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Coastal Planning and Management Manual 9.2 MB Coastal Planning and Management Manual A community guide for protecting and conserving the Western Australian coast © State of Western Australia Published by the Western Australian Planning Commission Albert Facey House 469 Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia 6000 Published August 2003 ISBN 0 7309 9383 3 Internet: http://www.wapc.wa.gov.au email: [email protected] Tel: (08) 9264 7777 Fax: (08) 9264 7566 TTY: (08) 9264 7535 Infoline: 1800 626 477 Copies of this document are available in alternative formats on application to the Disability Services Coordinator Acknowledgements: Cover photograph supplied by South Cottesloe Coastcare. Disclaimer This document has been published by the Western Australian Planning Commission. Any representation, statement, opinion or advice expressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith and on the basis that the Government, its employees and agents are not liable for any damage or loss whatsoever which may occur as a result of action taken or not taken (as the case may be) in respect of any representation, statement, opinion or advice referred to herein. Professional advice should be obtained before applying the information contained in this document to particular circumstances. II COASTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT MANUAL Foreword The coast is important to the lifestyle and livelihood of the people of Western Australia. It is a significant asset that contributes to the environmental, economic, social and cultural fabric of the State. The majority of Western Australians choose to live close to the coast. An even greater proportion chooses coastal locations as tourism and recreation destinations, attracted to the many and varied natural coastal assets on offer. But there is also demand for access to the coast from fishing and aquaculture industries, ports and shipping, and mineral exploration. The coast is under increasing pressure from human activity and its conflicting user demands. Coastal planning and management that is based on sound principles can help to resolve these conflicts and mitigate the impacts of how we utilise our coastal resources. In addition to the coastal planning and management work done by government, over 160 community groups are actively engaged in coastal management around Western Australia. Production of this manual seeks to acknowledge the significance of this contribution through the provision of practical information on coastal planning and management. Information in the manual focuses on guiding development and implementation of coastal management projects in response to local pressures. It has largely been compiled thanks to the skills and experience of the coastal community, and seeks to promote the exchange of ideas within that same community, for better outcomes. TERRY MARTIN Chairman Western Australian Planning Commission COASTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT MANUAL III contents PAGE Foreword.....................................................................................................................iii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 ABOUT THIS MANUAL ...................................................................................1.2 1.2 COASTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ................................1.5 2. THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE COAST FOR MANAGEMENT......................................2.3 2.2 THE COAST OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA ............................................................2.4 2.3 COASTAL PROCESSES...................................................................................2.10 2.4 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ...............................................................................2.16 2.5 ROCKY COASTS ...........................................................................................2.17 2.6 CORAL REEFS ..............................................................................................2.19 2.7 SANDY COASTS ...........................................................................................2.20 2.8 COASTAL SAND DUNES...............................................................................2.30 2.9 ESTUARIES....................................................................................................2.33 2.10 RIVER DELTAS ...............................................................................................2.35 2.11 MUDFLATS AND MANGROVES ....................................................................2.36 3. COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING 3.1 PLANNING FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT ....................................................3.3 3.2 PLANNING THE PLAN ....................................................................................3.6 3.3 DESCRIBING EXISTING CONDITIONS ............................................................3.8 3.4 MANAGEMENT ISSUES.................................................................................3.12 3.5 FUTURE MANAGEMENT...............................................................................3.12 3.6 MAPPING.....................................................................................................3.14 3.7 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ....................................................................3.25 3.8 PLANNING FOR RECREATION ......................................................................3.26 3.9 DESIGN PRINCIPLES .....................................................................................3.28 3.10 CONSULTANT’S BRIEF..................................................................................3.30 3.11 EXAMPLES OF COASTAL PLANS ...................................................................3.31 4. INDIGENOUS INVOLVEMENT 4.1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................4.2 4.2 INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY LAW, CULTURAL RESPONSIBILITY AND RIGHTS..4.2 4.3 HOW INDIGENOUS PEOPLE VIEW AND USE THE COAST...............................4.4 4.4 THE VALUE AND BENEFITS OF ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ...............................................................................4.5 4.5 THE NEED FOR CONSULTATION AND NEGOTIATION WITH INDIGENOUS GROUPS .........................................................................4.6 4.6 IDENTIFYING THE RELEVANT INDIGENOUS PEOPLE TO CONSULT ................4.7 4.7 THE CONSULTATION PROCESS....................................................................4.10 4.8 HOW TO MAXIMISE THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PARTICIPATION .................4.12 COASTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT MANUAL V contents 5. PROJECT EVALUATION 5.1 EVALUATION ..................................................................................................5.2 5.2 TIMING .........................................................................................................5.2 5.3 UNDERTAKING EVALUATION..........................................................................5.3 5.4 EVALUATION METHODS.................................................................................5.3 6. COMMON COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS 6.1 COMMON MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS..........................................................6.2 6.2 UNCONTROLLED PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT ..................................................6.2 6.3 UNCONTROLLED VEHICLE USE......................................................................6.5 6.4 SANDBOARDING ...........................................................................................6.8 6.5 UNMANAGED CAMPING .............................................................................6.10 6.6 CONFLICTS BETWEEN RECREATIONAL USERS ..............................................6.13 6.7 COASTAL VISITOR SAFETY............................................................................6.15 6.8 FIRE MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL RESERVES ................................................6.17 7. STABILISATION AND REHABILITATION 7.1 STABILISING AND REHABILITATION COASTAL LANDSCAPES..........................7.3 7.2 PROJECT PLANNING ......................................................................................7.4 7.3 MANAGING COASTAL USE ............................................................................7.7 7.4 TECHNIQUES FOR STABILISING DEGRADED AREAS......................................7.15 7.5 OFF-ROAD VEHICLE TRACK STABILISATION..................................................7.25 7.6 ONGOING MANAGEMENT ..........................................................................7.28 8. WEEDS AND WEED MANAGEMENT 8.1 WHAT IS A WEED?..........................................................................................8.2 8.2 THE IMPACT OF WEEDS IN COASTAL ENVIRONS...........................................8.2 8.3 HOW DID THE WEEDS GET THERE? ...............................................................8.2 8.4 RATING OF WEEDS.........................................................................................8.3 8.5 TYPES OF WEEDS ...........................................................................................8.3 8.6 WEED REMOVAL TECHNIQUES.......................................................................8.4 8.7 DISPOSAL OF WEEDS .....................................................................................8.9 8.8 SAFETY .........................................................................................................8.9 8.9 WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY.................................................................8.10 8.10 COASTAL WEED SPECIES..............................................................................8.10 8.11 DESCRIPTION OF THE “TOP
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