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Bitácora De La Utopía: Anarquismo Para El Siglo XXI

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Bitácora De La Utopía: Anarquismo Para El Siglo XXI Bitácora de la Utopía: Anarquismo para el Siglo XXI NELSON MÉNDEZ ALFREDO VALLOTA 2da. edición, corregida y ampliada Caracas, Venezuela; marzo 2004 2 ÍNDICE pag. PRÓLOGO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 I.- LA ANARQUÍA: ESE MAR DESCONOCIDO... -------------------------------------------- 9 II.- LO BÁSICO DEL ANARQUISMO -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 II.1) Aclarando dudas, respondiendo objeciones -------------------------------------------------- 19 II.2) Anarquismo y violencia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 III.- EL ANARQUISMO EN ACCIÓN -------------------------------------------------------------- 31 III.1) Autogestión libertaria: el camino de la utopía ---------------------------------------------- 32 III.2) Acción directa y organización local ----------------------------------------------------------- 36 III.3) Organizarse en el trabajo ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 III.4) Cuestiones de alcance nacional / Luchas a gran escala -------------------------------- 46 III.5) Relaciones interpersonales ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 III.6) Familia autoritaria, sexualidad y feminismo ----------------------------------------------- 51 III.7) La escuela y la educación ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 IV.- COMUNICANDO EL IDEAL ------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 IV.1) La palabra impresa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 IV.2) Internet, ciencia y tecnología ------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 IV.3) Radio, cine y TV ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65 IV.4) Actos públicos --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 IV.5) Artes plásticas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 IV.6) Música ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 IV.7) Otros medios de comunicación ---------------------------------------------------------------- 71 3 V.- UN FINAL QUE ES CONTINUACIÓN... ---------------------------------------------------- 73 VI.- FOLIOS DEL CONTRAMAESTRE ------------------------------------------------------------ 75 V.1) Textos de Alfredo Vallota: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 VI.1.a] Ser y parecer anarquista ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 VI.1.b] 4 notas sobre anarquismo, filosofía y libertad --------------------------------------------- 77 VI.1.c] Liberalismo y anarquismo ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 VI.1.d] En torno a la autogestión ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85 VI.1.e] La Técnica y el desafío del Siglo XXI ------------------------------------------------------- 89 VI.2) Textos de Nelson Méndez: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 VI.2.a] Arte y anarquismo: Introducción a la visión estética libertaria ----------------------- 106 VI.2.b] Conociendo a Durruti --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 VI.2.c] Ángel Cappelletti y su enfoque de la historia social del anarquismo en América Latina ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114 VI.2.d] Mujeres Libres de España 1936-1939: Cuando florecieron las rosas de fuego ----- 124 VI.2.e] Veg(etari)anismo: ¿opción, omisión, obcecación o evasión? -------------------------- 136 VII.- FUENTES SOBRE ANARQUISMO EN CASTELLANO ------------------------------ 140 VII.1) Bibliografía básica editada entre 1970 y 2001 ----------------------------------------------- 140 VII.2.a] Sitios en el WWW -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 VII.2.b] Foros de e-mail para noticias y/o debate sobre anarquismo ------------------------ 148 VII.2.c] Radio en Internet -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 VII.2.d] Libros virtuales ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 VII.3) Publicaciones periódicas actuales ------------------------------------------------------------ 158 VII.4) Cine y video ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 164 4 PRÓLOGO “La utopía significa el sueño colectivo y si este sueño no existe la gente se desmigaja, se encierra en células y se vuelve más egoísta y depredadora. Y aparece el miedo y la insolidaridad. Estás más indefenso, eres menos generoso, más cobarde y por tanto más vulnerable. Sin utopías vives a merced de lo que el poder decida imponer en cada momento. Estás en sus manos...” Joan Manuel Serrat El comienzo de un año, de un siglo y, en este caso, de un milenio, es buena oportunidad para mirar al futuro y revisar el pasado reciente. Aquí pretendemos hacer lo primero, y como introducción conviene considerar nuestra justificación, que deriva de la experiencia que vivimos en el siglo XX, un siglo de mucha violencia e injusticia, de mucho sufrimiento pero que también brindó a la humanidad progresos y adelantos técnicos y científicos que parecieran abrigar un futuro promisorio. La pregunta es cómo ha sido posible que situaciones tan contradictorias se dieran en una misma centuria y al respecto nuestra reflexión es que hemos equivocado el modo de organización socio-política. El error ha sido centrar nuestra vida, personal y comunitaria, en estructuras de poder jerárquico institucionalizado que han mostrado no estar a la altura de la necesidades, aspiraciones y solicitudes de la gente y de la historia, lo cual ha sido particularmente visible en el caso del Estado. En los 100 años del siglo XX la humanidad, y en particular Occidente que nos toca de cerca, ha visto ensayar todas las alternativas que puede ofrecer este modelo de institucionalización y ninguna de ellas ha satisfecho las esperanzas. Hemos tenido Estados centrados en religiones, en partidos políticos, en espíritus nacionales, en ideologías, en territorios o defendiendo uno u otro sector especial de la sociedad; hemos tenido Estados autoritarios, opresores, tiránicos, más o menos democráticos, civiles, militares, mixtos, respetuosos de la ley o personalistas; Estados monárquicos o republicanos, presidencialistas o ministerialistas; hemos tenido Estados surgidos de golpes militares, de revoluciones, de elecciones, con constituciones o sin ellas; ha habido Estados con grandes riquezas, o muy pobres, guerreros o pacifistas, industriales o agrícolas, conservadores o revolucionarios, y podemos decir que ninguno de ellos ha logrado sus objetivos. Por el contrario, han llevado a dos 5 grandes guerras mundiales, a varias guerras de mediana envergadura, a decenas de guerras pequeñas, a incontables pugnas internas y a una situación de miseria y sufrimiento para gran parte de la población mundial. Normalmente, y de manera simplista, se achacan los fracasos a quienes dirigían el gobierno de esos Estados, a su maldad inherente, a intereses mezquinos, a la traición de sus promesas, a la ineptitud intelectual o moral, a complots de uno u otro color. Nuestra intención es mostrar que no son ellos los culpables primarios, aunque no dejan de serlo en una medida derivada. La causa de los males está en la noción misma de Estado, que se ha entronizado como único modo en que la gente piensa que se puede organizar la vida colectiva, y de ello se derivan estas calamidades, sea un Estado capitalista, democrático, socialista, comunista, mesiánico, autoritario, cristiano, musulmán o ateo. A su vez, otros modos de institucionalizar jerarquías de poder opresor permanente (como la empresa capitalista, la familia patriarcal, los aparatos religiosos, la educación formal, etc.) han podido desarrollarse en estrecha vinculación con el Estado, configurando entornos sociales que coartan las posibilidades de desarrollo pleno de la humanidad, que sólo pueden alcanzarse en libertad e igualdad, mediadas por la solidaridad. Hace algo más de 150 años un grupo de gente lanzó estas ideas en Europa y su voz fue escuchada en todo el mundo generándose el anarquismo, un movimiento que entre fines del S. XIX y comienzos del S. XX llegó a tener amplia incidencia social y cultural al luchar por evitar los males que luego sobrevendrían. Rescataba una larga tradición, ya que el homo sapiens sapiens tiene unos 150.000 años sobre la tierra y el Estado apenas 6 a 7.000 y no en todas partes ni en todo tiempo ya que hubo y hay culturas que nunca lo conocieron. Aquellos animadores del ideal libertario propusieron buscar caminos alternativos a la organización estatal, puesto que todo apunta a que el Estado no es algo que naturalmente el hombre requiera para una vida provechosa, ni una institución de la cual dependa nuestro pervivir inexorablemente. Como en toda idea que se lanza y avanza en la historia, muchos son los aspectos que están incompletos, muchos los que faltan desarrollar, muchas las alternativas por indagar pero, como intentamos mostrar, hacerlo no es imposible, los beneficios pueden ser los que aspiramos y muchos lo han hecho ya en alguna medida. Esto no debe ser motivo de alarma
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