakfast at the hotel. Some of them went to the Old James Distillery. They make whiskey there. His friends tried it, but Alberto didn't. He hates it.
20 Finally, they took the bus at 6:00 p.m. In general, everybody enjoyed the trip.
40 PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 1, 'They' means ______
2. Line 3, 'It' means ______
3. Line 6, 'there' means ______
4. Line 9, 'They' means ______
5. Line 12, 'it' means ______
6. Line 14, 'some others' means some other ______
7. Line 18, 'there' means ______
PART B. Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers. 1. Where were Alberto and his friends last weekend?
______
2. How did they get there?
______
3. Where did they stay?
______
4. What did they do before they visited the Castle of Dublin?
______
5. Who did they buy presents for?
______
6. How was the food at the hotel?
______
7. Where are Alberto and his friends from?
______
8. Did they get up early the next day?
______
9. Did they all go to the Old James Distillery?
______
10. Why didn't Alberto try the whiskey?
______
41 20 WHERE DID THEY GO ON VACATION?
Mert Dagdeviren
Last summer, my wife, our two sons and I went to Fethiye for our holiday. We went there by car on July 27th. It was a long journey, but we all enjoyed it. We stayed in a 5-star hotel by the beach. It had a lovely view of the sea, and everything was perfect at the hotel. On our first day, in the morning, we had a boat trip, and we saw the small islands. We had lunch on the boat. The fish, the vegetables and the fruit were very fresh. We loved them. In fact, every day we ate the same things. In the afternoon, we swam in the warm and blue waters of Fethiye and went scuba diving. On the next day, we visited the historical places and the museum and did a lot of shopping. On our last day, we climbed Babadag. We tried paragliding and watched the beautiful sunset there. It was a very romantic and exciting day. Our holiday was short but fantastic. We are looking forward to going there again soon.
Jennifer Barnes
Everybody loves holidays because during our holidays, we can relax and have fun. Last spring, my husband and I went to Hawaii. On May 10th, we flew from Maryland to the island of Maui. We stayed in a 3-star hotel on the beach for four days. We didn't spend much time at the hotel. The service was not good, our room was too hot and the food was terrible. We found a very good and cheap Chinese restaurant, and every day we had our meals there. On the first day, we walked the streets, sat in cafés and talked to people. The next day, we visited tourist sites and bought some souvenirs. On our third day, we did many things. We swam, we tried jet skiing and went scuba diving. It was a tiring day. On the last day, we climbed Haleakala and watched the lovely sunrise. On our way back home, we traveled by plane again. My holiday was exciting and very romantic. I enjoyed it a lot. I am looking forward to going there again next spring.
42 Read the texts, and fill in the tables according to the information given in the texts. Give short answers.
Who did they go What date did they Where did they go? with? go?
Mert Dagdeviren
Jennifer Barnes
How did they get Where did they What did they eat? there? stay?
Mert Dagdeviren
Jennifer Barnes
How long did they What water sports Did they like the stay there? did they do? hotel?
Mert Dagdeviren
Jennifer Barnes
What did they do on How do they Do they want to go their last day? describe their there again? holiday?
Mert Dagdeviren
Jennifer Barnes
43 21 SHE LOVES DANCING! Maria Johnson is a 17-year-old girl. Maria and her mother are Spanish, but her father is Australian. Maria is very cute. She has short, dark, curly hair. Her eyes are brown, and her eyelashes are long and dark. She also has a big nose and a big mouth. Her mother is a ballerina, and she wants to be a famous dancer, like her mother.
5 Maria is a student of Fine Arts, but she knows she has a big problem. She's very tall (1.75 m), a bit fat (80 kilos) and has big feet and big hands, but she doesn't care. She loves dancing! Her teachers and friends like her very much, and they think that she is a good dancer. Maria always gets up at six, has breakfast at home and then walks to school. Classes start at 9:30 and finish at 4:30.
10 It is 10:00 now, and Maria is not at school. She is in bed at home. Yesterday, she had an accident and hurt her leg. It was windy and rainy. Maria was crossing the road with her dog. The road was wet. Maria saw a motorbike come from the left. The man on the motorbike saw her but could not stop and hit her. She immediately went to see the doctor. He said, ‘’You should stay at home and rest for a week.’’ This made her 15 very unhappy. She feels awful, and she wants to be at school with her friends.
PART A. Read the text, and fill in the blanks about Maria.
Hair : ______
Eyes : ______
Nose : ______
Height : ______
Weight : ______
44 PART B. Read the text, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Where is Maria's father from?
______
2. Line 3, 'Her' means ______
3. What is Maria studying?
______
4. Who thinks that she is a good dancer?
______
5. Does she get up late?
______
6. Why is Maria at home today?
______
7. What was the weather like yesterday?
______
8. Why couldn’t the man stop?
______
9. Line 13, ‘her’ means ______
10. Line 14, 'He' means ______
11. What should Maria do?
______
12. How does she feel?
______
45 22 WHO FOUND LAURA’S CAT?
Tina, Laura's cat, ran away from home. Someone found Tina in her garden and took her to the police station. Laura wants to say “Thank You” to that person. The police officer described the person to Laura. He said, ‘’A young woman came here with the cat. She had long hair, long blonde hair. Her hair was also straight. She had 5 big blue eyes, a long thin nose and her mouth was very small.’’
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 2, ‘her’ means ______.
2. Line 3, ‘He’ means ______.
3. Line 3, ‘here’ means ______.
4. Line 4, ‘She’ means ______.
5. Line 4, ‘Her’ means ______.
PART B. Check the face that fits the police officer's description.
1 2 3 4 5 6
46 WHO FOUND GEORGE’S MOTORBIKE?
George's motorbike was outside his school. Someone stole it when he was in class. A passer-by saw the thief, stopped him from taking the motorbike and brought it back to George's school. George wants to say “Thank You” to the passer-by. The headmaster described the person to George. He said, ‘’ A man brought it to 5 school. What was he like? Well, he had brown hair. Yes, that's right, it was brown and short. Erm...he didn't have glasses or a mustache. What else? He had green eyes, yes, green and quite big ears and a big nose. He wasn't old or young, about 35. That's all I can say about him.’
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 1, ‘he’ means ______.
2. Line 4, ‘it’ means ______.
3. Line 5, ‘he’ means ______.
4. Line 5, ‘it’ means ______.
5. Line 8, ‘him’ means ______.
PART B. Check the face that fits the headmaster's description.
1 2 3 4 5 6
47 23 THE SORRISNIVA IGLOO HOTEL
The Sorrisniva Igloo Hotel is a beautiful ice hotel in Norway. It is 15 kilometers outside the town of Alta. The hotel is open from January until April. In other words, the hotel 5 opens its doors in January each year and melts away in the spring.
The hotel has 30 rooms, an ice bar, and an ice gallery. The room temperature at the hotel is approximately -4° to -7°C.The beds are made of reindeer fur, and there are sleeping bags for you on them. Make sure you go to the bathroom before you go to bed. Getting out of your sleeping bag in the middle of the night isn't pleasant. The 10 warm bathrooms are not in the hotel. They are in another wooden building behind the hotel. In the morning, you can walk down to the sauna by the lake to warm up. In the evening, you can visit the ice bar .There, you can meet other guests and have a drink. The hotel bar serves one drink only, bright blue vodka in handmade ice glasses. The 15 restaurant is next to the hotel. It is not made of ice and snow. It has a very warm atmosphere and is open from 11 o'clock in the morning to 10 o'clock in the evening. It serves breakfasts of porridge, eggs, cheese and ham and dinners of reindeer stew and fish dishes. The famous chef, Johnny Trasti, gives his guests a food experience to remember. For reservations, call the reception of the Igloo Hotel at + 47 78 43 33 78.
PART A. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F The hotel is in Alta.
______
2. T F The hotel is not open in March.
______
3. T F There are only thirteen rooms at the hotel.
______
4. T F The bathrooms are very cold. A lake
______
5. T F You can find different kinds of drinks at the ice bar.
______
48 6. T F The restaurant is behind the hotel.
______
7. T F The restaurant serves meat and fish for dinner.
______
8. T F The restaurant is closed at 9 o’clock in the morning.
______
PART B. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Why can’t you stay at the hotel after spring?
______
2. What are the beds like?
______
3. Can you have a bath in your room?
______A reindeer
4. Line 8, ‘them’ means ______
5. Line 10, ‘They’ means ______
6. Where is the sauna?
______
7. What can you do at the ice bar?
______
8. Line 15, 'It' means ______A sleeping bag
49 24 TODDLERS
When children learn to walk, they are called toddlers. A toddler is a young child between one and two years old. The toddler stage is very important in a child's life because it is the time between infancy and childhood. The toddler stage can be difficult for both parents and toddlers. An understanding of this stage of development can make it more fun for everyone. The following fact sheet shows some of the characteristics of toddlers. These characteristics are listed under three main headings: physical (body), social (getting along with others) and emotional (feelings), and intellectual (thinking and language) development. Remember that all toddlers are different and reach the different stages at different times. 1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
One-year-old Children
walk without support walk backwards feed themselves drink from a cup with help stack blocks Two-year-old Children
walk, run, climb, walk up and down stairs alone throw balls and kick them forward jump with two feet together stand on tiptoes take things apart and put them back together
2. SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
One-year-old Children
want to do things themselves enjoy playing by themselves (not with friends) don't like sharing toys cannot remember rules see themselves as the center of the world
50 Two-year-old Children
enjoy playing with other children share toys with friends often use the word "no" imitate the behavior of adults and others want to help their parents with housework don't like to get help from other people
3. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
One-year-old Children
imitate animal sounds name familiar people and objects combine two words to form basic sentences use the pronouns ‘’me’’ and ‘’mine’’ name body parts hold a pencil and scribble Two-year-old Children
follow simple directions use three or more words to form basic sentences express their feelings memorize short poems sing simple songs
PART A. Check the things that a one-year-old child can do, according to the fact sheet.
name body parts remember rules walk up stairs alone
sing songs drink milk from a cup with help imitate his/her parents
PART B. Read the fact sheet again, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F A toddler is a child between two and three years old.
______
51 2. T F The toddler stage is the time between infancy and childhood.
______
3. T F A one-year-old child cannot walk without help.
______
4. T F A one-year-old child likes playing with friends.
______
5. T F A one-year-old child can make animal sounds.
______
6. T F A two-year-old child likes playing with other children but doesn't like sharing his/her toys with them.
______
7. T F Two-year-old children like doing housework with their parents.
______
8. T F A two-year-old child cannot jump with two feet together.
______
9. T F A two-year-old angry child can express this feeling.
______
10. T F Two-year-old children often use the word ‘’no.’’
______
11. T F Two-year-old children can form complex sentences.
______
12. T F A two-year-old child can use the pronouns ‘’me’’ and ‘’mine’’.
______
13. T F A two-year-old child can sing some songs.
______
14. T F Two-year-old children don’t like other people to help them.
______
52 25 A LETTER FROM LONDON
Dear Mum, We are all having a great time here, in London! I am writing this letter in a small comfortable pub in Chelsea. I walked in Hyde Park all morning, so I am feeling a bit tired now. Susan stayed at the hotel to have some rest. Ted and George went to a football match. Yesterday, we wanted to visit the British Museum, but Ted and George wanted to see the Houses of Parliament. Well, Susan and I didn´t want to go there (you know we both like to visit museums a lot), but we went with them, and we actually found it very interesting! Do you know what we did the first day? We visited Madame Tussaud’s (the famous waxworks museum). We paid a lot of money (about £40), but it was fun! Ted took pictures of us with The Beatles and Michael Jackson ! There are so many things to see and do here. We are going to take a tour round the Tower of London this afternoon. Let’s hope there won´t be too many tourists! Tomorrow morning, we are going to St. Paul’s Cathedral, where Prince Charles married Lady Diana. In the afternoon, we are going to Chinatown. We are going to buy some souvenirs and eat at a Chinese restaurant there. Oh, Mum, I’d like to move to London and live here, in this fantastic city, for the rest of my life, but I know that it’s impossible. Ted cannot close his office in Dublin, and the kids wouldn’t like to leave their schools. So, that’s it for today – my mobile is ringing, Ted is calling! Miss you all lots, and hope you´ll meet us at the airport if the weather is fine. By the way, thanks again for taking care of the kids while we are away on holiday here! Take care, love you lots … Angelina
Read the letter, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. Who is the letter to?
______
2. Who is it from?
______
53 3. What is she doing now?
______
4. How is she feeling?
______
5. Why did Susan stay at the hotel?
______
6. What did they do yesterday?
______
7. Who likes to visit museums?
______
8. How much did they pay to visit Madame Tussaud’s?
______
9. What did Ted do at Madame Tussaud’s?
______
10. What are they doing this afternoon?
______
11. Where did Prince Charles and Lady Diana get married?
______
12. Where are they going to spend their time tomorrow afternoon?
______
13. What are they going to do there?
______
14. Where would Angelina like to live for the rest of her life? Why?
______
15. Can she do that? Why? / Why not?
______
16. Ted is most probably Angelina’s ______.
a) father b) colleague c) neighbor d) husband
54 26 MICHAEL JACKSON
PART A. The following are the main events in Michael Jackson’s life, but they are not in the correct order. Read and order them. Put the letters on the lines.
Correct order: 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____
A. Michael began his musical career at the age of 5 as the lead singer of The Jackson 5 family group in 1964. The Jackson 5 recorded 14 albums.
B. On June 25th, 2009, Michael Jackson suffered a cardiac arrest in his Los Angeles home. They immediately took him to hospital, but he died later that morning. He was 50 years old at the time of his death.
C. In 1994, Michael married his first wife, Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley. They divorced in 1996.
D. Michael Jackson was born on the 29th of August, 1958, in Gary, Indiana. He was the 7th of nine children. His brothers’ names are Sigmund "Jackie," Toriano "Tito," Jermaine, Marlon, Steven "Randy," and his sisters’ names are Rebbie, Janet and La-Toya.
E. In 1983, Michael performed his famous dance move called the Moonwalk for the first time. ‘‘Bad,’’ ‘‘Dangerous,’’ ‘’History,’’ ‘’Invincible,’’ and ‘’One more Chance’’ are some of Michael’s other successful solo albums. He toured the world and took his concerts to many countries.
F. Later that same year, Michael married his second wife, nurse Debbie Rowe. Their first child, Prince Michael Joseph Jackson, was born in 1997. Their daughter, Paris Michael Katherine Jackson, was born on April 3rd, 1998. A year after that, Michael and Debbie divorced.
G. In 1977, Michael made his first film, starring in the musical The Wiz. His first solo album was Off the Wall. It was a big success around the world. Jackson’s 1982 album Thriller was the world's best-selling album of all time. 55
PART B. Read the text again, and fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
* Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, in 1958. He had (1)______.
Their (2)______and Steven.
He also (3)______sisters. His (4)______
started when (5)______old. The Jackson 5 was a
(6)______, and Michael was (7)______of the group.
They made (8) ______.
* Michael (9)______film in 1977. His first solo album
was very successful (10)______. He made the best-selling
album of all time, Thriller (11)______. ‘’Bad’’ and ‘’Dangerous’’ are
just two of Michael’s other successful (12)______.
* Lisa Marie Presley was Michael’s (13)______. She was
(14)______of Elvis Presley. Debbie Rowe, his
second wife, (15)______. The couple had (16)______, a
boy and a girl. Michael and Debbie (17)______a year after
(18)______birth.
On June 25th, 2009, Michael Jackson died in (19)______in Los
Angeles because (20)______.
56 27 PRINCESS DIANA
Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 in Sandringham, Norfolk, England. She was the daughter of John Edward Spencer and his wife, Frances. Diana had two sisters and a younger brother, Charles. The family lived in a very large and 5 beautiful house. The house had ten bedrooms and four living- rooms. Diana's parents divorced when she was eight, and her father took care of the four children. Diana did not like her stepmother, and she didn’t do well at school, but she was interested in ballet. She left school, and moved to London. She 10 worked as a housekeeper there. Her father bought a house for her, and she lived there with three housemates. Diana and Charles met in 1980, when she visited her sister at Buckingham Palace. They dated for six months and got married on July 29, 1981. Diana and Charles had two sons, Prince William, born in 1982, and Prince Harry, born in 1984, but Diana was unhappy. She later had 15 psychological problems. The royal couple divorced on July 15, 1996. On August 31, 1997, Princess Diana and her boyfriend, Dodi Al-Fayed (son of Harrods owner, Mohammed Al-Fayed), had a car accident in Paris. The accident happened around 12:20 a.m. Princess Diana was taken to hospital in the early hours of Sunday morning. The surgeons tried for two hours to save her life. Sadly, the Princess 20 died at 4 a.m. Her death was announced at 6 a.m. Diana was only 36 when she died. PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 12, 'she' refers to ______
2. Line 12, 'They' refers to ______
3. Line 20, 'Her' refers to______
PART B. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F John Edward Spencer had two daughters.
______
2. T F Diana lived in a ten-bedroom house when she was a child.
______
3. T F Diana was a toddler when her parents got divorced.
______
4. T F Diana rented a house in London.
______57 5. T F Diana was still alive when she arrived at the hospital.
______
PART C. Read the text again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. When was Diana Frances Spencer born?
______
2. Where did she grow up?
______
3. Who were her parents?
______
4. How many brothers did she have?
______
5. Who took care of the children after the divorce?
______
6. Did her father get married again?
______
7. Was she a good student at school?
______
8. What did she do after she left school?
______
9. What did she do in London?
______
10. Did she live alone in London?
______
11. How old was Prince William when Prince Harry was born?
______
12. Why did Diana and Prince Charles get divorced?
______
13. What happened on August 31 and September 1, 1997? (Write in your own words.)
______
58 28 A DEAF MUSICIAN
PART A. Read the interview with Evelyn Glennie, and write the questions below in the appropriate blanks. Number one has been done for you.
A. Is studying music expensive? B. Do you practice every day? C. As you are deaf, how do you hear the music? D. Do you have time for any hobbies? E. Did you always want to be a professional musician? F. Do you have a lot of drums? G. When did you become interested in playing the drums?
Evelyn Glennie is a very famous solo drum player. The surprising thing about Evelyn is that she is deaf (she cannot hear). In this interview, she tells us her story: 1. G - When did you become interested in playing the drums? I started learning the piano when I was about eight. It was at this time I started to lose my hearing. Later, when I was about 12, I became interested in drums and began to play them. That was 15 years ago. 2. ______It is difficult to explain. You can feel music, see it and touch it. You can’t actually hear it, but you can still experience every kind of music, from classical to pop.
3. ______
No, when I was young, I wanted to be a hairdresser. Then, for a long time, I wanted a job connected to art or languages. I decided to take music seriously at the age of 15. 4. ______It can be. I was lucky because I had free music lessons at school. Private lessons and instruments are very expensive. Drums can cost over $1,000, and an instrument such as a marimba can cost about $12,000. 5. ______Yes, I have about 300. I have instruments from all over the world, including India, Japan, Australia and China. When I am on tour, I like to find new instruments, and you can learn a lot from local musicians, too.
59 6. ______I spend more time reading and studying music than practicing techniques. It’s really difficult because I travel a lot. Before every concert, I practice for about three hours, and when I am at home, I practice from one to six hours every day. 7. ______Not really, but I read and play board games a lot. When I am in different countries, I like to go to museums and other people’s concerts. I also like cycling and walking in the mountains when the weather’s good, but it’s difficult to find the time.
PART B. What do the following refer to?
1. Question 2, Line 1, ‘it’ means ______
2. Question 2, Line 1, ‘it’ means ______
3. Question 4, Line 1, ‘It’ means ______
Part C. Read the interview again, and answer the questions. Give long answers.
1. What is unusual about Evelyn Glennie? ______
2. How old was she when she started to lose her hearing? ______
3. How long ago did she start to play the drums? ______
4. Can she feel the difference between classical music and pop music? ______
5. At the age of 15, she decided to become a ______.
a) language teacher b) musician c) hairdresser
6. Why wasn’t her music education expensive? ______
60
7. Which of the following is not true about a marimba?
A marimba is ______.
a) a musical instrument b) a cheap instrument c) very expensive
8. Where did Evelyn get her large collection of drums? ______
9. Why is it difficult for her to practice techniques? ______
10. Which of the following is not true about Evelyn?
a) She enjoys playing board games and reading very much. b) She likes learning new things from local musicians. c) She is deaf, but she likes going to the concerts of other musicians. d) When she is on tour, she practices from one to six hours every day.
11. Why can’t she go cycling and walking in the mountains very often? ______
61 29 FRANCE
BOX 1 BOX 4 BOX 7 France is a large country Paris is one of the most French cooking is one of in Western Europe. The beautiful cities in the world. the best in the world. The capital is Paris. It is a major cultural center most popular dishes are The currency (the unit for Europe and the world. soufflés, croissants, of money) is the Euro. The Louvre, for example, crêpes and onion soup. The
attracts many visitors. It most famous French bread contains many famous is the baguette. It is very masterpieces, such as the delicious. BOX 2 Mona Lisa. In France, people speak French. Can you speak some French?
"Bonjour" is "Hello," BOX 5
"Je m'appelle" means The Arc de Triomphe is BOX 8
"My name is," "J'taime another landmark of Paris. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry la France" is "I love It is the entranceway to was a French writer and France." the Boulevard des Champs- pilot. He wrote and The colors of the flag Elysées. illustrated (drew the are "bleu, blanc et rouge" pictures of) the book The - blue, white and red. Little Prince.
BOX 3
The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. It is one of the BOX 6 BOX 9 symbols of France. Its French people started designer was Gustave making perfumes in the The Cathedral of Eiffel. They built it in region of Provence. It is Notre-Dame is in Paris. 1889. People from all an area rich in herbs, It is an old and over the world visit it. lavender and wild impressive church. You flowers. There are lots can read about it in the of different kinds of book The Hunchback of French perfumes, and Notre Dame by Victor Chanel 5 is just one of Hugo. A Disney movie them. was made about this story, too.
62 Read the information about France in the boxes, and answer the guestions. Give long answers.
1. What is the currency in France? ______
2. What is ‘’hello’’ in French? ______
3. What color is the French flag? ______
4. In Box 3, line 7, ‘it‘ means ______
5. Why does Paris attract lots of tourists? ______
6. Where can you see the Mona Lisa? ______
7. In Box 5, line 3, ‘It’ means ______
8. Where can you find information about the Cathedral of Notre-Dame? ______
9. Which of the following is not true according to the information given in the boxes? a) The color ‘‘red’’ is ‘‘rouge’’ in French. b) The baguette is a very delicious kind of French bread. c) People in France don’t like onion soup very much. d) Antoine de Saint-Exupéry was a writer, a pilot and an illustrator.
10. Where can you find herbs, lavender and wild flowers in France? ______
11. In Box 6, line 10, ‘them’ means ______
63 30 OXFORD STREET
Oxford Street is a very popular and busy street in central London. It is one-and –a- half miles (two-and-a-half kilometers) from one end to the other end. It is the major shopping street in London, and it is always very crowded and noisy. There are 548 shops on Oxford Street. The most famous department stores there are Debenhams, Evans, John Lewis, Selfridges, and Marks & Spencer. They are primarily located on the north side of the street along its western end. There are also hundreds of smaller shops. Shoppers and visitors can eat and drink at a choice of 50 places on the street. Around 200 million people visit the street every year. Nine million of these people are overseas visitors. A team of 60 Metropolitan Police officers works to protect the public and prevent crime.
OPENING HOURS MON-FRI 10:00-19:00 SAT 10:00-19:30 SUN 12:00-18:00
United Colors of 3Store Pandora The Vision J-D Surprise Benetton Mobil Hand- Orange Express Sports fashion Surprise Complete casual phones crafted Shop Optical lab, from the major Fashions womenswear, jewellery Mobile contact brands for men, and menswear, Phones lens centre women and souveniers childrenswear, (020) and clinic. youngsters
and underwear 7399 Qualified (020) 7491 7677 collections, as 0670 opticians well as a wide (020) 7409 selection of 7880 accessories, offering the full range of Benetton style and quality (020) 7647 4220
Nike Town Top Shop Top Man Miss Selfridge Sportswear Clothes and accessories Clothes and From something Adventurous store for girls from London’s largest accessories for casual to the ultimate where each sport fashion store guys from clubbing outfit.
has its own London’s largest Clothes, underwear dedicated ‘pavilion’ fashion store and accessories for (020) 7612 0800 the younger woman
64 Read the text, study the section about Oxford Street shown above, and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F One-and-a-half miles is one-and-a-half kilometers.
______
2. T F Oxford Street is a busy but quiet shopping street.
______
3. T F Debenhams, Evans and John Lewis are some of the well-known shops on
this street.
______
4. T F If you want to eat and drink something, you can go to one of the 50 different places on the street. ______
5. T F Oxford Street has around 200 million overseas visitors every year.
______
6. T F Sixty Metropolitan Police officers protect people on the street.
______
7. T F The shops on the street are open on Sunday mornings.
______
8. T F The phone number of The Orange Shop is (020) 7647 4220.
______
9. T F The Pandora shop sells jewellery.
______
10. T F Top Man is next to Nike Town.
______
65 11. T F There is an eyecare clinic on Oxford Street.
______
12. T F United Colors of Benetton is opposite Miss Selfridge.
______
13. T F You can buy a mobile phone at ‘3 Store’.
______
14. T F J-D only sells things for men.
______
15. T F J-D is between Vision Express and Surprise Surprise.
______
66 31 THREE CANADIAN CITIES
Ottawa, the capital city of Canada, is a wonderful mixture of old and new buildings. This green city is a cultural and a historical center. The people are friendly and speak both French and English. 5 The population is over 870,000. Parliament Hill is a popular tourist spot. It attracts about three million visitors every year. Visitors can watch military parades there. Ottawa is also the home of Canada’s National Gallery. There are beautiful 10 gardens around it. Inside, visitors can see over 25,000 famous works of art from around the world. With more than 25 other museums, 60 annual festivals and a wildlife park, Ottawa is a great city to visit.
Vancouver is one of the most beautiful places in 15 Canada. It has clean streets and green parks and great views of the Pacific Ocean to the west, and huge mountains to the east. Vancouver is an ideal city to live in. It has a warm climate. The summer months are dry, but 20 the autumn and winter months are rainy. One of its main attractions is Stanley Park. There are sandy beaches, lakes, and even Indian totem poles there. Canada Place is another attraction. It is a Canadian icon. It has a conference center, a luxury hotel, lots of shops, and a huge cinema. Special events 25 are held there all year round.
The city of Montreal is sometimes called “the Paris of North America.” Two-thirds of the population speaks French. The part called Old Montreal is very popular with tourists because 30 it has very narrow streets, old buildings, and European-style cafés and restaurants. The Botanical Garden is just minutes from Montreal, right near Olympic Park. In the Botanical Garden, there are over 22,000 types of plants 35 and flowers from all over the world. You can visit it in any season.
67
PART A. Read the text and write the name of the city that matches the given information in the text.
1. It has a view of the Pacific Ocean. ______
2. There are 60 festivals every year. ______
3. The old part of the city has narrow streets. ______
4. People in this city are friendly. ______
5. This city is the Paris of North America. ______
6. The streets in this city are very clean. ______
PART B. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 2, ‘This green city’ means ______
2. Line 8, ‘there’ means ______
3. Line 23, ‘it’ means ______
4. Line 25, ‘there’ means ______
5. Line 36, ‘it’ means ______
PART C. Read about the cities again, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. How can you describe the buildings in Ottawa?
______
2. How many tourists visit the city every year?
______
3. How many museums are there in Ottawa?
______
4. Are the mountains near Vancouver east or west of the city?
______
68 5. What is the weather like in Vancouver in July?
______
6. Where can you see Indian totem poles in Vancouver?
______
7. Which language does most of the population speak in Montreal?
______
8. Is the Botanical Garden far from Montreal?
______
9. What can you see there?
______
10. Can you visit it in winter?
______
69 32 WASHINGTON, D.C. IN ONE DAY
Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States. It’s one of the most important cities in the country and has many things to see. If you have only a day to spend there, what can you do? It’s very easy to get around Washington, D.C. using public transportation. The DC Metro goes everywhere around the city. Make sure to stop at Union Station, the largest station in the city. It is not just a train station; there are many stores and restaurants inside, so it is a perfect place to take a break from sightseeing and have lunch.
Just to the south of Union Station, you’ll find the National Mall. It’s not a shopping mall but a huge open grassy area. Around the Mall, there are many interesting monuments and places within walking distance, such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Smithsonian buildings, the National Air and Space Museum, the Capitol with the House and Senate chambers, the Vietnam War Memorial and the World War II Memorial. After your visit to the National Mall, get on the metro and go to Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington is the oldest military cemetery and one of the largest cemeteries in the country. There, you can see the graves of many famous people. Some of the most popular places to visit are the graves of John F. and Robert Kennedy, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the USMC War Memorial, more commonly known as the Iwo Jima Memorial. Of course, a visit to DC is not complete without a visit to the White House, at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. It is the symbol of both the President and of the United States and is the oldest public building in Washington, D.C. There are six stories in the White House: the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, the Third Floor, and a two-story basement. There are 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms. There are also 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, eight staircases, and three elevators. The Blue Room is at the center of the State Floor of the White House. The President formally receives his guests in this room. The Red Room is one of the four state reception rooms. The State Dining Room seats about 140 guests, and the President has only formal dinners here. The Oval Office is the President’s office. He meets his advisors in this room. Many of the monuments in Washington, D.C. are open 24 hours, so seeing everything in one day is no problem for the busy tourist.
70
Read the text and circle the correct statements. Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. a. Washington, D.C. has lots of things to see. ______b. If you have only one day to spend in Washington, D.C., you won’t have time to visit the White House. ______c. Washington, D.C. is the capital of the US. ______d. Washington, D.C. has a good public transportation system. ______
2. Union Station ______. a. is not an ordinary station ______b. has many restaurants inside it ______c. is not a good place to have a short rest ______d. doesn’t have any stores ______
3. The National Mall ______. a. is a shopping mall ______b. has many interesting monuments around it ______c. is located to the west of Union Station ______d. is near the National Air and Space Museum ______
71
4. a. Arlington National Cemetery is an old cemetery. ______
b. You can get to Arlington National Cemetery only by car or by bus.
______
c. You can visit the graves of John F. and Robert Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery.
______
d. Arlington National Cemetery is not very big.
______
5. a. The President usually has dinner with his family in the State Dining Room. ______
b. The State Floor is the First Floor of the White House.
______
c. There are five state reception rooms in the White House.
______
d. The White House is the symbol of both the President and the United States.
______
72 33 JOB ADS
Hairdresser - $25 an hour COOK – TRENDY CAFE Qualified hairdresser is needed for funky Perth mall salon.
Applicants should have: Job Information - Good people skills Job Title: Cook - A friendly outgoing Company name: Dome personality Location: Northbridge - 1 year experience Date: 10-10-2012 - Ability to cut and colour Job Type: Full-time hair - Passion for the job Job Description Experienced cook needed for a busy The position is for 30 hours per café. The café serves a wide variety of week and the hours are flexible. food, mainly breakfast, but also Arrange to come in and have a burgers, salads and pastas. Very look around. Meet some of the simple. Immediate start. current staff and be amazed by our fantastic salon with plasma Working hours: 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
TVs, our own bar area, leather (No nights!)
armchairs and more! $18 per hour
School Bus Driver
St Mary's is looking for an experienced person to drive and maintain our 12- seater school buses.
$30 an hour
All applicants should have a current driver’s license and must like children.
73
Receptionist $ 1,000 per month Graphic Designer Company: Resolution Fitness for Work at home and earn $55,000 Life a year! Location: Dural, NSW 2158
Work duties: Qualifications : *Organize advertising *Good writing and communication *Design creative concepts skills *Create art work *A typing speed of at least 40 *Work with different areas of the media words per minute *Supply TV and Press concepts *Excellent computer skills for new themes
Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., The successful applicant should Monday to Friday have at least two years
experience working in a Mac
environment and be good at using Adobe CS2.
Please phone Carl at (02) 9223
3033 to apply for the job.
Read the job advertisements and answer the questions with complete sentences. 1. Which company is looking for a receptionist?
______
2. Where is it?
______
3. Should the hairdresser have any experience?
______
4. Which school is looking for a school bus driver?
______
74
5. What are the work duties of the school bus driver?
______
6. What skills does the receptionist need?
______
______
7. Where is the graphic designer going to work?
______
8. How many hours a week is the hairdresser going to work?
______
9. What should the graphic designer be good at using?
______
10. You want to apply for the job as a graphic designer. What should you do?
______
11. Is the cook going to work late in the evening?
______
12. How much is the school bus driver going to earn?
______
13. What are the working hours of the receptionist?
______
14. What is the salary of the graphic designer?
______
15. What can you have at the café?
______
75 34 JOBS FOR TEENAGERS
Every year, millions of teens work in part-time or summer jobs. Early work experience is good for young workers because they learn important job skills at an early age. In advanced countries like the USA and the UK, the Departments of Labor design rules to protect the educational rights, health and safety of young workers. The following are some of the rules applied.
American Facts on Jobs for Teenagers The American work rules for young people say that until children are 14, they can only work at jobs like: ▪ Babysitting ▪ Delivering newspapers ▪ Acting and/or performing
From the age of 14 (to 17) years, teens can work, but they should get a Minor Work Permit. From the age of 14 onwards, they can start to work in the following areas:
▪ office work ▪ in grocery stores ▪ in restaurants ▪ at amusement parks a paper boy
There are some restrictions on the hours for teens under 16. They can work:
▪ three hours a day, up to a total of 18 hours per week, during the school week ▪ eight hours a day, up to a total of 40 hours per week, during non-school weeks
Work must start at 7a.m. and finish at 7p.m. When they are 16 years old, there are no restrictions on the working hours or times, and there are more job options if the work is not dangerous.
List of dangerous jobs for teenagers:
▪ Mining ▪ Driving or working with forklifts ▪ Meat packing ▪ Using saws ▪ Roofing ▪ Working with radioactive material
From the age of 18, there are no restrictions.
mining
76 British Facts on Jobs for Teenagers In the UK, children cannot work until they are 13 years of age, except for some roles in television, theater, and modeling. But they need a performance license to do this. Between the ages of 13 and 16, children can have a job under the following restrictions and rules:
Teens cannot work:
▪ without getting an employment permit from the Education Department of the Local Council
▪ in any industrial setting, e.g. a factory, an industrial site, etc.
▪ during school hours
▪ before 7:00 am or after 7:00 pm
▪ for more than one hour before school
▪ for more than four hours without taking a break of at least one hour a factory
▪ in pubs
▪ in any work that may be harmful to their health
▪ without having a two-week break from any work during the school holidays in each calendar year
Teens can work:
▪ during term time for a maximum of 12 hours per week
▪ during school holidays (13 to 14 years old) for a maximum of 25 hours per week
▪ during school holidays (15 to 16 year olds) for a maximum of 35 hours per week
Between the ages of 16 and 18, there’s no limit on hours, but teenagers under age 18 can’t work in a job that the Labor Department considers dangerous.
77 PART A. Read ‘‘American and British Facts on Jobs for Teens’’ and the example sentences given below. Then, match the words and the dictionary definitions. Number 4 has been done for you.
1. to design (v) ______The government is designing a new law to protect children.
2. a rule (n) ______You can’t smoke at school. It is against the rules.
3. to deliver (v) ______They can deliver the sofa on Saturday.
4. a restriction (n) ___b______There are restrictions on the number of goods that you can bring into the country.
5. a break (n) ______Take a break, and come back after lunch.
6. an option (n) ______You don’t have many options and have very little time, so you should be quick.
Dictionary definitions: a. a choice b. a rule or law that limits what people can do c. to take things such as letters, packages or goods to a person or place d. a holiday or period of time away from work, school, etc. e. to make or plan something for a particular purpose f. an official instruction about what you should or should not do
78 PART B. Read the rules and the restrictions, and mark the following true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F At the age of 13, both American and British children can take part in a play or in a TV series.
______
2. T F A 12-year-old American child cannot babysit.
______
3. T F A 15-year-old American teenager cannot work as a waiter or a waitress.
______
4. T F In the UK, teens between the ages of 13 and 16 cannot work if they don’t have a permit.ver
______
5. T F In the USA, during the school week, teens under 16 can work three hours a week.
______
6. T F In both the USA and the UK, teens cannot work before 7:00 am or after 7:00 pm.ea
______
7. T F In the USA, a 13-year-old boy cannot work as a paperboy.
______
8. T F A 15-year-old British teenager cannot work in a pub or a factory.
______
9. T F In the USA, 17-year-olds can have jobs in a coal mine.
______
10. T F In the UK, 14-year-olds cannot work more than 25 hours per week during school holidays.yye
______R
79 35 NEW YEAR’S DAY IN APRIL
Did you know that in Thailand they celebrate New Year’s Day in April? Thai people call the beginning of their New Year Songkran. It means ‘‘a move or change in the position of the sun from Aries to Taurus.’’ They celebrate the Songkran Festival (also known as the Water Splashing 5 Festival) at the end of the dry season, from the 13th to the 15th of April, for three full days, but in some areas for four days. During these days, housewives clean their houses and throw away all the old things in their homes. They believe they will bring bad luck to the owner. Young people pour 10 perfumed water into the hands of their parents and grandparents to show their respect to them. People clean the images of Buddha. They think that this brings good luck. They also prepare lots of delicious food for themselves and their relatives, and then have beautiful parades in the streets. The Songkran Festival in many parts of Thailand is also a big water fight in the 15 streets! In fact, water is the symbol of washing all of the bad things away. You can throw water at anyone walking by, and they can do the same to you! Everyone takes part in this tradition, and it is difficult to find a dry person on the streets. Luckily, it is always very hot in April in Thailand (temperatures can rise to over 100°F or 40°C on some days), and this reduces your chances of getting sick. In the old days, people 20 sprinkled a bit of perfumed water over your shoulder to wish you good luck, but nowadays, people throw buckets of ice water or shoot water guns at you. Both children and adults like this new tradition of Songkran a lot. Every year, thousands of tourists from all around the world go to Thailand to celebrate this colorful festival with the Thai people.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 3, ‘They’ means ______
2. Line 9, ‘they’ means ______
3. Line 11, ‘them’ means ______
4. Line 11,’this’ means ______
5. Line 16, ‘do the same to you’ means ______at you
80 PART B. Read the text and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F Songkran is the move of the sun into the Aries sun sign.
______
2. T F In Thailand, the wet season ends around mid- April.
______
3. T F The Songkran Festival goes on for three days in every part of Thailand.
______
4. T F During the Songkran Festival, people don’t do any cooking.
______
5. T F Because the weather is very cold, your chances of getting sick are high if you get wet.
______
6. T F Older people do not like the new tradition of throwing icy water at people.
______
81 36 STARFISH (SEA STARS)
Starfish, or sea stars, live in seas and oceans.There are about 2,000 species (kinds) of sea stars worldwide. You can find them in all kinds of waters: cold, warm, shallow or deep. They like rocky places. Sea stars can swim all the way down to the bottom 5 of the sea, or they can relax and float on top. They move very slowly along the seabed. Most sea stars have five arms called rays, but some others have 10, 20 or 40 arms. The arms of a star fish can be from 10 to 25 inches (25.4 to 63.5 centimeters) long. If they lose an 10 arm, it always grows back. Sea stars do not have a brain. They have a small red eye spot on each arm. They can see light and dark with the help of these spots. Sea stars often have bright colors.They come in many different colors like red, orange, pink, blue, green, brown, gray, black, and 15 purple. Starfish have a flat body. Their mouth is located under their body. Most starfish are scavengers. This means that these animals eat dead plants and dead animals. Sea stars eat almost anything, but their favorite foods are oysters and mussels. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. Line 2, the word ‘species’ means ______
2. Line 2, ‘them’ means ______
3. Which word in the text is the opposite of the word deep? ______
4. Which word in the text is the opposite of the word bottom? ______
5. Line 7, the word ‘rays’ means ______
6. Line 7, ‘some others’ means some other ______
7. 10 inches is ______cm.
8. Line 10, ‘it’ means ______
9. A star fish has a red eye spot on each arm, so a star fish with 10 arms has
______spots.
10. Line 12, ‘these spots’ mean ______
11. A scavenger eats ______
12. Line 18, ‘their’ means ______
82 37 THE SAGUARO CACTUS
The king of the desert, the saguaro cactus, lives in the Sonoran Desert, in Arizona. The biggest saguaros can be 15 meters high and have about 50 big arms. They can live for about 200 years. It takes a long time for a saguaro to get big. When it’s 10 years old, a saguaro is still smaller than an egg. It gets flowers for the first time when it’s over 50 years old. The most important factors for the growth of the saguaro cactus are water and temperature. Cold weather can easily kill this plant. The Sonoron Desert gets more rain than any other North American desert. It has rain both in winter and in summer, but the saguaro gets most of its water during the summer rainy season. The saguaro has a large network of roots and a green stem. The roots collect water after it rains, and the stem stores it. A saguaro can drink about a thousand liters of water at one time. When it doesn’t rain, the plant uses its own water to live and make flowers and fruits every year. Every state in the United States has a state flower. Arizona’s flower is the saguaro cactus flower. These big white flowers open at night, when it’s cool, and close late in the morning, when it is hot. Each saguaro has about 200 flowers, but only a few of them open each night. Each flower opens for one night, and then never again. The best time to see these flowers is very early in the morning in May. In summer, the saguaro has red fruits. These are the favorite food of many desert birds and other animals. Birds also use the saguaro as their house. They make little caves in the arms of the cactus. Some places in Arizona are full of saguaros. They’re fun to look at. When you see a big group of them together, they sometimes look like funny people who are dancing.
a saguaro flower
83 PART A. Read the text and label the parts of a saguaro cactus.
a. flowers b. ______c. ______d. ______
PART B. Read the text and mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F The saguaro cactus grows very slowly.
______
2. T F The cactus has its first flowers when it is 15 years old.
______
3. T F It doesn’t rain in the Sonoron Desert in summer.
______
4. T F A saguaro drinks about a thousand liters of water every year.
______
5. T F About 200 flowers open at night.
______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences. 1. How big can a saguaro cactus be?
______
2. How big is a saguaro cactus when it is 10 years old?
______
3. What can happen to the cactus when the temperature is too low?
______
4. Why is the stem an important part of the plant?
______
84 5. Why can a saguaro cactus live without rain for some time?
______
6. When do the flowers of a saguaro cactus open and close?
______
7. How long do saguaro flowers live?
______
8. What is the state flower of Arizona?
______
9. When does a saguaro cactus produce flowers?
______
10. How do birds make use of the saguaro cactus?
______
85 38 FAVORITE PASTIMES OF AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN
Look at the bar graph, and complete the following sentences. Don’t forget to use the expressions nearly, over, exactly,and about where necessary.
1. The graph shows the various pastimes of Australian children between the ages of ______.
2. A hundred percent of ______and ______watch TV or videos.
3. ______of boys play electronic or computer games.
4. ______of girls are interested in arts and crafts.
5. ______twenty percent of girls do ______.
6. Nearly 80% of boys like ______.
86 39 ADVERTISEMENTS OF SOME HOLIDAY RESORTS IN TURKEY
Çetmihan Çanakkale-Kazdaği Hotels Address: Yeşilyurt Köyü Küçükkuyu Kazdağı – Çanakkale
Capacity: 16 total rooms, 45 total beds, five honeymoon suites, one suite, 10 standard rooms. Sea, garden, and mountain views are available. Room Details: shower, WC, hair dryer General Facilities: central heating, garden, TV room, game room, business center, laundry, ironing, safe-deposit box at reception, 24-hr room service, backup generator, doctor on call, baby sitter, free parking, pets welcome Sports & Recreation: billiards Wining & Dining: half board, breakfast lounge, cafeteria, terrace bar. One open- buffet restaurant, one outdoor restaurant, one indoor restaurant, Turkish cuisine and vegetarian cuisine available Meeting Facilities: one meeting room (capacity of 30) containing projection screen, whiteboard, slide projector, sound system, microphone, video player, DVD player, television, and fax machine Location: 5 km from the seaside, 240 km from the Izmir Airport. Situated between the mountains and a private beach
87 Resort Information
Address: Anak Mevkii Yeni Foça İzmir-Turkey
Address: Olaklı Manavgat Antalya-Turkey
88 PART A. Read the following statements, and mark them true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F There are two restaurants at the Çetmihan Hotel.
______
2. T F The Çetmihan Hotel is on the beach.
______
3. T F Both Petroclub Side Holiday Village and Wybas Foca Holiday Resort have the same room types.
______
4. T F Check-in time at Petroclub Side Holiday Village is 3:00 PM.
______
5. T F At the Çetmihan Hotel, there aren’t any ironing facilities.
______
6. T F If you stay at Petroclub Side Holiday Village, you have to go to Antalya for your shopping.
______
7. T F All the resorts have medical facilities on location.
______
8. T F You can play games in the games room at the Wybas Foca Holiday Resort.
______
9. T F The Çetmihan Hotel has lots of facilities for organizing a business meeting.
______
10. T F All the resorts have safe-deposit boxes to protect your valuables.
______
89
PART B. Read the following situations, and then answer the questions. 1. Your brother is getting married next week, and you want to book a room at a hotel for the married couple as a wedding present. Which holiday resort would you choose and why?
______
2. You have two dogs and a cat, and you want to take them with you on your vacation. Which holiday resort is appropriate for you?
______
3. You want a hotel that has a swimming pool for your kids. Your wife likes water skiing, and you like fishing. You don’t want to eat in the hotel’s restaurant. Where would you go?
______
90 40 MOVIE REVIEWS
91
92 Answer the following questions according to the information given in the texts. Do not worry about the meanings of the words you don’t know. You don’t need to know the meanings of all the words to answer the questions, but the following definitions may help you to understand the texts better. appropriate (adjective): suitable or right for a particular situation or person e.g. Is this film appropriate for young children? a cave (noun): a large hole in the side of a mountain, or under the ground (mağara) an attack (noun): a violent act intended to hurt or damage someone or something e.g. a terrorist attack on the capital
1. What type of film is Scream 4 ? ______2. How old is Jacob Jakowski? ______3. Where was the cave? ______4. What was important about the drawings in the cave? ______5. Who is Gale Weathers? ______6. What does Sara Gruen do? ______7. Your eight-year-old daughter likes true-life stories. Would you take her to see the film Soul Surfer ? Why/Why not? ______8. Who spent a year with the Benzini Brothers circus? ______9. Who is the leading actress in the film Soul Surfer ? ______10. Your son is interested in nature and world cultures. To which film would you take him? Why? ______
______
93 41 LEISURE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Leisure Activities in Germany Germans spend their free time doing a variety of activities. Many people are members of sports clubs. They play basketball, soccer, volleyball, and other team sports there. 5 There are also professional leagues for many of these sports in Germany. Germans love the outdoors. 1)______. There are walking and biking paths all over the country. In winter, Alpine slopes challenge brave skiers and snowboarders.
10 Leisure Activities in India Indians spend their free time doing many activities. The most popular sports in India are cricket, field hockey, and soccer. Many Indian children begin playing these sports at a very young age. Indians also enjoy dancing and playing games. One of their favorite board games is chess. It was invented in India more than 1,500 years ago. 15 Indians spend a lot of time enjoying the company of their neighbors. They also love going to the movies. 2)______. The Indian movie industry is called Bollywood. This country makes more movies each year than any other country in the world!
Leisure Activities in Russia
20 During their free time, Russians like to play sports and games, watch TV, and visit friends. Most Russians know how to play chess. 3)______. Soccer, hockey, volleyball, and ice-skating are popular sports in Russia. They all have professional leagues or organizations. Many children begin playing these sports at an early age. The best ice-skaters often grow up to compete in the Winter Olympics. 25 Dancing is also a large part of Russian culture. Russian ballet is famous around the world.
Leisure Activities in France The French spend their free time watching TV, reading, and going to movies and plays. They also enjoy playing and watching sports. Soccer, rugby, and cycling are 30 popular sports in France. Rugby is similar to American football, but players do not wear any padding. France is famous for the Tour de France bike race. 4)______. The course changes every year, but it always finishes in Paris.
94 PART A. The following sentences are taken from the texts above. Read the texts, and choose a suitable blank for each sentence. A. Many people enjoy playing it with just their friends and family, but the best players enter tournaments held throughout the country.
B. Every major city has several cinemas and theaters.
C. This three-week race covers more than 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers) of Europe’s countryside.
D. They enjoy hiking and camping in Germany’s many forests and mountain ranges.
PART B. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 4, ‘there’ means ______
2. Line 8, ‘the country’ means ______
3. Line 12, ‘these sports’ means ______
4. Line 15, ‘They’ means ______
5. Line 17, ‘This country’ means ______
6. Line 32, ‘it’ means ______
PART C. Who said these things? Number 1 has been done for you. 1. ‘’I spend most of my free time reading.’’ Someone from France 2. ‘‘I am just an amateur cyclist, so I don’t take part in my country’s famous bike race.’’ Someone from ______3. ‘‘I started ice-skating when I was four years old.’’ Someone from ______4. ‘‘Oh, no! I don’t wear them when I am playing the game.’’ Someone from ______5. ‘‘I spend more than ten hours with my neighbors every week.’’ Someone from ______6. ‘‘This game was invented in my country a very long time ago.’’ Someone from ______7. ‘‘We love outdoor sports. My wife and I go camping three times a month.’’ Someone from ______
95 42 AIRLINE FLIGHT REVIEWS
Germanwings Air Lines, Economy Class Flight Review: Cologne to Lamezia
PART A. Read the reviews of one of the passengers of Germanwings Airlines, and match them with their headings. Number 3 has been done for you.
1. DEPARTURE SERVICE ______
2. CABIN APPEARANCE ______
3. SEATING COMFORT ______F ______
4. ONBOARD CATERING ______
5. IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT ______
6. CABIN STAFF SERVICE ______
A. No entertainment. B. It was good and clean. C. They were helpful and friendly, but on the return flight, they did not show much empathy for the passengers, who were tired because of a delay. D. Good! The check-in staff were friendly. There were lots of passengers, but the check-in procedure was fast. E. We paid for the meals and the drinks. Not expensive. On the return flight, the departure was 12 hours late, but they did not offer any free drinks or meals. F. OK. Not enough space. My legs ached.
96
Delta Air Lines, Economy Class Flight Review: Berlin to New York JFK
DEPARTURE SERVICE Berlin Tegel is a very small airport. The check-in procedure was very easy and fast.
CABIN APPEARANCE A very old plane (B 767-300). The cabin itself was OK, but the bathroom became dirty after only two hours’ flight time.
SEATING COMFORT The seats are as old as the plane. Very uncomfortable.
ONBOARD CATERING Nothing special: chicken or pizza. They were cold.
IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT One overhead screen for the movies. The movie and music were OK, but the in-flight magazine was the one from last month.
CABIN STAFF SERVICE Service was OK, but they were not very friendly.
97
Singapore Airlines Business Class Flight Review: Singapore to Newark
DEPARTURE SERVICE The flight leaves from Terminal 3 in Singapore. A very nice terminal with a lot of check-in counters. A nice Silver Kris Lounge with food and drinks. There is easy security and boarding.
CABIN APPEARANCE The cabin of this A340-500 is very clean and new-looking. SEATING COMFORT New, comfortable, and large seats, which can be folded very easily to a comfortable full flat bed.
ONBOARD CATERING Meals on this nonstop flight are very fresh and tasty, with nice choices. A good choice of wines.
IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT Kris World is probably the best entertainment system in the world. A great choice of films, games, etc. A very nice and large screen monitor.
CABIN STAFF SERVICE The cabin staff is great. Service can be a little disorganized, but it isn’t a big problem. A friendly and always available crew. They answer the call buttons immediately.
98 PART B. Go over the flight reviews again, read the following statements, and write the name of the airline in the blanks provided.
1. The name of the review writer is Ender Ozsezen. ______
2. The flight was on April 27th, 2009. ______
3. The plane departed from Cologne. ______
4. The passengers could drink wine if they wanted to. ______
5. The plane and the seats were quite old. ______
PART C. Read the following statements, and mark them true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F Sabestian Lipke flew Business Class.
______
2. T F The meals and the drinks were free for passengers on Germanwings Air Lines.
______
3. T F The flight attendants on Singapore Airlines answered the call buttons in a short time.
______
4. T F The flight from Singapore to Newark was a nonstop one.
______
5. T F The food on Delta Airlines was not warm.
______
6. T F The music on Germanwings Air Lines was very good.
______
7. T F There were no magazines for the passengers on Delta Air Lines.
______
8. T F Passengers on Singapore Airlines could sleep on flat and comfortable beds.
______
99 43 BULLET TRAINS
Bullet trains are high-speed trains. They are a safe, cheap, and fast way to travel. They travel more than 124 miles (200 kilometers) per hour. The name bullet comes from their 5 speed and shape. Today, these trains are popular forms of intercity travel all over the world. Bullet trains got their start in Japan. The population of this country grew very fast in the 1950s. Japan’s trains and roads became crowded. People needed a new way to 10 get around. Japanese officials hoped a new kind of train would solve their transportation problems. The government opened the first Shinkansen (the network of high speed trains in Japan) in Tokyo, in 1964. The Tōkaidō Shinkansen ran 320 miles (515 kilometers) between the cities of Tokyo and Osaka and reached 135 miles (217 kilometers) per hour!
15 Today, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen is the world's busiest high-speed rail line. It carries 151 million passengers a year. It transports more passengers than any other high speed line in the world. Between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, up to ten trains per hour with sixteen cars each (1,300 seat capacity) run in each direction, with a minimum headway of three minutes between trains.
20 With the help of new technology, bullet trains will be much more efficient in the future. This means they will make less noise and use less energy!
a bullet
PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 5, ‘these trains’ means ______
2. Line 8, ‘this country’ means ______
3. Line 10, ‘their’ means ______
4. Line 21, ‘This’ refers to the fact that ______
______
100 PART B. Fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
1. Bullet trains are ______than
traditional trains. (Write three advantages.)
2. The bullet train got its name from its ______.
3. Transportation became a problem in Japan in the 1950s because
a)______. Japan solved this
problem by introducing the world’s b) ______bullet train in
c) ______.
4. The Tōkaidō Shinkansen provided rail service between a) ______
and b) ______at a speed of c) ______.
5. Today, the world's busiest high-speed rail line is a) ______
because the number of passengers it carries is b) ______
a year.
6. A bullet train between Tokyo and Osaka has a) ______and
each one can carry b) ______people at a time.
7. In the future, bullet trains will probably produce a) ______
and b) ______.
101 44 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN LONDON
The main source of public transport in London is the Underground (or the Tube, as it is known to Londoners) because it is the easiest and fastest way to travel in the city. It is a network of 12 lines and operates for 20 5 hours a day, every day and serves all parts of central London. It has 402 kilometers (250 miles) of track. This makes it the second longest metro system in the world after the Shanghai Metro. It also has one of the highest number of stations (270). In 2007, it carried more than one billion passengers and became the third busiest 10 metro system in Europe after Paris and Moscow. There is also a good bus system in London. Buses are slower than the tube, but they are cheaper. You can buy tickets from ticket machines ( next to bus stops in central London), at the ticket offices in bus or 15 underground stations, or sometimes from some local shops such as newsagents. If you change buses, you need to buy a new ticket for each journey. You cannot buy a "return" bus ticket in London. Outside central London, you can buy a ticket by paying the driver when you get on the bus, but in 20 central London, you must buy a ticket before you get on the bus. All across London, there are 17,000 bus stops, so you are never far from a bus stop.There are two types of bus stops: compulsory and request. Compulsory stops are white with a red roundel; request ones are red with a white roundel.The buses always stop at compulsory stops if they are not full, but they stop at request stops only if a 25 passenger rings the bell once to signal that he/she wants to get off. Night buses cover the whole of London and run all through the night, seven nights a week. Nearly all of these buses start at or go through Trafalgar Square. There are also tour buses that are open-top.They take you to all of London’s famous landmarks and show London’s colorful 2,000-year history.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 6, ’This’ means the fact that ______
2. Line 7, ’it’ means ______
3. Line 23, ’ones’ means ______
4. Line 25, ’he/she’ means ______
5. Line 27, ’these buses’ means ______
102 PART B. Read the following statements, and mark them true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F The London Underground has six lines and runs all through the day. ______
2. T F The metro system in London is busier than the systems in Paris and Moscow.
______
3. T F Some newsagents in London sell bus tickets.
______
4. T F Outside central London, you cannot get on a bus if you don’t have a ticket.
______
5. T F Night buses do not operate on weekends.
______
PART C. Read the text again, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What do people living in London call their Underground?
______
2. Which city has the longest metro system in the world?
______
3. How many stations does the London Underground have?
______
4. Write one advantage and one disadvantage of the buses over the Tube in London.
______
5. What are the two types of bus stops in London? What are the differences between them?
______
6. What can you see on a bus tour?
______103 45 SCOOTERS
A scooter is a motorized street vehicle. It is simple to use and comfortable and fun to ride. It costs less than most cars and motorcycles. It is not difficult to see why scooters are one of the most popular forms of urban transportation on the planet. The first scooters were made in Italy in the 1950s. The designers wanted a low-cost, 5 motorized street vehicle. In those days, there were motorized bicycles but those bikes were very noisy to operate and uncomfortable to ride. The first real scooter wasn’t just another motorized bicycle. It was a totally new invention. It had small wheels and a big, comfortable seat. It also had a wide, low footboard. This new design made it easy for anyone to get on and off. It became very popular in a short 10 time. Many scooters have small engines. They range in size between 49 and 100 cubic centimeters (cc). The top speed of most scooters is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) per hour. Some sport models have engines as large as 700cc. Larger engines can go 55 miles (88.5 kilometers) per hour or even faster. Most scooters can travel 120 miles 15 (193 kilometers) on one gallon (3.8 liters) of gas. Scooters are fun and easy to ride. A simple button starts the engine. The frame is lightweight, so the scooterist can maneuver easily. Like the driver of any vehicle, a scooterist should pay attention to safety. Scooterists should always wear helmets. They should also follow all the rules of the 20 road. People also use scooters for work. They are perfect for urban delivery jobs. Drivers can easily pass through narrow streets and they can easily find a parking space. The big seat has room for an additional passenger. In some countries, people use them even as taxis. Need a ride?
a helmet
a scooter taxi
104
seat
frame
wheel
footboard
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 1, ‘It’ means ______
2. Line 5, ‘In those days’ means ______
3. Line 8-9, ‘This new design’ means ______
4. Line 11, ‘They’ means ______
5. Line 19, ‘They’ means ______
6. Line 22, ‘they’ means ______
PART B. Read the text, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What were the disadvantages of the motorized bicycles of the 1950’s?
______
2. What should a scooterist do for his/her safety?
______
______
105 PART C. Choose the correct alternative.
1. Which of the following is not true about a scooter?
a. It is a street vehicle. b. It is more expensive than a motorcyle.
c. It is motorized. d. It is a popular means of transportation.
2. Most scooters ______.
a. have a top speed of 88.5 kilometers per hour
b. can go 193 kilometers on two gallons of gas
c. have 700cc gasoline engines
d. have small engines
PART D. Which of the following statements are true about a scooter? Correct the false statements. Write full sentences.
1. T F It is difficult to use it in narrow streets.
______
2. T F It is an enjoyable vehicle to ride.
______
3. T F Its frame is quite heavy.
______
4. T F It has a seating capacity of more than two people.
______
5. T F Its wheels are small.
______
106 46 TEENS’ EATING HABITS
Read what the following teens say about their eating habits.
Samantha Hall I usually skip breakfast and have potato chips, cookies, candy and soda for lunch. I buy them from school vending machines. After school, I often go to a take-away restaurant for French fries, fried rice and egg rolls. Dinner at home is much healthier – soup, 5 baked chicken and rice, grilled fish and vegetables. I know my mom wants me to eat healthier meals, but I don’t have much time, and junk food is often the quickest way to satisfy my hunger, and that is common among busy teenagers. a vending machine Roy White I am a big fresh fruit eater, which is unusual, I admit, for a 15-year-old. I love apples, nectarines, kiwis and mangos. I never skip breakfast. For me, it is the most important meal of the day. At school, I only eat soup and sometimes an apple. I usually come home around 3 o’clock, and I have a vegetable salad. When I eat out, I 5 try to choose healthy dishes, but sometimes I can’t say ‘‘no’’ to some delicious desserts.
Rose Smith I enjoy potato chips, pizza, candy and hot sausages, but at home, I eat vegetables and salad with every dinner. It is my mom’s rule. I try to do what my mom says. I know it’s good for me. Sometimes I don’t want to have the salad, but I eat it anyway. It has become a habit, I guess. I’m not a big fried-food eater, and my parents try not to buy 5 cookies and chocolates. We always eat fresh fruits and yogurt in the house. This helps me to keep good eating habits.
PART A. Read the text, and write which teen(s) these statements refer to.
1. He/She always has breakfast. ______
2. He/She never skips salad. ______
3. His/her school sells junk food. ______
4. He/She always has soup for lunch on weekdays. ______
5. He/She doesn’t eat fried food very often. ______
6. He/She doesn’t eat desserts very often. ______
107 PART B. What do the following refer to?
1. (Samantha) Line 2, ‘them’ means ______
2. (Samantha) Line 7, ‘that’ means ______
3. (Roy) Line 2, ‘it’ means ______
4. (Rose) Line 3, ‘me’ means ______
5. (Rose) Line 5, ‘This’ means (choose one of the following) ______
a. never having cookies and chocolates in the house
b. always having fresh fruits and yogurt in the home
c. eating potato chips, candy and hot sausages
PART C. Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text. 1. Samantha’s mother wants her to have healthier meals, but she eats a lot of
______because she ______.
2. Roy is different from other teenagers because he______.
3. Rose’s parents sometimes buy ______.
PART D. Answer the following question in your own words.
In your opinion, which of these three teenagers has healthier eating habits? Why?
I think ______
______
______
108 47 SHOCKING SEAFOOD DISHES
Sour Fish Head Soup
People eat fish all over the world. Before they cook them, they often cut off the heads and throw them away but not in Vietnam! There, it’s the heads that some people want. The Vietnamese keep the fish heads and use them to 5 make soup. Cooks add onions, tomatoes, pineapple, spices, and fish sauce to give the soup a sour and sweet taste. Not everyone likes fish heads in their soup, but the world is a very big place. Seafood that is shocking to people in one country may be popular in another.
Deadly Puffer Fish
Some fish can kill other animals when they’re swimming in the sea. A puffer fish can also kill a person when it is served on a plate! Parts of the fish, such as the liver, are full of deadly poison. In fact, the amount of poison in one puffer fish can 5 kill up to 30 people. If you prepare it properly, the meat of a puffer fish is safe to eat. In Japan, only trained chefs can cook and serve this deadly fish. Still, about 100 people die every year from eating puffer fish. It’s truly a dish to die for.
Live Octopus Arms
Do you need eight reasons to eat a baby octopus? How about its eight arms waving from the bowl? Some people in South Korea love this dish, called sannakji. It is served raw. To make it, they cut a live baby octopus and season it 5 with sesame seeds and sesame oil. Sannakji is delicious but dangerous to eat. The octopus’s arms are still moving when they serve it, so suckers on the arms can cause the octopus pieces to get stuck in a person’s throat. That is why you should chew this food well before you swallow it.
suckers
109 Boiled Sea Cucumbers
A sea cucumber is not a vegetable. It is an animal with leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the ocean floor. In China, these cucumber-shaped animals are also a popular food.
5 A sea cucumber is not very tasty (delicious). To prepare sea cucumbers, cooks wash and boil them in salty water for about four days. Then, they add the meat to soups. Why do people spend so much time preparing this food? Many believe that they are very healthy to eat as they have more protein than many other foods, 10 and they are very low in fat. They also can help treat health problems, such as high blood pressure.
PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. (Sour Fish Head Soup) Line 1, ‘them’ means ______
2. (Sour Fish Head Soup) Line 2, ‘them’ means ______
3. (Sour Fish Head Soup) Line 3, ‘There’ means ______
4. (Sour Fish Head Soup) Line 9, ‘another’ means another ______
5. (Deadly Puffer Fish) Line 2, ‘it’ means ______
6. (Deadly Puffer Fish) Line 7, ‘this deadly fish’ means ______
7. (Live Octopus Arms) Line 3, ‘this dish’ means ______
8. (Live Octopus Arms) Line 9, ‘it’ means ______
9. (Boiled Sea Cucumbers) Line 6, ‘them’ means ______
10. (Boiled Sea Cucumbers) Line 7, ‘they’ means ______
11. (Boiled Sea Cucumbers) Line 8, ‘Many’ means Many ______
110 PART B. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F Sour Fish Head Soup doesn’t have any sauce in it.
______
2. T F About a hundred people eat puffer fish every year.
______
3. T F The baby octopus is seasoned after it is cooked.
______
4. T F Chinese people find sea cucumbers healthy.
______
PART C. Read the text again, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What do the Vietnamese do with fish heads?
______
2. Why can only trained chefs cook a puffer fish in Japan?
______
______
3. Is puffer fish delicious or not?
______
4. What may happen if you don’t chew sannakji well?
______
5. Write two reasons why sea cucumbers are good for your health.
a) ______
b) ______
6. Would you like to try sannakji? Why? Why not?
______
111 48 TABLE MANNERS
Table manners are very different in every country. For example, when you are in England, you must not lift your soup bowl to your mouth. This is very impolite there, but when you are in Japan, it is 5 completely normal. Lifting your bowl to your mouth in Japan is a traditional way of eating your soup. In Japan, you also don’t have to worry about making any noise when you are eating. It just shows that you really like the food! But it is not the same in Britain, 10 so you shouldn’t make any noise when eating there. In Britain, people don’t put their hands or elbows on the table during the meal, but in Mexico, guests keep their hands on the table all the time. In fact, you should be careful about what you do with your hands. In Arab countries, it is impolite to eat with your left hand, so don’t do it!
15 In all cultures, it is impolite to speak when you are eating. Also, you should leave some food on your plate because it is considered impolite if you eat everything. In Ukraine, you should wait for all the others to 20 start eating with you. You should also say ‘’please’’ and ‘’thank you’’ every time you ask for something and get it. If you don’t like the food, don’t make faces or sounds that show this, and don’t say: “Yuk! I hate this!”
25 The best way to avoid making mistakes at the table in other countries is to watch the host and try to do the things he does.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 3, ‘This’ means ______
2. Line 14, ‘don’t do it’ means don’t ______
3. Line 23, ‘this’ refers to the fact that______
4. Line 26, ‘he’ means ______
112 PART B. Fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
1. ______are not the same in all countries.
2. Making noises when you are eating in Japan means that ______
______.
3. In Arab countries, you should eat with ______.
4. In Ukraine, you shouldn’t forget to say ______when you
ask for something.
PART C.Read the text again, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Write two things that are considered impolite to do in Britain at the table.
a)______
b) ______
2. What is the difference between Britain and Mexico in terms of table manners?
______
______
3. What do all cultures have in common in terms of table manners?
______
______
4. Write two things that are impolite to do at the table in your country.
a) ______
b) ______
113 49 THE MOST POPULAR FOOD IN THE USA
Tacos are getting more popular and everybody loves pizza, but hamburgers are still America’s favorite fast food. Americans started eating them many years ago, but we still don’t know the origin of the burger.
5 One story is that the first hamburger was made in the state of Wisconsin, in 1885. Charlie Nagreen, a 15-year- old-boy, sold meatballs at the fair in the town of Seymour, but people didn’t buy them because they were difficult to eat while they were walking. He made the 10 meatballs flat and put them between two slices of bread and he called them hamburgers. Other people say Louis Lassen made the first hamburger when a customer went to his restaurant in Connecticut and asked for a fast meal because he had only ten minutes to spend there. Louis made a quick sandwich of beef between two slices of bread. The 15 customer enjoyed it a lot and asked for another one. But where does the name “hamburger” come from? A third story says that in 1891, sailors from the USA visited Hamburg, in Germany, and had sandwiches of beef and egg. They liked them very much, and when they went back to America, they took the idea there. In the 1940s, hamburgers became very popular. People started buying cars and driving 20 around the country. They ate more meals outside the home. Some restaurants adopted the sailors’ idea because they saw that people wanted quick food when they were on the road. These days, Americans eat billions of hamburgers a year. On average, each person 25 buys about three hamburgers a week. Teenage boys probably eat more hamburgers than other people. There are many toppings for hamburgers, but most people like lettuce, tomato, pickles, ketchup, mustard and cheese. 30 The most common thing to eat with hamburgers is French fries, but a lot of restaurants also serve side orders of onion rings and salad. a fair Thomas, a 12-year-old-boy, says, “I love hamburgers. We have them every Saturday. I go swimming, and when I come back home, my dad has burgers on the grill. We eat 35 them with French fries. I know they are unhealthy, but I still have them once a week. I hate onion rings. They make your breath stink!”
114 PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 3, ‘them’ means ______2. Line 11, ‘them’ means ______3. Line 12, ‘his’ means ______4. Line 14, ‘there’ means ______5. Line 15, ‘one’ means ______6. Line 17, ‘They’ means ______7. Line 18, ‘there’ means ______8. Line 21, ‘they’ means ______9. Line 35, ‘them’ means ______10. Line 36, ‘They’ means ______
PART B. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.
1. Hamburgers are the most ______in the USA.
2. Charlie Nagreen was a) ______years old when he made the b) ______
______in 1885.
3. At first, people didn’t want to buy Charlie’s meatballs because they were not ______.
4. Charlie solved the problem by putting the ______.
______.
5. Louise’s customer did not have ______, so he asked for a fast meal.
6. According to the third story, the word ‘’hamburger’’ comes from the name of the town ______.
7. In the 1940’s, some restaurants began to make hamburgers for people on the road because those people ______.
8. Lettuce, tomato, pickles and cheese are some of the ______
______.
9. Lots of restaurants serve hamburgers with ______, ______and______.
10. Thomas a) ______only once a week because he knows that they aren’t b) ______.
115 50 SUPERMARKETS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
PART A. The following are some advantages and disadvantages of supermarkets, but they are mixed up and not completed. First, read each statement and decide whether it is an advantage or a disadvantage. Mark each statement Advantage (A) or Disadvantage (D).
1. _____ You can find everything under one roof because ......
2. _____ Supermarket cashiers have to serve hundreds of customers per day, so....
3. _____ Usually, there is nice music there, so ......
4. _____ They produce a lot of packaging waste because ......
5. _____ It’s often difficult to find items and assistance, so ......
6. __A__ Products are generally always fresh because ...... E......
7. _____ You buy things that you don’t really need and spend a lot of money because....
8. _____ Parking space is not a problem because ......
9. _____ Shopping there is sometimes very unpleasant because ......
10. _____ You have a special trolley, so ......
11. _____There are play areas for children, so ......
116
PART B. Complete the statements given in Part A with their second halves given below. Number 6 has been done for you.
A. all food is wrapped in various layers of packaging. B. parents are less stressed while they do their shopping. C. supermarkets offer a great choice of goods. D. you don't have to carry heavy packages yourself. E. there is a fast turnover. F. they are not always friendly. G. it can be stressful. H. the products are packed in attractive and colorful cartons, and they attract your attention. I. they are usually very crowded. J. you feel relaxed. K. they have big car parks.
PART C. Write one other advantage and disadvantage of supermarkets. Advantage ______Disadvantage ______
layers of packaging
117 51 ______PART A. Read the text quickly, and choose a suitable title. a. Teenagers and Freedom b. Teenagers and Shopping Centers c. Teenagers and Their Parents
Shopping centers are important because teenagers need to have somewhere they can go to spend time with their friends, socialize, shop and be more free than at home or at school. In the past, young people 5 would often spend their time on the streets. Today, shopping centers are key locations where they get together and spend time. For them, shopping centers are meeting places that often offer a total entertainment experience, including food and movies. 10 They can find almost everything they need under one roof. In a shopping center, there is more freedom because there is less adult control. The greater freedom lets teenagers be themselves, and this encourages them to try out different behavior and relationships.
15 Shopping centers are also important when it comes to safety. Parents believe that they are safer than the streets, and think that this is an advantage, so they allow their children to spend time in them. Shopping centers protect teenagers from street violence or even bad weather, and they don’t feel bored because there are lots of fantastic activities to do there.
PART B. Read the text again, and match the paragraphs with the following headings. A. Why shopping centers are safe places for teenagers. ______
B. Where teenagers spent their time in the past and where they spend their time
now. ______
C. Why teenagers feel free at shopping centers. ______
PART C. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 7, ‘them’ means ______
2. Line 16, ‘they’ means ______
118 3. Line 16, ‘this’ refers to the fact that ______
______
4. Line 16, ‘they’ means ______
5. Line 19, ‘there’ means ______
PART D. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Shopping centers are places where teenagers can meet and do fun
things safely.
______
2. T F NI They find more freedom at school or at home than in shopping centers.
______
3. T F NI They spend a lot of money at shopping centers.
______
4. T F NI They feel free in shopping centers because adults are not always there
to see what they are doing.
______
5. T F NI Parents prefer to have their children in the streets than under a roof.
______
6. T F NI Teens spend an average of six hours at shopping centers every week.
______
7. T F NI Shopping centers protect teenagers from rain, snow and storms.
______
119 52 WHO IS A SHOPAHOLIC? Shopaholics are people who can't control their spending and buy things they don't need. They buy these things even when they don't have the money to pay for them. If they don't have the cash, they use 5 their credit cards. More than one in every 20 people is a shopaholic. If you find yourself shopping when you are depressed, bored or unhappy about something, you may be a shopaholic. Often, shopping will make you 10 feel better for a short time, but then later, you feel more stressed. When you are shopping, do you feel out of control? Do you buy things you never use? Do you often buy things and then return them to the store the next day? Do you often run your credit cards up to the limit? Do you spend a lot of time watching the 15 shopping channel on TV? Do you and your partner have arguments over money because you are spending too much? Or do you hide the things you bought from your partner and then worry that he/she will find out? If this sounds like you, then you may be a shopaholic. The good news is there are things you can do to overcome your shopping habits.
What Should You Do If You Are a Shopaholic? 1. Cut up your credit cards. Do it today. “But I need them for an emergency.” “But they are convenient.” No ‘’buts.’’ 2. Carry only cash with you. 3. Find a hobby, take a class or join a club. 4. Make a budget, and put it on paper. Don't completely limit your spending habits, but allow yourself some fun once a week. 5. Try not to go to places where you usually shop. 6. Don’t go out to shop if you are feeling angry, unhappy or bored. 7. Get help from your friends and family. 8. Finally, if you can't stop your shopaholic ways, get professional help - a therapist can help you find the way.
120 PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 4, ‘they’ means ______
2. Line 13, ‘them’ means ______
3. Line 17, ‘he/she’ means ______
What Should You Do If You Are a Shopaholic?
4. Number 1, Line 1, ‘do it’ means ______
5. Number 1, Line 2, ‘they’ means ______
6. Number 4, Line 1, ‘it’ means ______
PART B. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
A shopaholic ……
1. T F NI usually goes shopping when he/she doesn’t feel well. ______2. T F NI never buys things that he/she won’t use. ______3. T F NI always buys presents for his/her partner. ______4. T F NI has lots of credit cards. ______5. T F NI doesn’t like watching shopping channels on TV. ______6. T F NI carries only cash with him/her. ______7. T F NI who wants to overcome his/her shopping habits should not go shopping for some time. ______8. T F NI who wants to overcome his/her shopping habits should take up new activities. ______
121 53 MEXICAN PEOPLE
1 Mexicans are kind, religious, family-oriented, warm-hearted, easygoing, and hardworking people. Most Mexicans speak Spanish, but there are also sixty-two native languages that are still alive and spoken by Mexican people. 95% of Mexicans are Catholics, which makes them the second largest Catholic nation in the world. Religion plays an important role in the lives of Mexicans. They love good food and drink, celebrations, dancing, singing, traveling and spending time with family members and friends. They also enjoy their freedom, and they are very proud of their history.
2 Family is the most important institution in Mexico. In other words, family always comes first for Mexicans. They know that a strong, united and loving family is necessary for a healthy, stress-free and happy life. The key to the Mexican family’s success is the respect that everyone has for the family traditions. In the Mexican family, men protect the family, and women take care of the household.
3 Mexico is famous for its traditional food. This is because the culture of food is very rich there, and most importantly because Mexican food is delicious. Millions of people around the world enjoy authentic Mexican cuisine every day. Mexican drinks are also very famous. You would probably have great difficulty in finding a bar or restaurant anywhere in the world that doesn’t serve the most famous Mexican drinks –Tequila, Mexican beer and special cocktails such as Margaritas.
4 Mexico and the United States are neighboring countries, but their cultures are different, even though there are about 30 million Mexicans living in the US. For historical reasons, Mexican culture is mostly based on Spanish culture, but the American culture has its beginnings in English culture. The Mexican saying “Americans live to work, but Mexicans work to live” explains the difference between the Mexican and the American life-styles very clearly.
5 Mexican folk art traditions are known worldwide. This country is famous for its clay pottery, traditional toys and games. The Mayan pyramids are also an important part of Mexican art and culture. Today, they are a point of great pride for Mexicans and are very popular tourist attractions.
122 PART A. Read the text ‘’Mexico’’ and match the paragraphs with the following headings. Mexican and American Cultural Differences Paragraph ______
Mexican Family Culture Paragraph ______
Mexican Art Paragraph ______
Mexican Food Culture Paragraph ______
Facts about Mexican People Paragraph ______
PART B. Read the text again, and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Why are the Mexicans the second largest Catholic nation in the world?
______
2. Why is ‘’family’’ very important for them?
______
3. What are the roles of men and women in Mexico?
______
4. Why is Mexico famous for its food all over the world?
______
5. What is the concept of ‘‘work’’ for Mexican people?
______
6. Which of the following is not true?
a. The cultures of the Mexicans and the Americans are similar. b. The Mexicans are proud of the Mayan Pyramids. c. Traditional Mexican toys are famous worldwide. d. Clay pottery is an important part of Mexican art.
123 54 ROMANS IN BRITAIN What was it like in Roman Britain? Most of Roman Britain was wild, with forests and mountains. Few people lived there. Away from the towns, rich Romans lived in villas. These were large farms with big wooden houses 5 for the owners. The house had rooms with painted walls and mosaic floors, baths and central heating. Servants and farm workers lived in small wooden houses. Most of the Roman villas were in the south of England. What were Roman towns like? 10 The Romans built towns in Britain, with walls and gates to let people in and out. Before the Romans came, people lived in villages. Roman builders used stone, brick and tiles. Roman towns were well-organized. There were houses, shops, workshops and yards for animals. People met one another in 15 the market or at the basilica (a public building) in the town center. It was both a law court and a town hall. Many Roman towns had public baths. These were open to everyone. The town also had an amphitheater, which was used for entertainment purposes. By 100 AD, London was the biggest 20 town in Roman Britain. What were the finest Roman homes? The biggest Roman homes were villas and the palaces of the rulers (leaders). The governor of Britain had two palaces: one in London and one beside the sea, at Fishbourne (near present-day 25 Chichester, in West Sussex). Archaeologists have uncovered the ruins of this palace. It had about 100 rooms, an underfloor heating system, and lots of mosaics. You can still see some of these ruins today. Why did Romans like baths so much? 30 Roman baths were like leisure centers. Romans went there to relax, not just to get clean. The baths were good places to keep fit, meet people and do business. When people went to the baths, they took off their outdoor clothes and warmed up with some exercises. Then, after a swim in the 35 pool, they went into a series of heated rooms. They got hotter and hotter to sweat out the dirt. They would chat with friends while they had a massage with perfumed oil. Then, a slave would clean the dirt, sweat and the oil from their bodies. Finally, they would jump into a cold pool. Very refreshing! Today, the best preserved Roman baths in Britain are in the city of Bath.
124 PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 3, ‘there’ means ______
2. Line 4, ‘These’ means ______
3. Line 16, ‘It’ means ______
4. Line 17, ‘These’ means ______
5. Line 23, ‘one’ means one ______
6. Line 26, ‘this palace’ means ______
PART B. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F In villas, both the rich and the poor had houses made of wood. ______2. T F The Roman villas were popular only in the south of England. ______3. T F The Romans were good at planning towns. ______4. T F The seaside palace of the governor was heated by big stoves. ______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Where did people live before the Romans came to Britain?
______2. Where did people in towns go to watch a performance?
______3. Where did the rulers of the community live?
______4. Write four things that Romans could do in the bath.
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
d. ______
125 55 THE AMISH The Amish is a religious group who live in 22 of the states in the USA and Canada. The oldest group lives in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. They came from Switzerland and Germany in the 18th century. These Amish live together on farms, which are 240 kilometers from New York City, but their lifestyle hasn’t changed much in the last 250 years. The Amish speak three languages, a dialect of German at home, High German at church and English at school. They don’t use high technology, cars, computers or videos. They have very strict rules, and they all follow these rules. They don’t use electricity, so they use oil lamps to light their houses. They can use the banks and go to the doctor, but they can’t have phones in their houses. They use horses for transport because they cannot drive cars or tractors. They can play baseball and eat hot dogs, but they can’t have TVs, radios, carpets, flowers or photos in their houses. The Amish usually have large families. Amish women and girls must wear dresses with long sleeves and long skirts in one color, usually blue, and they cover their heads with a white cloth. They cannot curl or cut their hair. They can’t wear buttons or jewelery, wedding rings or watches, but they can wear glasses. The men and boys wear dark suits and straw hats. The men cannot have pockets on their shirts, or belts and zippers on their trousers. They can grow beards only after they get married, which usually happens at the age of 20. If an Amish person marries somebody from outside the community, he or she has to leave the community. In addition, children leave school at 13 or 14 because the Amish don’t believe in higher education. The men and the boys work in the fields and around the farms, and the other members of the family help them with some of this work.They have all kinds of farm animals. Amish women make quilts during the winter months, when there is no farm work to do. Then, they sell them to tourists in the summer. For the Amish, the family is very important, and everybody helps his neighbors. They live in an old-fashioned way because they think that modern technology and habits are harmful to their community life, but today, the Amish way of life has changed.
126 PART A. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F NI The first Amish group came to Pennsylvania in the 18th century. ______2. T F NI The Amish speak English at home. ______3. T F NI When an Amish person is ill, he/she can go and see a doctor. ______4. T F NI The Amish don’t do any sports. ______5. T F NI Amish women have long hair. ______6. T F NI Amish women wear colorful clothes. ______7. T F NI The clothes of Amish men don’t have any buttons. ______8. T F NI Amish men cannot have beards until they get married. ______9. T F NI Amish girls usually get married when they are 18. ______10. T F NI All Amish teens go to high school. ______11. T F NI Amish women don’t work on the farms. ______
PART B. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Why don’t the Amish use modern technology? ______2. What happens when an Amish person marries a non-Amish person? ______3. How do the Amish women spend their time in winter? ______
127 56 THE SAN PEOPLE Archaeologists believe that the San people started to live in the Kalahari Desert about 30,000 years ago. That makes them the most ancient tribe in the world! The San people are under five feet (1.52 meters) tall. 5 Their skin has a yellowish color. They live the same way today as they have for many thousands of years. They are still hunter-gatherers, i.e., they kill animals and get their food from them. The San people camp in one place for some time, and then move on. 10 They know where and when wild plants are ready to harvest. It is the women’s job to find most of the food. To do this, the women dig up the soil with sticks, and get melons, roots, nuts, fruits, and leafy vegetables. The San people also eat meat. Men are responsible for providing the meat. They hunt wild animals using spears, bows and arrows. These 15 people roast or boil the meat over a fire. The San people make their clothes from animal skins. They wear short leather aprons, sandals and beads. The San people sometimes make 20 their homes in caves. Other times, they build huts using branches and grass, and their homes are always simple. Because the San lead very simple lives, you might think they do 25 not have an understanding of things, but the San are very clever people. One of the biggest problems in Africa is drought (a long period of time without rain), but the San solve this problem easily. They can find water in plants or in the stomachs of animals that they kill. They store this water inside ostrich eggshells. 30 They carry some of these shells with them and bury (put in the ground) the rest, so they always have water to drink. The San are good storytellers. They tell stories about animals and clever people. You may not understand their language, but you can still enjoy 35 the stories because the San can mimic people and animals very well.
128 The San are also very good at making medicines. They mix berries to make these as well as poisons. They know how to protect themselves 40 from snake bites. They even have a secret substance that they put in their campfires to keep dangerous animals away from their camps. Today, there are fewer than 80,000 San people left in the world. Only a small number of these people know how to make the old 45 medicines, so scientists are working with them to learn about these medicines before this knowledge is lost forever. PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 5, ‘Their’ means ______
2. Line 8, ‘them’ means ______
3. Line 11, ‘To do this’ means to ______
4. Line 14-15, ‘These people’ means ______
5. Line 29, ‘they’ means ______
6. Line 29, ‘this water’ means the water they get from ______
7. Lines 30, ‘these shells’ means ______
8. Line 46, ‘this knowledge’ means the knowledge of making ______
PART B. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Today the San people have a modern lifestyle.
______
2. T F NI They don’t stay in the same place for a long time.
______
3. T F NI They like vegetables more than meat.
______
4. T F NI They eat raw meat. ______
129 5. T F NI They don’t have much knowledge about plants.
______
6. T F NI They wear clothes made of cotton.
______
7. T F NI They can build a hut in just a few hours.
______
8. T F NI When they find water, they save some of it for future use.
______
9. T F NI If you don’t know their language, it is impossible for you to understand
their stories.
______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. How old is the San tribe?
______
2. What do San people look like?
______
3. What is the men’s job?
______
4. How do they provide water when there is not enough rain?
______
5. What do they do to keep dangerous animals from their camps?
______
130 57 THE HISTORY OF THE POPSICLE
A. Eighteen years after his discovery, in 1923, Epperson decided to start a business. He called the product Epsicles and began selling them in seven fruit flavors at an amusement park in Almeda, California. When he realized the potential of his business and his 5 product, Epperson applied for and got a patent in 1924.
B. Frank Epperson invented the Popsicle accidentally when he was 11 years old. One day in 1905, Frank made a mixture of some soda powder and water, which was a popular drink in those days. He left the mixture on the balcony overnight with the stirring stick still in it. The temperature dropped below zero that night, and the mixture 5 froze with the stirring stick in it. The next day, Frank pulled out the whole frozen mass, and he realized that it tasted great! He named it the Epperson icicle.
C. Today, the Good Humor Ice Cream Company, based in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, owns the name the Popsicle. It is a division of Unilever, a major soap company based in the United Kingdom. In 2006, the company made some changes to the brand. It replaced the original ingredients with all-natural flavors and also introduced sugar- 5 free and fat-free varieties of Popsicles. Nowadays, there are more than 30 different flavors of Popsicles and three million Popsicle frozen treats are sold each year.
D. The same year, Epperson renamed his invention the Popsicle. At the time of the announcement, he said he did so, because his children liked the name Popsicle better. Two years later, in 1926, Epperson sold the Popsicle rights to the New York- based 5 Joe Lowe Company.
PART A. The paragraphs of the text are not in the correct order. Read and order them.
Correct order: 1.______2.______3.______4.______
131 PART B. What do the following refer to?
A. Line 3, ‘them’ means ______
B. 1. Line 2, ‘which’ means ______
2. Line 4, ‘it’ means ______
3. Line 6, ‘it’ means ______
C. Line 2, ‘It’ means ______
D. Line 2, ‘did so’ means ______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What happened to the mixture he left on the balcony? Why?
______
2. Why did he decide to apply for a patent?
______
3. What names did he give to his invention?
______
4. What are the differences between today’s popsicles and Epperson’s popsicles?
______
132 58 INVENTION OF THE BAND-AID
PART A. The following sentences belong to the text. Read the text, choose a suitable sentence for each blank, and write the letter on the line.
A. This, they thought, was a great feature. B. At the time, Earle was working as a cotton buyer for Johnson & Johnson. C. Earle Dickson worked for the company until he retired in 1957. D. Then, he cut the tape into strips. In the middle of each strip he attached a little square of gauze. E. During the first week after she got married to Earle Dickson, she cut herself twice with the kitchen knife.
In 1927, Josephine Dickson married a man who worked for a company that manufactured gauze and adhesive tape called Johnson & Johnson. 1)______. After that, it just went from bad to worse. Josephine was always cutting herself while preparing food in the kitchen.
One day, her husband had an idea. He sat down with some tape and gauze and a pair of scissors. 2)______. From then on, whenever Josephine had an accident and cut herself, she put on one of those ready-made bandages. 3)______. When he first spoke about his invention to his company, they were not interested in it, but then Dickson showed them that he could easily apply his bandage to himself in only 30 seconds. 4)______.When his boss, James Johnson, saw Earle Dickson's invention he decided to manufacture band-aids to the public and make Earle Dickson the vice-president of Johnson & Johnson. 5)______.When he died in 1961, Johnson & Johnson was selling over $30,000,000 worth of Band-Aids® each year.
133 PART B. Read the text and fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
When they got married in 1927, Josephine Dickson’s 1) ______was working for 2) ______. Josephine was not very careful when using knives in the kitchen, so she 3) ______
______during the first week of their marriage. Unfortunately, things got worse, and Josephine kept on having accidents while cooking. One day, her husband, Earle Dickson, prepared some 4) ______for his wife to put on when she cut herself. Thus, he 5) ______the Band-
Aid. It was very practical because you could 6) ______only in seconds. The company started to produce and sell the J&J Band-Aids, and rewarded
Dickson by making 7) ______.
134 59 A DIFFERENT WAY TO WAKE
When Matty Sallin, 34, was working on a degree in art and technology at New York University, he got an interesting assignment in his Electronics class: create something for the household. He decided 5 to create an alarm clock. He asked different people what they'd like to wake up to instead of a noisy alarm clock. A lot of them said, "the smell of bacon," so Sallin and two classmates invented a new kind of alarm clock: a wooden box with a pig 10 face and a digital clock that uses the smell of cooking bacon to wake someone up. nostrils He explains, "There's no danger of burning, because I built it carefully. It uses halogen light bulbs for cooking and turns off automatically after ten minutes. Just a few easy steps are 15 required to set the alarm. Just put a few pieces of frozen bacon in the night before," says Sallin. Bacon is preserved, so it doesn’t go bad overnight. "If you set the alarm for 8:00, it will turn on at 7:50 and cook the bacon slowly for ten minutes under the halogen bulbs," he says. Then, the bulbs turn off, and a fan blows the 20 scent (aroma) out through the nostrils of the pig. "So instead of an alarm or a beep or a radio, you smell yourself awake," says Sallin. "Then you can open the small door on the side and take the bacon out and eat it." When Sallin was a kid, he spent a lot of time making drawings of inventions. "I wanted to make an elevator in my back yard and a special tree house," he says. "But I never 25 really thought I'd be called an inventor!" Sallin got an A in the class and went on to other things—but people continue to hear about his invention and e-mail him every day, asking where they can buy his alarm clock. These days, he designs computer software, but if he decides to produce and sell his aroma alarm, maybe he can 30 develop some other models.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 7, ‘them’ means ______
2. Line 16, ‘it’ means ______
3. Line 22, ‘it’ means ______
4. Line 27, ‘his’ means ______
135 PART B. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Matty Sallin graduated from New York University. ______2. T F NI Matty and his friends invented the aroma alarm clock by accident. ______3. T F NI It is not difficult to set the ‘’alarm.’’ ______4. T F NI People are still interested in his alarm clock. ______5. T F NI Nowadays, he is planning to produce and sell his clock. ______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What was Matty Sallin’s assignment?
______
2. What did he do before he created his alarm clock?
______
3. Why is his alarm clock not dangerous?
a) ______
b) ______
4. If you set the alarm for 9:30, when will it turn on?
______
5. What is the function of the fan?
______
6. What does Matty Sallin do now?
______
136 60 PLAY PUMPS: A NEW INVENTION TURNS WORK INTO PLAY
For kids in many rural parts of Africa, the colorful Play Pump is the first playground equipment they’ve ever seen. The Play Pump Water System uses the energy of children at play to operate a water pump. This incredible invention doesn’t only change the childrens’ playtime; it also changes their lives.
5 In rural Africa, clean water is a luxury. Most people don’t have running water in their homes. They often walk long distances to wells and carry heavy containers of water back. Patricia Molope, 17, explains that before her South African village got a Play Pump, people would pay a taxi driver to take them to a far-away well. “Sometimes the taxi 10 drivers were busy, and we couldn’t have a bath for a long time. We wanted to save our water to do other things. It was too far to walk there, but now we have our own clean water in our village, and life is much better.” The chore of carrying water traditionally is the responsibility of women and girls. Carrying water for miles—and hours—each day is a very big job, so sometimes girls 15 could not go to school in the past, but thanks to the Play Pump, now getting water is quick and easy—and even boys want to do the job. The pumps are a center of social activity where kids and adults come together while they are collecting water. There are educational messages on the two sides of the tanks. 20 These messages tell people about good health practices like hand-washing. On the other two sides, there are advertisements.
137 At the moment, more than 800 Play Pumps are operating in schools and communities in four African countries. These provide water for almost two million people. The pumps 25 are made by a South African company called Outdoor Fabrication and Steelworks. Another company, Roundabout Outdoor, trains local teams who maintain the pumps. Twelve-year-old Siyabulisiwe Khumalo lives in a South African community called Diepsloot. She says, “I saw many kinds of water pumps in the farming region, where I grew up, but this one is very different. It stores the water. When I grow up, I want 30 to be an inventor because I want to invent clever things like the Play Pump that will help my community.” Some Fast Facts: - Many toilets use more water in one flush than most rural families in Africa use for one day of cleaning, cooking, drinking and bathing. - The average distance an African villager must walk to a water source is five miles (eight kilometres). - A five-gallon (19-liter) container can weigh about 40 pounds (18 kilograms), and many women and girls carry this much weight every day. - Because he/she has no clean water, a child dies somewhere in the world every 15 seconds. - The Play Pump can pump up to 370 gallons (1,400 liters) of clean water an hour.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 3, ‘This incredible invention’ means ______
2. Line 4, ‘their’ means ______
3. Line 6, ‘They’ means ______
4. Line 11, ‘there’ means ______
5. Line 18, ‘they’ means ______
6. Line 20, ‘These messages’ means ______
7. Line 24, ‘These’ means ______
138 PART B. Read each sentence carefully. Find the sentence in the paragraph that gives the same information, and note the line numbers. ______1. Nowadays, it is possible to see boys collecting water. ______2. In Africa, water collecting is typically a woman’s or a girl’s job. ______3. Before they had the Play Pump, people had to take a taxi to go to the wells that were far away. ______4. The water pump runs on energy created by children playing. ______5. It is very difficult to find clean water in some parts of Africa. ______6. From time to time, girls could not attend school because carrying water from the wells took a lot of their time.
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What made life better in Patricia’s village? Why?
______
2. What can you see on the sides of the tanks?
______
3. Who is responsible for maintaining the tanks?
______
4. How is the new pump in Siyabulisiwe’s village different from the other pumps?
______
5. What is one cause of the high rate of child deaths in the world?
______
6. Write two advantages of the Play Pumps over other pumps?
a)______
b)______
139 61 POCKET MONEY
This year, teenagers in the UK are getting less pocket money than they got last year, but it's still more than most other European teenagers do. The average amount is 8.00 pounds (about 12 Euros) a week, with teenagers in London getting the 5 most, 12.00 pounds. Those in Wales get half the amount of teenagers in London. Many teenagers have to '’earn'’ their pocket money by doing chores such as washing up, cooking, washing the car or food-shopping, because their parents want them to learn the value of money. They normally receive a fixed amount for these 10 chores every week. Not all parents give their children pocket money. Tim Gillbanks, who teaches in York, says: “I don’t give my kids pocket money because I know that they will just spend it all without thinking. In my opinion, they should get a part-time job and earn it themselves 15 if it doesn’t affect their studies.” In fact, nearly 30% of teenagers have part-time jobs because they feel they don't get enough money from their parents. Many do newspaper-rounds and shop-work, and some older girls also make money by babysitting. So what do teenagers spend their money on? 20 Mobile phones, DVDs and computer games are at the top of the list. Parents often think that their children spend too much, but maybe they shouldn't worry, because banks say over 50% of teenagers save more money than they spend!
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 2, ‘they’ means ______
2. Line 5, ‘Those’ means Those ______
3. Line 9,‘They’ means ______
4. Line 14, ‘it’ means ______
5. Line 15, ‘it’ means ______
6. Line 17, ‘Many’ means Many ______
7. Line 22, ‘they’ means ______
140 PART B. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Teenagers in London get less pocket money than the ones in Europe.
______
2. T F NI A teenager in Wales gets about 8 pounds a week.
______
3. T F NI Many parents don’t give pocket money to their teenagers if they don’t
do any chores.
______
4. T F NI Tim Gillbanks gives little pocket money to his children.
______
5. T F NI Tim Gillbanks’s children have part-time jobs.
______
6. T F NI Teenagers who get enough money from their parents do not have part-
time jobs.
______
7. T F NI Most teenagers have part-time jobs.
______
8. T F NI Teenage girls enjoy looking after children.
______
9. T F NI Teenage boys spend more money on computer games than teenage girls
do.
______
10. T F NI Less than half of teenagers spend more money than they save.
______
141 62 MONEY FROM THE LOTTERY
Mel Eddison, 47, a Manchester businessman, was already a millionaire before he won £2.5 million together with a friend. He lives in Manchester and in Spain.
I won £1.25 million, I think. I already had a million before I won the lottery. That was from my firm in Manchester –I buy and sell garages, flats and factories. When I left school at 16, I couldn’t read or write. When I was 34, I found a teacher and learned to read and write. For a long time, I had all kinds of jobs; I was a milkman, a 5 gardener, a factory worker, but hard work made me what I am today. When I started my own garage firm, I had two other jobs at the same time. I won the lottery with a friend last July. We had half a ticket each and took half the prize money each. I have a villa on the Costa Blanca and a château in France, but I didn’t buy them with lottery money, I bought them some years earlier. I had no problems when I won the lottery. 10 Everything was wonderful. I’ve got three children, aged 30, 22 and 18, and they all work for me. I bought them presents, and I gave my best friends some money. I don’t understand why I’m in the newspapers. People say, “Are you going to stop work?” Why should I? I like it. My wife and I aren’t going to change anything.
Lisa Marie Tischerly, 23, is single. She lives in Leicester, and she buys a lot of lottery tickets.
I spend about £25 a week on lottery tickets. The government gives me £100 a week. I have three children. I can’t even buy clothes for them or for myself. I get my money on Monday, and by Wednesday or Thursday it is gone. Most people round here are in the same situation. It’s not a nice place for kids, there’s crime and drugs, so 5 the lottery is the only way out. Everyone’s playing it. I had a job when I first graduated from school, but now I can’t work because of the children. Their father comes to see them twice a week, but he doesn’t give us any money. I left school when I was 16. I can read and write only a bit. If I get the big prize, all my problems will be solved. I don’t worry about myself. I just want my children to be happy. If I win the 10 lottery, I’ll take them to Skegness to see the sea and the sand again.
142 PART A. What do the following refer to? Text 1 1. Line 1, ‘That’ means ______
2. Line 10, ‘they’ means ______
3. Line 13, ‘it’ means ______Text 2 1. Line 3, ‘it’ means ______
2. Line 3, ‘here’ means ______
3. Line 5, ‘it’ means ______
PART B. Read the following sentences, and then find the sentences that give the same information in the first text about Mel Eddison. Write the sentences in the blanks. 1. I had private lessons to learn to read and write.
______
2. I shared the prize money with a friend.
______
3. I worked at different jobs before I became a millionaire.
______
4. Our life is going to be the same.
______
5. I was already very rich when I won £1.25 million in the lottery.
______
6. I bought my villa with the money I earned from my own businesses. ______
______
7. I am surprised that they write stories about me.
______
143 PART C. Read the text about Lisa Marie Tischerly, and mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Lisa spends one-third of her money on lottery tickets.
______
2. T F NI She cannot afford clothes.
______
3. T F NI The job she had after she graduated from school was very good.
______
4. T F NI Their father gives the children some money twice a week.
______
5. T F NI Lisa cannot read or write.
______
6. T F NI She wants to win the lottery mainly for her children.
______
7. T F NI Her children haven’t seen the sea yet.
______
144 63 MONEY
A long time ago, people traded for what they wanted. Perhaps one person had a wonderful spear made of stone and wood, and another had a beautiful necklace made of stones and shells. Each wanted what the other had. To solve this, they traded. This is 5 called barter.
Different Kinds of Money: Sometimes, it was difficult for people to put a barter price on things, so people began to use money as a form of payment. In the beginning, things were not very consistent.
10 The Aztecs used small doll figures to buy things. These were made of gold. The ancient Egyptians used ring money. Ring money was an actual ring made of bronze, copper or gold. In ancient Egypt, people liked to wear their wealth. When they had to pay for 15 something, they simply pulled off a ring or two to use as payment. The Celts in ancient Ireland also used ring money, but they also used bracelet money. The Celts also liked to wear their wealth. In other places in the world, people tried to use rice, bread, salt or chocolate as money, but that did not work very well. The food went bad, or it was eaten. People 20 soon learned that although many things would work as money, to be useful, the item they used as money had to follow some simple rules. Others should also accept it as money. It had to have an assigned value. It had to be easy to carry – it had to be made of a strong material, something that could be handed from person to person easily. 25 Coins: Ancient Turkey. About 2,700 years ago, somebody came up with the idea of using metal coins as money. Everybody loved this new idea. The first coins appeared in the kingdom of Lydia, a little coastal kingdom on the Aegean Sea. They were round and flat and made of gold and silver. They were also small and easy to carry. They were 30 decorated with pictures and designs. The use of coins made trade simple. Ancient Greece. The idea of metal money became popular rapidly. About 2,500 years ago, each Greek city-state started to make its own coins. Each Greek city-state had banks where visiting 35 traders could exchange their coins for Greek coins. Then, they used them to buy and sell in the great Greek marketplaces.
145 Coins were not used only as money. In ancient Greece, people believed that they had magical powers. The Greeks designed their coins with pictures of their gods and 40 goddesses. The Greeks were the first civilization to use pictures of real people on their coins. The first was Alexander the Great.
Ancient Rome. The ancient Romans thought the use of coins was really clever. They copied the idea. At first, the Romans put pictures of gods and goddesses on their coins, an idea they borrowed from the ancient Greeks. Soon, they began to put 45 pictures of buildings on their coins. They were the first to add symbols like stars and eagles on their coins. Some of their coins pictured current emperors. The purpose of this was to make an emperor popular. Ancient India. In ancient India, people used money trees to store their coins. A money tree was a flat piece of metal, shaped like a 50 tree, with metal branches. At the end of each branch was a round disk with a hole in the center. Each of these disks was an ancient Indian coin. When you needed money, you simply broke off a coin from your money tree. The ancient Indians often used pictures of dragons and other mythical animals on their coins.
55 Ancient China. Ancient Chinese coins also had holes in the center. The coins were strung together on a string or rope. This was called a string of cash. Like the ancient Indians, the ancient Chinese also decorated their coins with pictures of mythical creatures. They believed that coins brought luck. Coins were a popular present as 60 they provided wealth and luck.
PART A. Read the following statements, and write the name(s) of the ancient civilizations in the blanks provided. Number 1 has been done for you.
1. As a form of payment, they used bracelet money. _The ancient Celts_
2. Their coins had a hole in the center. ______
3. The first coins were made by them. ______
4. There were mythical creatures on their coins. ______
5. They used doll figures made of gold. ______
6. They had pictures of stars on their coins. ______
7. Their coins had pictures of their gods and goddesses on them. ______
8. They believed that coins had the power of magic. ______
PART B. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 3, ‘Each’ means Each ______
146 2. Line 19, ‘that’ means ______
3. Line 21, ‘it’ means ______
4. Line 27, ‘this new idea’ means the idea of ______
5. Line 33, ‘its’ means ______
6. Line 36, ‘they’ means ______
7. Line 36, ‘them’ means ______
8. Line 41, ‘The first’ means the first of ______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What were the similarities between the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Celts?
______
2. According to the information given in the text, the following is an ancient
______metal coin.
3. According to the information given in the text, the following are ancient coins
from ______.
4. Write three disadvantages of using food as a form of payment.
______
5. Why did the ancient Romans put pictures of their current emperors on their
coins?
______
6. Where did people in ancient India keep their coins?
______
7. Why did the ancient Chinese give coins as a present?
______
147 64 MICROFINANCE: CHANGING LIVES IN NAIROBI
Jamii Bora is a microfinance institution in Nairobi. It lends money to the poor. The loans are very small (less than $90), but these small loans change the lives of the poor people. Clarice Adhiambo was a beggar in the streets for 15 years 5 before she joined Jamii Bora. Her life changed when she got a loan of only 1,500 Kenyan shillings (22US$). With this money, she started a small business in the Koma Rock neighborhood. She fried fish and chips and sold them to the workers who needed a cheap lunch. Clarice’s business grew 10 fast, and she got bigger loans. Today, Clarice considers herself a rich woman. She sells fish to many shops, hotels and restaurants. She also has a restaurant serving fish dishes. She makes about 150 dollars a week. Beatrice Ngendo is a single grandmother. She lives with her 12 grandchildren in Mathar Valley. Her daughters and their husbands have all died of AIDS. Now, the 15 grandchildren only have their grandmother to take care of them. Beatrice did not feel sorry for herself. She said to herself: “I now have to work very hard to feed and educate my grandchildren.” Beatrice heard about Jamii Bora and joined as a member in 2000. She now has three successful businesses in Mathare Valley; a grocery store, a butcher shop and a restaurant. She also bought a stone house because she and her 20 family needed it a lot. Her grandchildren go to school, and the oldest one is a qualified nurse who works at Jamii Bora’s clinic in Mathare. Kitana Gona Kizuka lives in the village of Utange in Kisauni near Mombasa. Like many of the Giriama tribe, he is a farmer and keeps cows. He joined Jamii Bora in 25 2002, at a time when he needed money very badly. He had to feed his own family and had to look after his brother’s children, but his income was not enough to do that. His first loan was for 50 dollars, and the last one was for 80 dollars. He borrowed money from the institution five times. He still has to 30 pay back five dollars every week. Before he joined Jamii Bora, he only had two cows that gave very little milk. Today, he has 25 high-production dairy cows. With his second loan, he also bought a water spout, and he now sells water to his neighbors. All his children, nieces and nephews can go to school. They don’t have to work now, but sometimes they help him with the cows. Besides, because he can afford better food, 35 they are much healthier. Do you see how powerful microfinance for the poor is? It improves their lives and the lives of their communities.
148 PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Lines 6 and 7, ‘this money’ means ______
2. Line 20, ‘it’ means ______
3. Line 20, ‘one’ means ______
4. Lines 27 and 28, ‘to do that’ means ______
5. Line 28, ‘one’ means ______
6. Line 29, ‘the institution’ means ______
7. Line 34, ‘him’ means ______
8. Line 36, ‘It’ means ______
9. Line 36, ‘their lives’ means the lives of ______
PART B. Mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI The biggest loan that Jamii Bora gives is for 90 dollars.
______
2. T F NI Clarice Adhiambo borrowed money from Jamii Bora only once.
______
3. T F NI Clarice Adhiambo’s restaurant is always crowded.
______
4. T F NI Beatrice Ngendo lives with her husband and her 12 grandchildren in Mathare Valley.
______
5. T F NI Clarice Adhiambo and Kitana Gona Kizuka live in the same village.
______
6. T F NI One of Beatrice’s grandchildren is working for Jamii Bora now.
______
149 7. T F NI Beatrice makes 200 dollars a week.
______
8. T F NI Kitana’s second loan was for 60 dollars.
______
9. T F NI With his second loan, Kitana started a new business.
______
10. T F NI Kitana’s new cows give more milk than his old cows.
______
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. How does Jamii Bora change the lives of the poor?
______
2. What was Clarice Adhiambo’s first business?
______
3. Why did Beatrice Ngendo have to borrow money from Jamii Bora?
______
4. What do people of the Giriama tribe do to earn money?
______
5. How much does Kitana Gona Kizuka have to pay back a month?
______
6. How did the lives of the children in his family change after he got the loan?
______
______
150 65 FOR RENT
Read the rental advertisements and what the three teachers say about the home they need and answer the questions.
Fully Furnished Studio Apartment Town Home Available Now PROPERTY CODE: 4002 PROPERTY CODE: 4003 Description Description
*This is a studio for rent on Sri *A brand-new two-storey Saman Road. town home for rent *Only about 300 meters away *Next to a school and a hospital from DuangKaew market *150 square meters of utilized *Taxi stand nearby area, with a reserved parking *The room is fully furnished. space The facilities include an air- *Walking distance from Bon conditioner, a small TV, Marche Market Internet access, a microwave, *Hardwood floors, high an oven, a gas stove and a ceilings, renovated kitchen fridge and bathroom, AC, hot water, *Spacious parking lot with fridge and stove are included security cameras *A nice small garden by the *Laundry and dry-cleaning front porch services available *24-hour security guards and *Pets are not allowed two security cameras *3,500 baht per month *Pets are welcome *One month advance deposit *12,000 baht per month *No advance deposit
151
Serviced Apartment Mr. Andrew PROPERTY CODE: 4004 I am single, so I don’t need a big place, but I love pets. I have two Description cats and a puppy. I don’t drive, so I
*Large, bright apartment in need to have public transportation nearby. Laundry and dry-cleaning quiet, secure building. services are other important things *Located in the Chatuchak I need. It would be nice if I could area pay someone to do all these things
for me. I am ready to pay around *Only 100 meters from a train station 3,000–4,000 baht a month. *Features include an air- conditioner, a small TV, a microwave and a fridge. Mrs. Green
*Laundry and dry-cleaning My husband and I are ready to
service available move to somewhere in the school area. We both love cooking and *Pets are allowed gardening. We are looking for a *5,500 baht per month place that has a lot of parking
*three months’ advance because we have two cars. Also, the
deposit security system is our biggest concern because we have two kids.
And, of course, the price. I think…the cheaper, the better!
Mr. Smith I’m looking for a small place to rent alone as I already have a house in Bang Yai. I am always on MSN talking to my family and checking e-mails. I have a car, so I need a place where the parking lot is easy to access. I don’t have any pets. I love cooking, so I need a place where there is a fresh market nearby or within walking distance. As for the rent, I don’t care much as long as it comes with good services and features.
152 PART A. Read the advertisements and the information given in the following sentences. Then, write the correct ‘’property code number(s)’’ that match(es) with the information given.
1. You shouldn’t have a pet if you want to rent this property. ______
2. You don’t have to pay an advance deposit. ______
3. The property has an advanced security system. ______
4. The property is close to a market. ______
5. The property is the most expensive of the three. ______
6. The property has security cameras. ______
7. You don’t need any furniture. ______
8. The property does not have a parking lot. ______
9. The property has an air-conditioner. ______
10. You can easily get a taxi. ______
11. The property is within walking distance of the train station. ______
12. The property has high ceilings, and the floors are genuine hardwood. ______
13. The property gets a lot of sunshine, so it is not dark inside. ______
PART B. Read the needs of the three teachers, and decide which home is the most suitable one for them. Give reasons.
A. Mr. Andrew ______
______
B. Mrs. Green ______
______
C. Mr. Smith ______
______
153 66 JAPANESE HOUSES
The average home in Japan is very different from a home in the United States. Housing in Japan includes both modern and traditional styles. Traditional Japanese homes are made of wood with thin walls. 5 They generally have a kitchen and three or four other rooms. Any room can be a living room, dining room, study or bedroom. This is possible because all the necessary furniture is portable. Large traditional houses often have only one ima (living room) under the roof. The kitchen, bathroom and toilet 10 are attached to the side of the house as extensions. When you step into a Japanese home, you take off your shoes. All the shoes are lined up inside the entrance, called the genkan. There, there are usually shelves or closets for your shoes. You put on slippers for indoor use as soon as you take 15 off your shoes. Then, you walk into the ima. This is the largest room in the house. It may be two rooms combined but divided by a shoji (a door, window or room divider made of paper and wood). There are usually tatami mats on the floor, which are mats of woven straw. It is difficult to keep the 20 tatami clean. That is why they don’t wear shoes inside the house. A single tatami measures 1.91 by 0.95 meters, and room sizes are often measured in terms of the number of tatami mats. A tatami floor is cool in the summer, warm in the winter, and healthier than carpets during Japan's humid months. 25 At the end of the living room, there is a closet where they store futons. Futons are beds that can be rolled up, and they are put away every day after they are slept on. The kitchen is usually very small, often without an oven. The bedrooms are also small, with a closet for futons.
30 Japanese houses are not richly decorated, and there isn't much room for large furniture. These houses are very cold in winter. Most homes are heated with kerosene, and in winter, all the members of the family sleep in the living room. That is because they can heat only one room. 35 Although people in Japan love gardens, most traditional houses don’t have large gardens. Japanese gardens are usually tiny. Most houses do not have a garage. They just have a carport.
154 PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 7, ‘This’ refers to The fact that ______
2. Line 13, ‘There’ means ______
3. Line 16, ‘It’ means ______
4. Line 20, ‘they’ means ______
5. Line 27, ‘they’ means ______
PART B. Match the following words and the dictionary definitions. Choose the correct definition, and write its letter on the line.
1. portable (adj.) ______a) moist, wet
2. extension (noun) ______b) space, area
3. step into (verb) ______c) easily carried
4. combined (adj.) ______d) enter, walk into
5. humid (adj.) ______e) connected, joined, linked
6. tiny (adj.) ______f) additional parts, rooms
7. room (noun) ______g) very small
PART C. Mark the best choice.
1. The text is mainly about ______. a. modern apartments in Japan b. Japanese culture and customs c. characteristics of traditional homes in Japan d. the Japanese way of life in general
155 2. A traditional Japanese house ______. a. has all the rooms under one roof b. doesn’t have more than three rooms c. is wooden d. has thick walls
3. Which of the following is true about the genkan? a. It is the place where you take off your shoes. b. It is outside the house. c. It is the place where unused furniture is kept. d. It is usually at the end of the living room.
4. Tatami mats ______. a. are used as a material in traditional Japanese-style rooms b. are made of cotton c. have a standard measurement of 1.91 by 0.95 meters d. have been used in Japanese houses for about 60 years
5. A traditional Japanese house ______. a. has a big kitchen and big bedrooms b. doesn’t have a lot of furniture in it c. is easy to heat in winter d. doesn’t have a garden or a garage
156 67 THE MYSTERY CASTLE
Perhaps the strangest of the many amazing handmade houses in the world is the ‘’Mystery Castle’’, which is located in the city of Phoenix, Arizona.
5 One day in 1927, Boyce Luther Gulley went to see his doctor and got some bad news: he had tuberculosis, and if he didn’t leave his home city of Seattle, it would kill him fast. Gulley walked out of his doctor’s 10 office and disappeared. He simply left his job, family and life without a word to anyone and went away to wait to die. After he traveled for some time, he arrived in Phoenix and began building a dream house for his daughter, Mary Lou Gulley. Mary had been just a toddler when her father unexpectedly left Seattle forever. In Phoenix, he built the house on top of a gold 15 mine from found and cheap materials- stone, automobile parts, railway lines, telephone poles, etc. Fortunately, the heat of Arizona healed him of his tuberculosis, but still he did not return to his original home or contact his family. Instead, year after year, his house got bigger and bigger until he died of cancer in 1945. When he died, a lawyer contacted his daughter and told her she owned a house in Arizona.
20 Mary Lou was a teenager at the time. That same year, Mary Lou and her mother moved to Phoenix. They were very surprised to see that there was no running water or electricity in the huge house which was just like a castle. Soon people heard about this unusual house and called it the Mystery Castle. Mary Lou began giving house tours to support herself and her mother. She met tour participants in the main house 25 section at the castle for many years. She did not let people see her bedroom (only Marilyn Monroe could see it), but they could see her kitchen and other rooms in the main living area. Her mother died in 1970, but Mary Lou continued to live there and added many other strange items to the castle until her death on November 3, 2010. Boyce Gulley had left his daughter a unique expression of his love, which she 30 embraced and made the center of her whole life.
157 The three-story Mystery Castle, also called the Castle of Love, with its 18 rooms and 13 fireplaces, is an architectural marvel and a work of art. The architecture is very unusual. For example, some windows are made up of square glass plates. Today, it is still a very popular tourist attraction. About 20,000 people visit it every year. It is 35 possible to see very interesting furnishings originally given by such famous people such as Frank Lloyd Wright, John Wayne and Barry Goldwater, who visited the house several times. Mary Lou was a real cat lover, so the castle is also full of cat sculptures, paintings and even rocks painted to look like cats.
Mystery Castle is open to vacationers from October to mid-June, on Thursdays, 40 Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays from 11:00 am to 4:00 pm. The cost of the one-hour tour is just $5.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 19, ‘his daughter’ means ______
2. Line 20, ‘That same year’ means ______
3. Line 23, ‘it’ means ______
4. Line 27, ‘there’ means ______
PART B. Read the text, and mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI He used found and inexpensive materials to build the house because
he had little money.
______
2. T F NI Mary Lou went to Phoenix before her father died.
______
158 3. T F NI She opened the castle to the public because she and her mother
needed money.
______
4. T F NI No one was able to see Mary Lou’s bedroom before her death.
______
5. T F NI The castle has 18 rooms in the main living area.
______
6. T F NI The castle was made from found and cheap materials, but it is
considered a work of art today.
______
7. T F NI One of the most unusual things about the castle is that it still doesn’t have running water or electricity.
______
PART C. Fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
1. The most unusual thing about the castle is that it was made from
______.
2. Gulley left Seattle because he thought he would ______.
3. He lived longer than he expected because______
______.
4. The castle is filled with cat related-items because ______
______.
159 68 HOUSES IN ANCIENT GREECE
Most houses in Ancient Greek towns were built from stone or clay. The homes were designed to keep people cool in the long hot summers and to hold the heat in winter. The roofs were covered with tiles, and the houses had one or two stories. The floors of the rooms were tiled to keep them cool, but in winter fires in metal baskets 5 were sometimes needed. The houses were planned around a courtyard, had high walls and a strong gate. Men and women lived in different parts of the house. Women had the back and upstairs parts of the house. Large homes had a kitchen, a room for bathing, a men's dining room, a women's sitting area, a kitchen, a work room and a slave’s room.
10 The bedrooms The bedrooms of the family were very simply furnished. There was just a bed and a wooden chest to store clothes and other things in.
Andorns and Gynaikons Andorns were for male members of the family, who often entertained their friends 15 here. Symposia (drinking parties) and dining parties were also held here. Women would not normally enter the andorns. Only female slaves who served the men could. There was also a special room just for the women of the house, called the gynaikon. Here, they entertained their friends and female relatives, looked after their children and worked on their weaving, which was an important tradition.
20 Store room There were large jars in this room. These were called amphorae or pithoi. They contained basic foodstuffs, such as olive oil, wine and grain.
Slave’s room The slaves had small rooms to sleep in, with little furniture. The rooms of the male 25 slaves were grouped around the men’s dining room, and rooms for female slaves were around the gynaikon.
Work room Craft industries like shoe or jewellery making took place within the house. The slaves of the household would often work here.
160
1 ______4 _
2 Andorn 5
3 6
30 Kitchen Greek food was simple and healthy. Cooking was done in plain pots. The best pots and plates were saved for entertaining and special occasions and were often beautifully decorated. Courtyard 35 Most Greek houses were built around a courtyard. It sometimes had a well for collecting water. Women sometimes did their weaving there. Bathroom Rich people often had their own bathrooms in their houses. They collected water from the well or the public fountain to fill the bathtub and it was heated over a fire 40 before it was carried to the bathroom.
PART A. Read the text, and label the parts of the house.
PART B. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 16, ‘could’ means could ______
2. Line 21, ‘this room’ means ______
3. Line 35, ‘It’ means ______
4. Line 40, ‘it’ means ______
161 PART C. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text. The people of ancient Greece lived in 1) ______houses. Their homes were 2) a) ______in summer and b) ______in winter. They lived in 3) a) ______or b) ______houses. The purpose of the tiled floors was to 4) ______. In winter, they sometimes heated their homes with 5) ______.
Men and woman did not live in the 6) ______of the house. Women spent most of their time in 7) a) ______, and sometimes in the ______. 8) ______was an important tradition for women in ancient Greece. Women were also responsible for 9) ______. Men spent their time in 10) ______. These were rooms where men 11) a) ______
______, and b) ______.
The slaves had their own rooms, but these rooms were 12) a) ______, and had b) ______.
People in ancient Greece had a simple diet, and they ate 13) ______food as they mostly used olive oil. They used 14) ______for cooking. 15) ______were not for daily use. They were used only on 16) ______days. Amphorae were 17) a) ______, which b) ______. Water was collected from the 18) ______if there wasn’t a well in the house.
PART D. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Why was the courtyard an important part of the house? ______2. What were the work rooms used for? ______
162 69 INTERVIEW WITH DAVID DE ROTHSCHILD, Explorer and Adventurer
David de Rothschild is an adventurer, an environmentalist and an explorer. He has traveled across Antarctica, set a speed record crossing the Greenland ice cap, and reached the North Pole with hungry polar bears following him. Now, he's getting ready for his next adventure: sailing to Australia in a boat made from recycled plastic 5 bottles! He spends his days working in San Francisco on the project to create a 60-foot (18- meter) catamaran sailboat called Plastiki. He's a bit worried lately, but if all goes as planned, he will set off from San Francisco next month and sail 11,000 miles (17,703 kilometers) to Sydney, Australia. It is a project that he hopes will change the whole 10 boat-making industry. David answers questions from National Geographic: NG: 1) ______David: I was very curious. I was always asking questions. Asking questions really led me to where I am today. Asking questions leads you on adventures.
15 NG: 2) ______David: I grew up on a farm, and we all dreamed about being veterinarians. But I still dream all the time and I think it's important to let your mind take you where you want to go and then act on them. It's also important to pay attention in school. Looking back, I should have paid more attention to biology and geography.
20 NG: 3) ______David: I don't know what that means. I don't ever really have a "normal" day. My day usually starts very early in the morning and ends very late at night. I spend a lot of time talking to people about Plastiki, writing, responding to lots of e-mails and meeting with scientists and engineers working on the boat. And I take time to stay fit 25 and healthy—so it's a very full day.
163 NG: 4) ______David: I have two dogs that go everywhere with me and sleep in my bed and on my head. One is a miniature schnauzer named Nesta, and the other is an English bull terrier named Smudge. I play with my dogs and train them. I am always silly! It is 30 essential. I like being silly.
NG: 5) ______David: The best place is the place that I haven't traveled to. The world is so big. I mean I'd love to go to Madagascar and back down to Antarctica again, but every place is an adventure, so ask me that again when I am 70 years old!
35 NG: 6) ______David: There are two, really. One is to be honest. Always treat other people the way you would want to be treated. And the second one is not to be afraid to fail. Don't be afraid to make a mistake.
NG: 7) ______
40 David: I can’t travel without Sudoku (puzzles).
PART A. Read the interview, and match the following questions with David de Rothschild‘s answers. Choose the correct question, and write its letter on the line.
A. What's the best piece of advice that anyone has ever given you that you can
share with others?
B. What’s a normal day like for you?
C. What were you like as a kid?
D. What's the best place you've ever traveled to?
E. What did you daydream about?
F. What’s the one thing that you can’t travel without?
G. What do you do for fun?
164 PART B. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 21, ‘that’ means ______
2. Line 28, ’the other’ means the other ______
3. Line 34, ‘that’ means that ______
4. Line 36, ‘One’ means one ______
PART C. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences. 1. T F David de Rothschild has never been to the North Pole.
______
2. T F His childhood dreams were about being an explorer.
______
3. T F When he travels, he leaves his dogs at home.
______
4. T F He wasn’t interested in biology and geography at all when he was a schoolboy.
______
5. T F He doesn’t have time for physical exercise.
______
6. T F He believes that one should not be afraid of making mistakes or failing.
______
PART D. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences. 1. Why do you think the name of the boat is Plastiki ?
______
2. What is the purpose of the project?
______
3. What does David de Rothschild do in his spare time during his travels?
______165 70 WHERE AM I FROM? "Where are you from?" The teacher asked me. We were all crowded into a tiny classroom on the first day of the fifth grade in a French lycee in Vientiane, Laos. I was feeling alone and different. I was the odd 5 one in a sea of Laotian faces with almond-shaped eyes and black hair. One by one, the children stood up and introduced themselves with ease. It was my turn, and I was confused. I didn't understand what the teacher wanted to know. I didn’t know what to say. My 10 legs felt like spaghetti. I stood up with difficulty and said: "My name is Tamara and..," and my mind went blank. Everybody stopped to look at the strange foreigner waiting for what was to come next, but there was nothing. I sat down, my face beet red and my heart in my throat. The teacher, confused, asked again where I was from. All I could say was: "I 15 don't know." Where am I from? I've asked this question to myself from time to time. Where is my home? Where do I belong to? Was I in the States playing miniature golf or in Laos eating noodles? My father's job at the US Embassy took us to different exotic countries for years. This was my life. In every new country we went to, I tried to 20 make new friends, eat new food, and learn new languages. Which one of these very different places did I belong to? Was it Guatemala, where I spoke Spanish and ate fried bananas; or was it Madagascar, where I spoke French and played with brightly colored chameleons in my garden; or perhaps my birthplace, the Seychelles, where I spent my holidays playing on the sandy beaches? The truth is that none of these 25 places was more of my home than any other. At times, I felt angry with my parents because they put me through the trauma of moving and made it so difficult for me to identify myself. I just wanted us to choose a place and live there for 30 the rest of our lives. During those years, I could not realize what an exciting life I was leading and how lucky I was. I didn't just pass through these countries as a tourist and see only the beauty in them; I also saw the difficulties the people had in 35 their everyday lives. On my way to school every day in Madagascar, thin children of all ages would run up to our car and knock on the windows begging for money. At that time, I didn't understand what all this really meant, but today I look back and appreciate that I don't have to worry about whether I'm going to eat or where I am going to sleep.
166 40 Where am I from? There is no definite answer, but I feel lucky about that. Instead of having one home, I have many. Instead of having one culture, I have many. All these places, unique and beautiful in their own ways, have made me what I am today. I now look forward to answering the question that I found difficult to answer years ago. I am not angry with my parents any more. Instead, today I think I can't thank 45 them enough. I've been given a wonderful gift, a gift that will last forever. "Where are you from?" one of the students asked me on my first day of school in Switzerland. I proudly said that it was a long story and went on to describe my amazing adventures across the globe. This life has given me a broad view of the world and the reality of how incredible 50 different people's lives are. I know that I want to continue traveling. There is so much more out there that I haven't seen and some of it I will never see, but I hope to discover as much as possible.
PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 16, ‘this question’ means ______
2. Line 23, ‘where’ means ______
3. Line 27, ‘they’ means ______
4. Line 29, ‘us’ means ______
5. Line 34, ‘them’ means ______
6. Line 40, ‘that’ means the fact that ______
______to the question ‘’Where am I from?’’
7. Line 41, ‘many’ means many ______
PART B. Mark the best choice.
1. The writer of the text most probably was a ______.
a. child living in the USA
b. global nomad
c. child from Laos
167 2. The first paragraph is mainly about ______.
a. her new friends in a lycee in Laos
b. her problems with her new teacher
c. her mixed feelings about her identity
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is not true about the writer?
a. In Madagascar she had chameleons in her garden.
b. She thought that her home was the USA.
c. Her father worked for the U.S. Embassy.
4. According to the text, which of the following is true about the writer?
a. She has never been to Switzerland.
b. Now she is thankful for what her parents did.
c. She doesn’t want to travel any more.
PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Why did the writer feel different in the classroom?
______
2. In which countries did she live before she went to Laos?
______
3. What did the writer have to do in each new country?
______
168 71 SPACE TOURISM Back in 2001, an American millionaire, Dennis Tito, became the world's first space tourist. He paid 20 million dollars to fly to the International Space Station. A year later, a South African businessman, 5 Mark Shuttleworth, wrote a 20-million-dollar check to follow him. So far, there have been six space tourists, and soon others will probably follow. But who will they be? People say trips to space are going to be an industry of the 21st century. There are 10 already several space tourism companies and these companies plan to build cities in space within the next 20 twenty years. These companies have invested millions, and they believe that space tourism industry is going to grow. At first, hotels in space will be less comfortable than the ones on Earth, but space tourism companies hope that soon they will build comfortable hotels that will have gravity, and they may even 15 offer space walks. So, will space tourism be reserved only for rich people? Or will ordinary people like you and me be able to enjoy space hotels? Most probably, such a trip will be the most expensive vacation of your life! Right now, a trip 20 into space costs around $20 million. NASA and the Space Transportation Association assume that improvements in technology may lower the price to $50,000. Recently, Sir Richard Branson, owner of the Virgin Company, designed a project to take tourists 25 into space. The ticket price will be $200,000. More than 250 people have already booked their tickets. The tourists will travel to 21,000 m above Earth and will enjoy six minutes of weightlessness (or zero-G). Is this going to be the first step toward space tourism for people other than multimillionaires? Barack Obama recently promised to keep the space program alive and several 30 astronauts have said that they wish to walk on Mars soon. It seems like science fiction now, but maybe we will even take trips to other planets in the future. Since the space race began, people have been saying "Isn't that great? When can I go?” Now it seems that our chances are greater than ever. In the next 20 years, flying into space could be as easy as flying from New York to Los Angeles.
169 PART A. What do the following refer to?
1. Line 4, ‘A year later’ means ______
2. Line 6, ‘him’ means ______
3. Line 8, ‘they’ means ______
4. Line 11, ‘These companies’ means ______
5. Line 30, ‘It’ means ______
PART B. Read the text and mark the statements true (T), false (F) or no information (NI). Correct the false ones. Write full sentences.
1. T F NI Dennis Tito paid more money than Mark Shuttleworth to be a space
tourist.
______
2. T F NI Until now, only eight people have had the chance to become space
tourists.
______
3. T F NI Companies believe that ordinary people will be interested in space
tourism because it is great fun.
______
4. T F NI Trips into space may cost about $50,000 in the future.
______
5. T F NI Today more than 250 people are ready to pay a large amount of money
to experience zero-G for 16 minutes.
______
6. T F NI Barack Obama wants to be one of the future space tourists.
______
170 PART C. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. What is going to happen to the space tourism industry?
______
______
2. What will be different about the first space hotels?
______
______
3. Why is Sir Branston’s new project different?
______
______
4. Do you agree with the last sentence? Why? Why not?
______
______
171
72 THE TAJ MAHAL reflecting pool dome e The Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra in northern India, and it is one of India’s most famous monuments. This beautiful building is regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
5 In 1607, Prince Khurrum of the Mughals, at the age of 14, fell in love with a 15-year-old Persian princess, and they got engaged. The couple had to wait five years for their wedding day, but then they had a long and very happy marriage. Prince Khurrum became Emperor in 1628 and then 10 became Shah Jahan ("King of the World"), and his wife was known as Mumtaz Mahal ("The light of the Palace"). Mumtaz Mahal died at the age of 39 in 1630 while giving birth to their 14th child. Her death made the Emperor very unhappy, and he decided to build a monument in memory of his beloved wife. Tragically, when he was overthrown by one of his sons in 1657, he spent the last nine years of his life locked 15 up in a tower overlooking the Taj Mahal.
The construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 and ended in 1648. About 20,000 people worked on the monument. Most of them were master craftsmen from Europe and Central Asia. The main architect was Usad Ahmad from Lahore. They all lived in a small town that 20 had been especially built for them near the Taj Mahal.
The Taj Mahal is made of white marble with precious stones fitted into its walls. It was built using materials from all over India and Asia. Over 1,000 elephants transported the building materials during the construction. The white marble was brought from Rajasthan, 25 the turquoise from Tibet, and the sapphires were from Sri Lanka. All together, 28 types of precious stones were used during its construction. Trees and fountains fill the gardens that surround the monument. In front of the monument, there is a reflecting pool. The dome of the main building is 115 feet (35 meters) tall. A lotus shape 30 decorates the dome and other parts of the monument. People come from all around the world to visit this symbol of love, India’s history and culture.
PART A. What do the following refer to? 1. Line 17, ‘them’ means ______
2. Line 19, ‘They’ means ______
3. Line 27, ‘its construction’ means the construction of ______172 PART B. Read the text again and answer the questions with complete sentences.
1. Who had to wait five years before getting married?
______
2. In whose memory was the Taj Mahal built?
______
PART C. Fill in the blanks according to the information given in the text.
Prince Khurrum of the Mughals, who later became the Emperor, got engaged to a
Persian princess at the age of 1) ______in 1607. His fiancée was 2) ______than him. They got married 3) ______after their engagement. They had a(n) 4) a) ______and had b) ______children, but, unfortunately, Mumtaz Mahal 5) ______during the birth of her last child. After her 6) ______, the Emperor, who was very upset, decided to build a monument for her. The 7) ______of the monument took 16 years and was completed in 8) ______.
Thousands of 9) ______from Europe and Central Asia took part in the construction of the monument. There were many 10) ______, but the main one was Usad Ahmad, who was from 11) ______. White marble and different kinds of precious 12) ______, which were brought from different countries and were transported by thousands of 13) ______, were used to build the monument. This monument, which is considered one of the Seven
Wonders of the World, has beautiful 14) ______with fountains and a big
15) ______in front of it. It also has a very 16) ______dome. The
17) ______shape plays an important role in the architectural design of the monument. 18) ______, who built this monument as a(n) 19)
______of his love for his wife, unfortunately, spent his last years as a prisoner in a(n) 20) a) ______that had a view of b) ______.
173