DOCSLIB.ORG

Unclusterable, Underdispersed Arrangement of Insect-Pollinated Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unclusterable, Underdispersed Arrangement of Insect-Pollinated Plants bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999169; this version posted September 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Herrera – 1 1 Unclusterable, underdispersed arrangement of insect-pollinated plants 2 in pollinator niche space 3 4 5 Carlos M. Herrera 1 6 Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida 7 Americo Vespucio 26, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain 8 9 Running head: Plant species in pollinator niche space 10 11 1 E-mail: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999169; this version posted September 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Herrera – 2 12 Abstract. Pollinators can mediate facilitative or competitive relationships between plant 13 species, but the comparative importance of these two conflicting phenomena in shaping 14 community-wide pollinator resource use remains unexplored. This paper examines the idea that 15 the arrangement in pollinator niche space of plant species samples comprising complete or 16 nearly complete regional or local plant communities can help to evaluate the relative importance 17 of facilitation and competition as drivers of community-wide pollinator resource use. Pollinator 18 composition data for insect-pollinated plants from the Sierra de Cazorla mountains (southeastern 19 Spain), comprising 85% of families and ~95% of widely distributed insect-pollinated species, 20 were used to address the following questions at regional (45 sites, 221 plant species) and local 21 (one site, 73 plant species) spatial scales: (1) Do objectively identifiable plant species clusters 22 occur in pollinator niche space ? Four different pollinator niche spaces were considered whose 23 axes were defined by insect orders, families, genera and species; and (2) If all plant species form 24 a single, indivisible cluster in pollinator niche space, Are they overdispersed or underdispersed 25 relative to a random arrangement ? “Clusterability” tests failed to reject the null hypothesis that 26 there was only one pollinator-defined plant species cluster in pollinator niche space, irrespective 27 of spatial scale, pollinator niche space or pollinator importance measurement (proportions of 28 pollinator individuals or flowers visited by each pollinator type). Observed means of pairwise 29 interspecific dissimilarity in pollinator composition were smaller than randomly simulated 30 values in the order-, family- and genus-defined pollinator niche spaces at both spatial scales, 31 thus revealing significantly non-random, underdispersed arrangement of plant species within the 32 single cluster existing in each of these pollinator niche spaces. In the undisturbed montane 33 habitats studied, arrangement of insect-pollinated plant species in pollinator niche space did not 34 support a major role for interspecific competition as a force shaping community-wide pollinator bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999169; this version posted September 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Herrera – 3 35 resource use by plants, but rather suggested a situation closer to the facilitation-dominated 36 extreme in a hypothetical competition-facilitation gradient. Results also highlight the 37 importance of investigations on complete or nearly complete insect-pollinated plant 38 communities for addressing novel hypotheses on the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator 39 systems. 40 41 Key words:clusterability; Mediterranean mountain habitats; plant community; pollinator 42 composition; pollinator niche space; pollinator syndromes. 43 44 INTRODUCTION 45 The maturation of a full-fledged niche theory was a significant landmark in the trajectory of 46 twentieth-century ecology (Vandermeer 1972, Chase and Leibold 2003, Ricklefs 2012). 47 Originally aimed at investigating how many and how similar coexisting species could be in a 48 community, niche theory was predominantly concerned with animal communities and rested on 49 the overarching assumption that interspecific competition for limiting resources is a major 50 driving force in shaping community composition and resource use by individual species (Chase 51 and Leibold 2003). Notions derived from niche theory sometimes also made their way into plant 52 community studies. In particular, the niche theory framework is behind investigations of plant- 53 pollinator interactions that have envisaged animal pollinators as “resources” exploited by insect- 54 pollinated plants to ensure sexual reproduction, since competition for pollinators may result in 55 loss of pollinator visits (exploitation) and/or disruption of conspecific pollen flow (interference) 56 (Waser 1978, Pleasants 1980). In this context, pollinator partitioning over daily or seasonal 57 gradients (Herrera 1990, Stone et al. 1998, Aizen and Vázquez 2006, de Souza et al. 2017), bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999169; this version posted September 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Herrera – 4 58 generalization vs. specialization on pollinators as alternative strategies of resource use (Herrera 59 1996, 2005, Waser et al. 1996, Armbruster 2017), divergence in pollinator composition as a 60 mechanism alleviating interspecific competition (Moldenke 1975, Kephart 1983, Johnson 2010, 61 Bouman et al. 2016, Johnson and Bronstein 2019), or pollinator-mediated plant species 62 coexistence (Paw 2013, Benadi 2015, Benadi and Paw 2018), are all notions rooted in niche 63 theory that to a greater or lesser extent share the canonical assumption that competition is an 64 important driving force. 65 One insufficiently acknowledged limitation of the application of competition-laden niche 66 theory to plant-pollinator systems is that, under certain circumstances, pollinator sharing by 67 different plant species can result in facilitation rather than competition (Thomson 1978, Rathcke 68 1983, Callaway 1995). This possibility has been verified experimentally many times (see Braun 69 and Lortie 2019 for review). Proximate mechanisms leading to pollinator-mediated interspecific 70 facilitation include the “magnet species effect”, whereby plant species highly attractive to 71 pollinators can benefit co-flowering ones in the neighborhood that are visited less often (Laverty 72 1992, Johnson et al. 2003, Hansen et al. 2007, Molina-Montenegro et al. 2008, Pellegrino et al. 73 2016); sequential facilitation, whereby earlier-flowering plant species benefit later-flowering 74 ones at the same location by sustaining populations of site-faithful, shared pollinators (Waser 75 and Real 1979, Ogilvie and Thomson 2016); floral mimicry, in which plant species can derive 76 reproductive success when the colour, shape or scent of their flowers resemble those of a co- 77 blooming plant (Gumbert and Kunze 2001, Johnson et al. 2003, Pellegrino et al. 2008); and 78 diffuse beneficial effects of floral diversity at the plant community level on the pollination 79 success of individual species (Ghazoul 2006, Seifan et al. 2014, Norfolk et al. 2016). bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.999169; this version posted September 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Herrera – 5 80 While the reality of both facilitative and competitive phenomena in plant-pollinator systems 81 is well established, their comparative importance as drivers of pollinator resource use in natural 82 communities remain essentially unexplored to date (but see, e.g., Moeller 2004, Tur et al. 2016, 83 Eisen et al. 2019). The deleterious effect of interspecific pollen transfer due to pollinator sharing 84 has been traditionally interpreted as supporting a role of competition in organizing plant- 85 pollinator interactions by favoring pollinator partitioning (Stebbins 1970, Waser 1978, Wilson 86 and Thomson 1996, Morales and Traveset 2008, Mitchell et al. 2009), yet recent studies suggest 87 that some plant species can tolerate high levels of heterospecific pollen transfer without major 88 detrimental effects on reproduction (Arceo-Gómez et al. 2018, Fang et al. 2019, Ashman et al. 89 2020). The hitherto little-explored possibility thus remains that facilitative interactions among 90 animal-pollinated plants could also be significant drivers of plant-pollinator interactions at the 91 community level, since the net outcome of opposing facilitative and competitive forces will 92 depend on environmental context (Moeller 2004, Ghazoul 2006, Ye et al. 2014, Fitch 2017, 93 Eisen et al. 2019) and the benefits
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spurge Laurel Other Common Names: Daphne, Daphne- USDA Symbol: DALA11 Daphne Laureola Spurge, Daphne-Laurel ODA Rating: B
    Spurge laurel Other common names: daphne, daphne- USDA symbol: DALA11 Daphne laureola spurge, daphne-laurel ODA rating: B Introduction: The Daphne family consists of 500 species mostly small shrubs or occasional herbs. Most members of the group produce stem fibers and a few are used for papermaking in Asia. Spurge laurel was planted throughout the Pacific Northwest for decades. It is a native in much of Western Europe and the southern countries of Eastern Europe. Southern British Columbia, especially southern Vancouver island and in the Vancouver area, have well-established populations of spurge laurel. In Washington State, many west-side counties have escaped populations near urban areas. The hard seeds are consumed by birds and transported off-site Distribution: Oregon spurge laurel infestations are increasing. The largest infestations are located in Yamhill, Douglas and Benton counties. The Columbia River Gorge also contains outbreaks of the weed. Deciduous forests are the perfect habitat providing partial shade for the shrubs though conifer forests are equally suitable especially along the edges. Description: Spurge laurel is an attractive ornamental plant known for its spiraling evergreen leaves and greenish-yellow, bitter-fragrant flowers. Larger patches emit an unpleasant odor. Flowering occurs in late winter-early spring, producing clusters of blue berries during the spring. The one-seeded drupes are eaten and dispersed widely by birds and small mammals. Shrubs reach a height of 0.5-1.5 meters. This weed tolerates low light levels from partial to deep shade. It prefers better-drained clay loams and forest loams with neutral to acidic soils. Escaped populations form dense stands mostly under tree canopies.
    [Show full text]
  • May-June 2016 Green Dragon NL
    GREEN DRAGON TALES · MAY-JUNE 2016 · PAGE 1 IN THIS ISSUE: • Desirable Daphnes • Our May Plant Sale! • Membership Update • Potting Tips • Wurster Garden Update • From the Chair • News from National • Seedling Exchange Report • Upcoming ACNARGS Programs • Trough Workshop May 28 • Calendar of other garden programs • Garden Tour June 18 • Photo of the Month • Daphne Plant List Visit our blog: acnargs.blogspot.com May/June 2016 MAY 14: PARTICIPATE IN THE ACNARGS PLANT SALE! OUR BIGGEST FUNDRAISER OF THE YEAR! David Mitchell, Plant Sales Chair We are participating again in the Cooperative Extension Garden Fair and Plant Sale on May 14. Now is the time to pot up your divisions for our sale tables. Please use only soilless potting mix and remember to label every pot (common name and botanical, if known). The May plant sale will return to the Ithaca High School on May 14. Our tables/booth are located in the new gym, same as last year, exact location TBD, so look for us. Sale hours are 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. (although we may sell out earlier). Set up is Friday beginning at 4 p.m. until about 7 p.m. and Saturday beginning at 8 a.m. You may arrive early Saturday to drop off plants and help complete the setup. This year we appreciate, if you can, to sign-up to help in advance. We most need people for set-up and clean-up. Of course, you are encouraged to jump in to volunteer at any time; there's always something to do.
    [Show full text]
  • Spurge Laurel Management
    Control Options for Spurge Laurel General Information Spurge laurel (Daphne laureola), a shrub native to Western Europe and the Mediterranean, was introduced into North America as a garden ornamental. It has escaped cultivation, invading roadsides, parks and wooded areas. Spurge laurel reproduces both by seed and vegetatively, by sprouting from lateral roots. The berries are eaten by birds, which aids in seed dispersal. All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans, as well as to dogs and cats. Manual/Mechanical Techniques Small infestations of spurge laurel can be hand dug or pulled using a weed-pulling tool, such as a Weed Wrench™. Weed Wrenches and Extractigators™ are available for loan from the Whatcom County Noxious Weed Program. Please call (360)778-6232 or (360)778-6234 for more information. Young plants (3 yrs. or less) will often die after being cut close to the ground. For older plants, control may also be possible by cutting the plant off, but make sure the cut is below the ground surface. The sap of spurge laurel contains irritating toxins. Care should be taken to prevent the sap from coming into contact with the skin or eyes. Respiratory irritation has also been reported from inhaled droplets of sap. Chemical Recommendations Spurge laurel can be managed using specific herbicides. When using herbicides, always read and follow label directions for rates, spraying conditions, personal protective equipment and grazing intervals. If spraying is the chosen option, spray late in the evening to reduce the direct impact on pollinating insects. Do not spray when it is windy or raining, or when rain is forecast.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices
    Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices PLANT INVASIONS: POLICIES, POLITICS, AND PRACTICES Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Weeds Across Borders Conference Edited by Emily Rindos 1– 4 JUNE 2010 NATIONAL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER SHEPHERDSTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA, USA Suggested citation: Name of author(s). 2011. Paper title. Page(s) __ in E. Rindos, ed., Plant Invasions: Policies, Politics, and Practices, Proceedings of the 2010 Weeds Across Borders Conference, 1–4 June 2010, National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University, Center for Invasive Plant Management. Design: Emily Rindos Copyright © 2011 Montana State University, Center for Invasive Plant Management Weeds Across Borders 2010 Coordinating Committee Stephen Darbyshire, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Jenny Ericson, US Fish and Wildlife Service Francisco Espinosa García, UNAM–National University of Mexico Russell Jones, US Environmental Protection Agency Cory Lindgren, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Les Mehrhoff, Invasive Plant Atlas of New England Gina Ramos, US Bureau of Land Management www.weedcenter.org/wab/2010 Produced by: Center for Invasive Plant Management 235 Linfield Hall, PO Box 173120 Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-3120 www.weedcenter.org Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................vii Weeds Across Borders 2010 Sponsors .....................................................................................................viii
    [Show full text]
  • INVASIVE PLANT PROFILE Spurge-Laurel, Daphine-Laurel Daphne Laureola N E E R G R
    INVASIVE PLANT PROFILE Spurge-laurel, Daphine-laurel Daphne laureola n e e r g r e Family: Thymelaeaceae Zone 7 v E Why is Daphne laureola a problem? The District of Saanich is Daphne laureola is an evergreen shrub native to western and southern Europe. It is often purchased including Daphne laureola in and planted as an ornamental shrub. It prefers loamy to clay soils that are well-drained and which its invasive species outreach range from neutral to acid. It is able to tolerate a range of conditions including dry to moist soil program. It is also one of and full to partial shade. It reproduces via single-seeded berries. Birds which eat the berries of five key shrubs found to the shrub have helped distribute the plant beyond the garden. It can now be found in roadsides, be invading Seattle parks and moist woods in lowland areas. D. laureola is also found at Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site and has been flagged as of Canada and has come under the watchful eye of the Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team a species to be controlled (GOERT). Its ability to grow in deep shade, its tolerance of a range of growing conditions and its and contained. ability to rapidly colonize an area has contributed to its invasion of natural spaces. Its growth as a monoculture in the forest understory means that it competes with and displaces native plants, resulting in altered native plant communities and natural succession, reduced biodiversity, and in some cases, potentially change soil chemistry. Reproduction by seed and distribution by birds has meant that controlling dispersal and growth of D.
    [Show full text]
  • Threats to Australia's Grazing Industries by Garden
    final report Project Code: NBP.357 Prepared by: Jenny Barker, Rod Randall,Tony Grice Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management Date published: May 2006 ISBN: 1 74036 781 2 PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Abstract This report identifies 281 introduced garden plants and 800 lower priority species that present a significant risk to Australia’s grazing industries should they naturalise. Of the 281 species: • Nearly all have been recorded overseas as agricultural or environmental weeds (or both); • More than one tenth (11%) have been recorded as noxious weeds overseas; • At least one third (33%) are toxic and may harm or even kill livestock; • Almost all have been commercially available in Australia in the last 20 years; • Over two thirds (70%) were still available from Australian nurseries in 2004; • Over two thirds (72%) are not currently recognised as weeds under either State or Commonwealth legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • Daphne Laureola)
    Toxic Plant Warning ! Severe skin irritation from Spurge Laurel (Daphne laureola) What is Spurge Laurel, and where is it found? Spurge Laurel (scientific name: Daphne laureola), also known as Daphne Laurel, is an evergreen shrub that thrives on the shady forest floor throughout south Vancouver Island; it may also be present in other areas of southwest British Columbia. It is not native to B.C. and was originally imported from Southern Europe, North Africa, or West Asia. These plants are commonly sold in nurseries and are popular due to their attractive foliage and fragrant tubular, yellow flowers. The flowers appear in the early spring, followed by small, black berries. However, most of the year, no flowers or berries may be visible. Spurge Laurel can grow to one metre in Spurge Laurel height and usually forms large clumps. Which parts of the plant are poisonous? The toxins are concentrated in the bark, sap, and berries. Spurge Laurel is listed as a poisonous plant with the Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System. What happens if I touch or accidentally eat parts of the plant? You can be poisoned through skin contact with the sap or by eating the berries. Symptoms include a burning in the mouth and swelling of the tongue and lips (if the berries are eaten), followed by thirst, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, weakness, and coma. A child died in Spurge Laurel leaves and berry (black) Nova Scotia after eating the berries. Severe skin irritation and blistering can occur on contact with the leaves or sap (these symptoms usually disappear after a couple of days).
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of the Plant Types
    APPENDIX A Descriptions of the plant types The plant life forms employed in the model are listed, with examples, in the main text (Table 2). They are described in this appendix in more detail, including environmental relations, physiognomic characters, prototypic and other characteristic taxa, and relevant literature. A list of the forms, with physiognomic characters, is included. Sources of vegetation data relevant to particular life forms are cited with the respective forms in the text of the appendix. General references, especially descriptions of regional vegetation, are listed by region at the end of the appendix. Plant form Plant size Leaf size Leaf (Stem) structure Trees (Broad-leaved) Evergreen I. Tropical Rainforest Trees (lowland. montane) tall, med. large-med. cor. 2. Tropical Evergreen Microphyll Trees medium small cor. 3. Tropical Evergreen Sclerophyll Trees med.-tall medium seier. 4. Temperate Broad-Evergreen Trees a. Warm-Temperate Evergreen med.-small med.-small seier. b. Mediterranean Evergreen med.-small small seier. c. Temperate Broad-Leaved Rainforest medium med.-Iarge scler. Deciduous 5. Raingreen Broad-Leaved Trees a. Monsoon mesomorphic (lowland. montane) medium med.-small mal. b. Woodland xeromorphic small-med. small mal. 6. Summergreen Broad-Leaved Trees a. typical-temperate mesophyllous medium medium mal. b. cool-summer microphyllous medium small mal. Trees (Narrow and needle-leaved) Evergreen 7. Tropical Linear-Leaved Trees tall-med. large cor. 8. Tropical Xeric Needle-Trees medium small-dwarf cor.-scler. 9. Temperate Rainforest Needle-Trees tall large-med. cor. 10. Temperate Needle-Leaved Trees a. Heliophilic Large-Needled medium large cor. b. Mediterranean med.-tall med.-dwarf cor.-scler.
    [Show full text]
  • SPURGE LAUREL Daphne Laureola
    SPURGE LAUREL Daphne laureola THREAT: Spurge laurel, a shrub native to Western Europe and the Mediterranean, was introduced into North America as a garden ornamental. It has escaped cultivation, invading roadsides, parks and wooded areas. Spurge laurel can replace native understory plants in forested areas, and can form large single-species stands. It tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions, but grows best in partial to deep shade. Spurge laurel reproduces both by seed and vegetatively, by sprouting from lateral roots. The berries are eaten by birds, which aids in seed dispersal. All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans, as well as to dogs and cats, and the sap can cause severe skin and eye irritation. DESCRIPTION: Spurge laurel is an evergreen shrub that grows up to 3-4 feet tall. Whorls of dark green, shiny, leathery leaves grow at the ends of the branches. Leaves are oblong in shape, 1-5 inches long and ½ to 1 inch wide. Spurge laurel flowers in late winter and early spring, producing small (less than ½ inch long) yellow-green flowers. The flowers, which are tubular and fragrant, grow in small clusters at the base of leaves, near the tops of the stems. Oval, black berries are produced in early summer. Spurge laurel is slow-growing and long-lived. MANAGEMENT OPTIONS: Spurge laurel can be controlled through mechanical and chemical means. Small infestations can be hand dug but please note that the plant has a very deep taproot. Control may also be possible by cutting the plant off; making sure the cut is below the ground surface.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Automatic Approach to Seed Image Analysis: from Acquisition to Segmentation
    A new automatic approach to seed image analysis: From acquisition to segmentation Vale A.M.P.G.1, Ucchesu M.2*, Di Ruberto C.3, Loddo A.3, Soares J.M.4, Bacchetta G.2,5 1 Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí (EAJ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rodovia RN 160, Km 03, CEP 59280-000 Macaíba (RN), Brasil. 2 Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DiSVA), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. 3 Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. 4 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rodovia RN 160, Km 03, CEP 59280-000 Macaíba (RN), Brasil. 5 Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. Corresponding author: Mariano Ucchesu - email: [email protected] Abstract Recently, image analysis has begun to be widely applied in the field of plant sciences. It offers a new tool for classifying vascular plant species based on the morphological and colorimetric features of the seeds, and has made significant contributions in systematic studies. However, in order to extract the morphological and colorimetric features, it is necessary to segment the image containing the samples to be analysed. This stage represents one of the most challenging steps in image processing, as it is difficult to separate uniform and homogeneous objects from the background. In this paper, we present a new, open source plugin for the automatic segmentation of an image of a seed sample.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department Of
    . i : R A R Y UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INVENTORY No. Washington, D. C. T Issued May, 1930 PLANT MATERIAL INTRODUCED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN PLANT INTRODUCTION, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1929 (NOS. 78509 TO 80018) CONTENTS Page Introductory statement 1 Inventory 3 Index of common and scientific names 61 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT The plant material included in this inventory (Nos. 78509 to 80018) for the period January 1 to March 31, 1929, reflects very largely testing experiments undertaken by the office with ornamental plants in several important genera. In nearly all cases the material recorded was secured by the purchase of seed, and, as is always true of such undertakings, some seed has given no germination, with the result that the experiments are not as advanced as might appear., This is particularly true of the sedums, the primulas, and the gentians, which form conspicuous parts of the inventory. The gardener will also notice the various other ornamentals, including the houseleeks, cyclamen, and ericas for more northern gardens; aloes, agaves, and mesembryanthemums for the South and Southwest, with the possible addition of the very interesting kalanchoes and the gingerlilies. The latter represent a collection purchased from India to see if other species might not be found for general use in the Southern and Gulf States. A preliminary and not altogether successful importation of plants of various daphnes that should be included among our ornamental shrubs shows that repeated efforts should be made to establish these charming plants. Several collections of acacias, banksias, grevilleas, and Ficus species should prove of interest in frost-free regions, particularly on the Pacific coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ an Improved Taxonomic Reference List for All Known Vascular Plants
    Freiberg et al: The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ An improved taxonomic reference list for all known vascular plants Supplementary file 3: Literature used to compile LCVP ordered by plant families 1 Acanthaceae AROLLA, RAJENDER GOUD; CHERUKUPALLI, NEERAJA; KHAREEDU, VENKATESWARA RAO; VUDEM, DASHAVANTHA REDDY (2015): DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different Species of Andrographis. In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 62, p. 91–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.001. BORG, AGNETA JULIA; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; SCHÖNENBERGER, JÜRGEN (2008): Molecular Phylogenetics and morphological Evolution of Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). In: Taxon 57 (3), p. 811–822. DOI: 10.1002/tax.573012. CARINE, MARK A.; SCOTLAND, ROBERT W. (2002): Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): Trying to Classify the Unclassifiable? In: Taxon 51 (2), p. 259–279. DOI: 10.2307/1554926. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; DANIEL, THOMAS F.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO (2016): Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (7), p. 819–851. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-016-1301-y. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO; DANIEL, THOMAS F. (2015): The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) does not support the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis for South American seasonally dry Forests. In: American Journal of Botany 102 (6), p. 992–1007. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400558. DANIEL, THOMAS F.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A. (2014): Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of Genera and Catalog of Species. In: Aliso 32 (1), p. 1–45. DOI: 10.5642/aliso.20143201.02. EZCURRA, CECILIA (2002): El Género Justicia (Acanthaceae) en Sudamérica Austral. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, p. 225–280. FISHER, AMANDA E.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; KIEL, CARRIE A.; KHOSHRAVESH, ROXANNE; JOHNSON, MELISSA A.; STATA, MATT ET AL.
    [Show full text]